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مشخصات کتاب
Veterinary Medicine
ویرایش: 11th Edition نویسندگان: Peter D. Constable, Kenneth W Hinchcliff, Stanley H. Done and Walter Gruenberg (Auth.) سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9780702052460, 9780702070570 ناشر: Saunders Ltd. سال نشر: 2016 تعداد صفحات: 2339 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 135 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 51,000
کلمات کلیدی مربوط به کتاب دامپزشکی: صفحه اصلی، کتاب و مجلات، علوم دامپزشکی و دامپزشکی، دامپزشکی - حیوانات بزرگ، دامپزشکی
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توجه داشته باشید کتاب دامپزشکی نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب دامپزشکی
بیماری های مبتلا به حیوانات بزرگ را درمان کنید! دامپزشکی، ویرایش یازدهم اطلاعات به روزی در مورد بیماری های اسب، گاو، گوسفند، بز و خوک ارائه می دهد. پوشش جامع شامل اصول معاینه بالینی و تشخیص به همراه توصیه های درمانی خاص است. برای استفاده آسان تر، این نسخه به دو جلد تقسیم شده است و به یک رویکرد منطقی و مبتنی بر تشریحی به بیماری تغییر ساختار داده است. از متخصصان دامپزشکی معروف بین المللی پیتر کنستبل، کنت هینچ کلیف، استنلی دان و والتر گرنبرگ، این کتاب مرجع قطعی و یک مرحله ای برای مراقبت از حیوانات مزرعه و اسب است. پوشش جامع شامل اطلاعات ضروری برای هر دامپزشک حیوانات بزرگ است، به ویژه کسانی که با اسب، گاو، گوسفند، بز یا خوک کار می کنند. پوشش بیماری‌ها به بیماری‌های بزرگ دام‌های بزرگ همه کشورها، از جمله حیوانات خارجی و بیماری‌های نوظهور می‌پردازد. فرمت کاربرپسند جذب سریع اطلاعات کلیدی را آسان تر می کند. بخش‌های بررسی/خلاصه سریع، یافتن اطلاعات مهم در مورد بیماری‌های پیچیده را آسان می‌کند. جدید! فرمت راحت و با دسترسی آسان توسط سیستم های ارگان سازماندهی شده است و محتوا را به دو جلد فشرده با پوشش معتبر یکسان تقسیم می کند. نزدیک به 200 عکس رنگی جدید و طراحی خط در این نسخه گنجانده شده است. طراحی جدید تمام رنگی ناوبری را بهبود می بخشد، عناوین موضوعی را روشن می کند و شامل کادرها، جداول و نمودارهای بیشتری برای ارجاع سریعتر می شود. فصل بیماری های جدید که عمدتاً بر سیستم تولید مثل تأثیر می گذارند اضافه شده است. فصل به روز شده و گسترش یافته در مورد دارودرمانی مداخلات درمانی را فهرست می کند و جعبه های درمانی و اصول استفاده از آنتی بیوتیک را ارائه می دهد. بخش های گسترده در مورد سلامت گله شامل امنیت زیستی و کنترل عفونت، و جعبه های ارزشمند Strength of Evidence است. بخش های جدید یا به طور گسترده اصلاح شده شامل موضوعاتی مانند اپیدمی های ویروسی Schmallenberg و Bluetongue در نشخوارکنندگان در اروپا، بیماری Wesselbron در گاو، هیپوکالمی در گاو بالغ، فیبروز ریوی چند ندولار اسب، عفونت ویروس Hendra، سندرم تولیدمثلی و تنفسی خوک، ویروس گشتاور تنو، و بسیاری از اختلالات مادرزادی و ارثی که اخیراً در حیوانات بزرگ شناسایی شده است. مطالب اضافی در مورد لنگش در گاو و بیماری های دهانه رحم ارائه شده است.
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
Treat the diseases affecting large animals! Veterinary Medicine, 11th Edition provides up-to-date information on the diseases of horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Comprehensive coverage includes the principles of clinical examination and making a diagnosis, along with specific therapy recommendations. For easier use, this edition has been divided into two volumes and restructured into a logical, anatomically based approach to disease. From internationally known veterinary experts Peter Constable, Kenneth Hinchcliff, Stanley Done, and Walter Gr�nberg, this book is the definitive, one-stop reference for farm animal and equine care. Comprehensive coverage includes information essential to any large-animal veterinarian, especially those working with horses, cattle, sheep, goats, or pigs. Coverage of diseases addresses major large-animal diseases of all countries, including foreign animal and emerging diseases. User-friendly format makes it easier to quickly absorb key information. Quick review/synopsis sections make important information on complex diseases easy to find. NEW! Convenient, easy-access format is organized by organ systems, and divides the content into two compact volumes with the same authoritative coverage. Nearly 200 new color photographs and line drawings are included in this edition. NEW full-color design improves navigation, clarifies subject headings, and includes more boxes, tables, and charts for faster reference. New Diseases Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System chapter is added. Updated and expanded chapter on pharmacotherapy lists therapeutic interventions and offers treatment boxes and principles of antibiotic use. Expanded sections on herd health include biosecurity and infection control, and valuable Strength of Evidence boxes. NEW or extensively revised sections include topics such as the Schmallenberg and Bluetongue viral epidemics of ruminants in Europe, Wesselbron disease in cattle, hypokalemia in adult cattle, equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, Hendra virus infection, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, torque teno virus, and numerous recently identified congenital and inherited disorders of large animals. Additional content is provided on lameness in cattle and the diseases of cervids.
فهرست مطالب
Volume 1 Front Cover Veterinary Medicine Copyright Page Dr. Otto M. Radostits, August 31, 1934-December 15, 2006, Senior Author, Fifth to Seventh Editions; Lead Author, Eighth to Tenth Editions Dedictaion_Clive Gay 1920–2013 Contributors Preface to the Eleventh Edition Introduction Veterinary Medicine in the Anthropocene Contemporary Livestock Production Veterinary Clinical Epidemiology Veterinary Scientific Literature and How to Use It Quality of Evidence From Evidence to Recommendation Food- and Fiber-Producing Animals Industrialized Animal Agriculture Companion-Animal Practice Equine Practice Contrasting Objectives The Objectives of Food-Producing-Animal Practice Efficiency of Livestock Production Animal Welfare Zoonoses and Food Safety Principles of Food-Producing Animal Practice Regular Farm Visits Clinical Examination and Diagnosis Examination of the Herd Collection and Analysis of Animal Health Data Public Health and Food Safety Economics of Veterinary Practice Veterinary Education Optimal Utilization of the Food-Producing-Animal Practitioner Further Reading References Table Of Contents List of Tables List of Illustrations 1 Clinical Examination and Making a Diagnosis Introduction Making a Diagnosis Diagnostic Methods Method 1: the Syndrome or Pattern Recognition Method 2: Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning Method 3: the Arborization or Algorithm Method Method 4: the Key Abnormality Method Determination of the Abnormality of Function Present Determination of the System or Body as a Whole or Organ Affected Determination of the Location of the Lesion Within the System or Organ Affected Determination of the Type of Lesion Determination of the Specific Cause of the Lesion Method 5: the Database Method Clinical Examination of the Individual Animal History Taking History-Taking Method Animal Data Disease History Present Disease Morbidity, Case Fatality, and Population Mortality Rates Prior Treatment Prophylactic and Control Measures Previous Exposure Transit Culling Rate Previous Disease Management History Nutrition Livestock at Pasture Hand-Fed/Stall-Fed Animals Reproductive Management and Performance Breeding History Reproductive History Climate General Management Examination of the Environment Outdoor Environment Topography and Soil Type Stocking Rate (Population Density) Feed and Water Supplies Pasture and Feed Water Waste Disposal Indoor Environment Hygiene Ventilation Flooring Floor Plan Lighting Examination of the Animal General Inspection (Distant Examination) Behavior and General Appearance Behavior Excitation States Voice Eating Defecation Urination Posture Gait Body Condition Body Conformation Skin Inspection of Body Regions (Particular Distant Examination) Head Neck Thorax Respiratory Rate Respiratory Rhythm Prolongation of Phases Respiratory Depth Type of Respiration Thorax Symmetry Respiratory Noises or Stridors Abdomen External Genitalia Mammary Glands Limbs Close Physical Examination Palpation Percussion Ballottement Auscultation Percussion and Simultaneous Auscultation of the Abdomen Succussion Other Techniques Sequence Used in the Close Physical Examination Vital Signs Temperature Pulse Rate Rhythm Amplitude State of Hydration Examination of Body Regions Thorax Cardiac Area Lung Area Abdomen Auscultation Auscultation of the Rumen of Cattle and Sheep Intestinal Sounds of the Horse Palpation and Percussion Through the Abdominal Wall Percussion and Simultaneous Auscultation Tactile Percussion of the Abdomen Abdominal Pain Nasogastric Intubation Head and Neck Eyes Examination of the Conjunctiva Corneal Abnormalities Size of the Eyeball Abnormal Eyeball Movements Examination of the Deep Structures Vision Tests Nostrils Mouth Teeth Tongue Pharynx Submaxillary Region Neck Rectal Examination Feces and Defecation Color of the Feces. Fecal Odor. Composition. Frequency of Defecation. Other Observations Paracentesis of the Abdomen Urinary System Reproductive Tract Mammary Gland Musculoskeletal System and Feet Nervous System Skin Including Ears, Hooves, and Horns Diagnostic Imaging Further Reading References Interpretation of Laboratory Data Why Collect Laboratory Data? Properties of Diagnostic Tests Utility Reference Range (Interval) Problems With Reference Ranges Sensitivity and Specificity Likelihood Ratio Positive and Negative Predictive Value Further Reading References Computer-Assisted Diagnosis Reference Prognosis and Therapeutic Decision Making Systematic Reviews Decision Analysis Further Reading References 2 Examination of the Population Approach to Examining the Population Examination Steps Step 1: Defining the Abnormality Step 2: Defining the Pattern of Occurrence and Risk Factors Temporal Pattern Spatial Examination Step 3: Defining the Etiologic Group Step 4: Defining the Specific Etiology Techniques in Examination of the Herd or Flock Clinical Examination Sampling and Laboratory Testing Numerical Assessment of Performance Intervention Strategies and Response Trials Role of the Integrated Animal Health and Production Management Program Further Reading References 3 Biosecurity and Infection Control Definitions and Concepts Development of a Biosecurity Plan Initial Planning Practices to Aid in Maintaining Biosecurity Testing and/or Isolation of Newly Introduced Animals Controlling Contact by Visitors to the Operation Controlling Contact by Wildlife, Neighboring Livestock, and Pets Separating Groups of Animals Based on Risk Cleaning and Disinfection Disease Monitoring and Record Keeping Communication, Training, and Assessment Further Reading References 4 General Systemic States Hypothermia, Hyperthermia, and Fever Body Temperature Heat Production Heat Loss Balance Between Heat Loss and Gain Breed Differences Hypothermia Etiology Excessive Loss of Heat Insufficient Heat Production Combination of Excessive Heat Loss and Insufficient Heat Production Epidemiology Neonatal Hypothermia Thermoregulation in Neonatal Farm Animals Response to Cold Stress Cold-Induced Thermogenesis Control of Heat Loss Tissue Insulation. External Insulation. Thermoregulating Mechanisms Heat Production Cold Thermogenesis Shivering Thermogenesis. Nonshivering Thermogenesis. Summit Metabolism. Birth Weight and Summit Metabolism. Factors Affecting Cold Thermogenesis Malnutrition of the Dam During Late Gestation. Postnatal Changes in Cold Thermogenesis Risk Factors for Neonatal Hypothermia Calves Lambs Piglets Foals Postshearing Hypothermia in Sheep Cold Environments and Animal Production Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Neonatal Hypothermia Shorn Sheep Hypothermia Hypothermia Secondary to Other Diseases Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Hypothermic Newborn Lambs Hypothermic Newborn Calves Hypothermic Newborn Foals Hypothermic Newborn Piglets Control Lambs and Calves Piglets Sick Foals Further Reading Reference Cold Injury (Frostbite and Chilblains) Etiology and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Hyperthermia (Heat Stroke or Heat Exhaustion) Etiology High Environmental Temperature Other Causes of Hyperthermia Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Fever (Pyrexia) Etiology Septic Fevers Aseptic Fevers Pathogenesis Endogenous Pyrogens Effect of Pyrogens on the Hypothalamus Febrile Response Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Antimicrobial Agents Antipyretics Further Reading Acute Phase Response Further Reading References Sepsis, Septicemia, and Viremia Etiology: All Species Neonatal Septicemias Calves Piglets Foals Lambs Cattle Sheep (Young Lambs) Pigs Horses, Donkeys, and Mules Secondary Septicemias Epidemiology Pathogenesis Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Clinical Findings Neonatal Septicemia Clinical Sepsis Score Clinical Pathology Blood Culture Hemogram Immunoglobulin Status Biomarkers Serology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Toxemia, Endotoxemia, and Septic Shock Etiology Antigenic Toxins Exotoxins Enterotoxins Endotoxins Metabolic Toxins Pathogenesis Biochemical Mediators Cardiopulmonary Function Activation of the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System and Dysfunction of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Leukocytes and Platelets Hemostatic System Thermoregulation Gastrointestinal Function Carbohydrate Metabolism Protein Metabolism Mineral Metabolism Reproduction and Lactogenesis Combined Effects on Body Systems Endotoxin Tolerance Hypersensitivity Other Infectious Toxins Clinical Findings Acute Toxemia Endotoxemia Chronic Toxemia Localized Infection Clinical Pathology Hematology Serum Biochemistry Endotoxin Necropsy Findings Treatment Removal of Foci of Infection Antimicrobial Agents Aggressive Fluid Therapy Hypertonic Solutions Glucose and Insulin Administration Inotropic Agents, Vasopressors, and Local Anesthetics Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Glucocorticoids Polymyxin B Hyperimmune Serum and Plasma Transfusion Pentoxifylline and Ethyl Pyruvate Anticoagulants Control of Endotoxemia Further Reading References Toxemia in the Recently Calved Cow Puerperal Metritis in Cattle Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Hematology Vaginal/Uterine Fluid Other Samples and Tests Necropsy Findings Fat Cow Syndrome Acute Diffuse Peritonitis Peracute and Acute Mastitis Treatment Conservative Therapy Antimicrobial Agents Intrauterine Medication Ancillary Treatment and Control Identification of Affected Cows Further Reading References Hypovolemic, Hemorrhagic, Maldistributive, and Obstructive Shock Etiology Hypovolemic Shock Hemorrhagic Shock Cattle, Sheep, and Goats Horses Pigs Maldistributive Shock Obstructive Shock Pathogenesis Hypovolemic Shock Hemorrhagic Shock Maldistributive Shock Obstructive Shock Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Monitoring in Shock Necropsy Findings Treatment Identification of Cause Hypovolemic and Maldistributive Shock Isotonic Crystalloid Solutions Hypertonic Saline Solution Colloids Hemorrhagic Shock Obstructive Shock Ancillary Treatment Corticosteroids Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Antibiotic Therapy Vasoconstrictors and Vasodilators Immunotherapy Further Reading References Localized Infections Etiology Bacterial Causes of Localized Infection Portal of Entry Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Hemogram Sample of Lesion for Culture and Staining Necropsy Findings Treatment Drainage of Abscesses Antimicrobial Agents References Pain The Problem of Pain Advances in Attitude Toward Pain Etiology Cutaneous or Superficial Pain Visceral Pain Musculoskeletal (Somatic) Pain Pathogenesis Central Hypersensitivity and Preemptive Analgesia Clinical Findings Physiologic Responses Behavioral Responses Elicitation of Pain by the Veterinarian Periodicity and Duration of Pain Treatment Analgesia Analgesic Agents Local Anesthetic Agents Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Flunixin Meglumine Ketoprofen Phenylbutazone Meloxicam Salicylates Carprofen Diclofenac α2-Agonists Xylazine Narcotic Analgesics N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists Vanilloids γ-Aminobutyric Acid Analogs Balanced (Multimodal) Analgesia Administration Routes Supportive Therapy Further Reading References Stress Causes of Stress Pathogenesis Stress and Road Transportation Other Possible Sources of Stress Clinical Pathology Stress Syndromes Stress-Related Psychosomatic Disease Stress and Susceptibility to Infection Stress and Animal Welfare Stress and Metabolic Disease Stress and Its Effect on Economic Performance Management of Stress Further Reading References Disturbances of Appetite, Food Intake, and Nutritional Status Thirst Polyphagia Anophagia or Aphagia Further Reading Reference Pica or Allotriophagia Cannibalism Infantophagia Significance of Pica Starvation Inanition (Malnutrition) Further Reading References Weight Loss or Failure to Gain Weight (Ill-Thrift) Nutritional Causes Excessive Loss of Protein and Carbohydrates Faulty Digestion, Absorption, or Metabolism Shortfalls in Performance Further Reading References Unthriftiness in Weaner Sheep (Weaner Ill-Thrift) Etiology Epidemiology Clinical and Necropsy Findings Further Reading References Porcine Failure to Thrive Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Pathology Treatment Control References Physical Exercise and Associated Disorders Further Reading Exercise-Associated Diseases Exhaustion Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Treatment Prevention References Poor Racing Performance and Exercise Intolerance in Horses Approach to the Horse With Exercise Intolerance History Clinical Examination Laboratory Testing Exercise Stress Testing Causes of Exercise Intolerance or Poor Performance Musculoskeletal System Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Upper Airways (See Obstructive Diseases of the Equine Larynx) Lower Airways Hematologic and Biochemical Abnormalities Anemia Hypoproteinemia Electrolyte Abnormalities Nervous System Disease Miscellaneous Treatment Further Reading References Sudden or Unexpected Death Sudden or Unexpected Death in Single Animals Spontaneous Internal Hemorrhage Rupture of Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm Peracute Endogenous Toxemia Transportation Stress Trauma Gastrointestinal Conditions Iatrogenic Deaths Sudden Death in Horses Sudden or Unexpected Death in a Group of Animals Lightning Strike or Electrocution Nutritional Deficiency and Poisoning Access to Potent Poisons Diseases Associated With Infectious Agents Neonatal and Young Animals Anaphylaxis Procedure for Investigation of Sudden Death Further Reading References Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Pathogenesis Microcystins Anatoxins Anatoxin-a Homoanatoxin-a Anatoxin-a(s) Various Freshwater Toxins Clinical Findings Microcystins Anatoxins Clinical Pathology Microcystins Anatoxins Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Treatment Control Prevent the Ingestion of Toxins Prevent the Addition of Nutrients to Water Further Reading References Plants Causing Sudden Death Without Cardiomyopathy Diseases Associated With Physical Agents Lightning Strike and Electrocution Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Stray Voltage Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Behavioral Changes Effects on Production and Disease Further Reading References Environmental Pollutants and Noise Pollution From Outside the Farm Pollution From Farms Noise References Wind Farms and Electric and Magnetic Fields Further Reading Radiation Injury Etiology Epidemiology Incidence and Case Fatality Risk Factors Animal Nature of Radiation Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Syndrome Subacute Syndrome Chronic Exposure Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Control References Volcanic Eruptions Blast and Gas Damage Ash Hazards Toxic Chemicals Physical Properties Long-Term Effects References Bushfire (Grass fire) Injury (Thermal Burns) Etiology Epidemiology Forest Fires Grass Fires Barn Fires Clinical Findings Burn Injury Treatment Decision Criteria Skin Burns Smoke Inhalation Further Reading Diagnosis of Inherited Disease Diagnosis Control of Inherited Disease Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals References 5 Disturbances of Free Water, Electrolytes, Acid-Base Balance, and Oncotic Pressure Dehydration Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Water Intoxication Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Postmortem Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Electrolyte Imbalances Hyponatremia Hypernatremia Hypochloremia Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia Hypocalcemia Hypophospatemia Hypomagnesemia Further Reading References Acid-Base Imbalance Acidemia Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Alkalemia Etiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Oncotic Pressure and Edema Etiology Decreased Plasma Oncotic Pressure Increased Hydrostatic Pressure Increased Capillary Permeability Obstruction to Lymphatic Flow Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Naturally Occurring Combined Abnormalities of Free Water, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Balance, and Oncotic Pressure Nature of the Disease and History Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Packed Cell Volume and Total Serum Protein or Plasma Protein Total CO2 Blood Gas and pH Analysis Blood or Plasma l-Lactate Concentration Serum Electrolytes Urea and Creatinine Blood or Plasma Glucose Anion Gap Strong Ion Gap Osmolal Gap Arterial, Jugular, or Central Venous Blood Pressure Total Body Water Further Reading References Principles of Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy Calculation of Electrolyte Requirements Types of Intravenous Fluid Crystalloid Solutions Isotonic, Hypertonic, and Hypotonic Crystalloid Solutions Hypotonic Crystalloid Solutions Isotonic Crystalloid Solutions Hypertonic Crystalloid Solutions Colloid Solutions Practical Administration of Electrolyte Solutions Quantity of Fluids Required and Routes of Administration Parenteral Fluid Therapy Rate of Administration Intravenous Catheters and Complications Auricular Vein of Cattle and Calves Cecal Catheters in Horses Thrombophlebitis Oral Fluid Therapy Oral Fluid Therapy in Calves and Adult Cattle Oral Fluid Therapy in Horses Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy in Newborn Piglets and Lambs Parenteral Nutrition Further Reading References 6 Practical Antimicrobial Therapeutics Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy Identification of the Infection by Clinical Examination Taking Samples for Diagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests Rationale Susceptibility Test Methods Tube Susceptibility Tests Disk Susceptibility Tests Microtiter Techniques Other Considerations Flaws and Limitations of Culture Susceptibility Testing Further Reading Antibiotic Resistance Further Reading Ways to Minimize or Avoid the Development of Antimicrobial Resistance Avoiding Antimicrobial Resistance (Three Ds Approach) Antibiotic Metaphylaxis to Control Respiratory Disease Further Reading Practical Usage of Antimicrobial Drugs Antibiotic Dosage: the Recommended Dose Routes of Administration Intravenous Injection Intramuscular Injection Intraperitoneal Injection Subcutaneous Injection Oral Administration Contamination of Feedstuffs Water Medication of Pigs Water Medication in Cattle Dietary Medication Ionophores Other Routes Further Reading Drug Distribution Absorption Distribution Pharmacokinetic Principles for Antimicrobial Usage Duration of Treatment Drug Combinations Further Reading Additional Factors Determining Selection of Agents Cost Ease of Administration Toxicity Bactericidal or Bacteriostatic Antimicrobials Postantibiotic Effect Concentration-Dependent Killing Time-Dependent Killing Drug Deterioration Unfavorable Response to Therapy Drug Withdrawal Requirements and Residue Avoidance Label Dose and Extralabel Use Extralabel Use Withdrawal Periods Residue Testing Testing for Compliance Causes of Residue Violations in Milk Causes of Residue Violations in Beef Cattle Causes of Residue Violations in Swine Type of Therapy Approved Drugs Classification of Antimicrobial Agents: Mechanisms of Action and Major Side Effects Aminoglycosides and Aminocyclitols Mechanism of Action Toxicity β-Lactam Antibiotics: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and β-Lactamase Inhibitors Mechanism of Action Toxicity and Clinical Considerations Toxicity Chloramphenicol Mechanism of Action Toxicity Chloramphenicol Analogs Toxicity Fluoroquinolones Mechanism of Action Toxicity Lincosamides Mechanism of Action Toxicity Macrolides Mechanism of Action Toxicity Sulfonamides Mechanism of Action Toxicity and Clinical Considerations Precautions and Contraindications Tetracyclines Mechanism of Action Toxicity Miscellaneous Antibiotics Bacitracin Carbadox Dapsone Metronidazole Nitrofurans (e.g., Nitrofurantoin, Nitrofurazone, Furazolidone) Novobiocin Polymyxins Rifampin Vancomycin Virginiamycin Further Reading 7 Diseases of the Alimentary Tract Principles of Alimentary Tract Dysfunction Motor Function Normal Gastrointestinal Motility Hypermotility and Hypomotility Distension Abdominal Pain Dehydration and Shock Secretory Function Digestive Function Absorptive Function Manifestations of Alimentary Tract Dysfunction Abnormalities of Prehension, Mastication, and Swallowing Causes of Dysphagia and Inability to Swallow Drooling of Saliva and Excessive Salivation Local Causes of Drooling Systemic Causes of Excessive Salivation Vomiting and Regurgitation Vomiting Projectile Vomiting True Vomiting Regurgitation Diarrhea, Constipation, and Scant Feces Diarrhea Malabsorption Syndromes Constipation Scant Feces Ileus (Adynamic and Dynamic Ileus) Alimentary Tract Hemorrhage Abdominal Pain Horses Cattle Common Causes of Alimentary Tract Pain Horses Cattle Tenesmus Cattle Horses Pigs Shock and Dehydration Abdominal Distension Abnormal Nutrition Special Examination Nasogastric Intubation Rumen of Cattle Decompression of Distended Rumen Decompression of the Horse’s Stomach Medical Imaging Radiography Abdominal Ultrasonography Horse Cattle Endoscopy Laparoscopy Exploratory Laparotomy (Celiotomy) Tests of Digestion and Absorption Glucose Absorption Test Starch Digestion Test Lactose Digestion Test Xylose Absorption Test Sucrose Absorption Test Radioactive Isotopes Abdominocentesis for Peritoneal Fluid Equine and Bovine Peritoneal Fluid Specific Properties of Peritoneal Fluid (Normal and Abnormal) Color Cellular and Other Properties Cells Abdominocentesis in Horses Risks Abdominocentesis in Cattle Intestinal and Liver Biopsy Principles of Treatment in Alimentary Tract Disease Relief of Abdominal Pain Relief of Distension Replacement of Fluids and Electrolytes Correction of Abnormal Motility Increased Motility Decreased Motility Metoclopramide Cisapride Xylazine and Naloxone Bethanechol and Neostigmine Relief of Tenesmus Reconstitution of Rumen Flora and Correction of Acidity OR Alkalinity Further Reading References Diseases of the Buccal Cavity and Associated Organs Diseases of the Muzzle Stomatitis Etiology Physical Agents Chemical Agents Infectious Agents Cattle Sheep Horses Pigs Bullous Stomatitis Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Diseases of the Teeth Etiology Congenital Defects Dental Fluorosis Enamel Erosion Premature Wear and Loss of Teeth in Sheep (Periodontal Disease) Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment and Control References Diseases of the Parotid Salivary Glands Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Diseases of the Pharynx and Esophagus Pharyngitis Etiology Physical Causes Infectious Causes Cattle Horses Pigs Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Pharyngeal Obstruction Etiology Foreign Bodies Tissue Swellings Cattle Horses Pigs Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Pharyngeal Paralysis Etiology Peripheral Nerve Injury Secondary to Specific Diseases Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Reference Esophagitis Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Esophageal Rupture Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Esophageal Obstruction Etiology Intraluminal Obstructions Extraluminal Obstructions Esophageal Paralysis Megaesophagus Esophageal Strictures Other Causes of Obstruction Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Obstruction or Choke Cattle Horse Chronic Obstruction Complications Following Esophageal Obstruction Clinical Pathology Treatment Conservative Approach Sedation Pass a Stomach Tube and Allow Object to Move Into Stomach Removal by Endoscope Manual Removal Through Oral Cavity in Cattle General Anesthesia in the Horse Esophageal Lavage in the Horse Surgical Removal of Foreign Bodies Repeated Siphonage in Chronic Cases Cervical Esophagostomy Alimentation Antimicrobial Administration References Diseases of the Nonruminant Stomach and Intestines Gastritis Etiology Cattle and Sheep Physical Agents Chemical Agents Infectious Agents Metazoan Agents Pigs Physical Agents Chemical Agents Infectious Agents Metazoan Agents Horses Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Gastritis Chronic Gastritis Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Enteritis (Including Malabsorption, Enteropathy, and Diarrhea) Etiology and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Normal Intestinal Absorption Mechanisms of Diarrhea Osmotic Diarrhea Exudative Diarrhea Secretory Diarrhea Abnormal Intestinal Motility Location of Lesion Dehydration, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalance Chronic Enteritis Replacement of Villous Epithelial Cells Role of Neutrophils in Intestinal Mucosal Injury Intestinal Motility in Enteritis Concurrent Gastritis Effects of Enteritis on Pharmacodynamics of Drugs Clinical Findings Systemic Effects Intestinal Sounds in Enteritis Chronic Enteritis Clinical Pathology Fecal Examination Intestinal Tissue Samples Hematology and Serum Biochemistry Digestion/Absorption Tests Necropsy Findings Treatment Removal of Causative Agent Antimicrobials Mass Medication of Feed and Water Supplies Alteration of the Diet Fluids and Electrolytes Intestinal Protectants and Adsorbents Antidiarrheal Drugs Antimotility Drugs Antisecretory Drugs Control Intestinal Hypermotility Dietary Diarrhea Etiology Milk Replacers Overfeeding of Milk Change of Diet Pathogenesis Digestion of Milk Milk Replacers and Diarrhea Clinical Findings Nursing Beef Calves Hand-Fed Dairy Calves Milk-Replacer Diarrhea Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Alter Diet of Hand-Fed Calves Monitor Beef Calves With Dietary Diarrhea Reference Abdominal FAT Necrosis (Lipomatosis) References Diseases of the Peritoneum Peritonitis Etiology Cattle Horses Pigs Sheep Goats All Species Pathogenesis Toxemia and Septicemia Shock and Hemorrhage Abdominal Pain Paralytic Ileus Accumulation of Fluid Exudate Adhesions Clinical Findings Acute and Subacute Peritonitis Inappetence and Anorexia Toxemia and Fever Feces Alimentary Tract Stasis Abdominal Pain Evidenced by Posture and Movement Abdominal Pain as Evidenced by Deep Palpation Rectal Examination Peracute Diffuse Peritonitis Chronic Peritonitis Cattle Horses Diagnostic Medical Imaging Clinical Pathology Hematology Abdominocentesis and Peritoneal Fluid Septic Peritonitis in the Horse Peritonitis in Cattle Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Prognosis Case–Fatality Rate in Horses Treatment Antimicrobials Fluid and Electrolytes Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Lavage Prevention of Adhesions References Abdominal Diseases of the Horse Including Colic and Diarrhea General Principles Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Horse Characteristics Age Sex Breed Diet and Feeding Practices Management Watering Housing Exercise Season and Weather Medical History Parasite Control Importance Pathogenesis Pain Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Ischemia of the Intestinal Wall Endotoxemia Shock Coagulation and Fibrinolysis Overview of the Pathogenesis of Common Colics Simple Obstructive Obstructive and Strangulating Infarctive Inflammatory Clinical Findings Visual Examination Behavior Posture Abdomen Size Vomiting Defecation and Feces Physical Examination Heart and Respiratory Rates Mucous Membranes and Extremities Auscultation and Percussion Rectal Examination Normal Anatomy Abnormal Findings Nasogastric Intubation Ancillary Diagnostic Techniques Ultrasonography Radiology Arterial Blood Pressure Course of the Disease Clinical Pathology Hematology and Serum Biochemistry Acid-Base Status Abdominocentesis Protocol for Evaluating a Colic Patient Behavior Clinical and Clinicopathologic Observations When to Refer the Patient Surgery Prognosis Necropsy Findings Treatment Medical Treatment Analgesia Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs α-2 Agonists Opiates Other Agents Prophylaxis and Treatment of Endotoxemia Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy Intestinal Lubricants and Fecal Softeners Other Treatments Trocarization Management of Field Colic Surgery Prevention Further Reading References Colic in the Pregnant and Postparturient Mare Further Reading References Colic in Foals Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Findings Ancillary Diagnostic Tests Diagnostic Imaging Endoscopy Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Surgical Treatment Prevention Further Reading References Gastric Dilation in the Horse Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Gastric Impaction IN Horses Further Reading References Gastric (Gastroduodenal) Ulcer in Foals Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Age and Sex Stress and Disease Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control References Gastric Ulcer in Adult Horses Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Lesions of the Squamous Versus Glandular Mucosa Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Management and Environmental Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Acid Suppression Omeprazole Cimetidine Ranitidine and Famotidine Gastric Antacids Protectants and Other Treatments Management Changes Overview of Treatment Control Further Reading References Intestinal Obstruction IN Horses Small-Intestinal Obstruction in Horses Etiology Obstruction With Infarction Obstruction Without Infarction Functional Obstruction Epidemiology Intestinal Herniation Through the Epiploic Foramen Pedunculated Lipomas Inguinal Hernias Intussusception Foreign Body Impaction Mesenteric Rents Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Disease: Infarctive Lesions Subacute Cases: Noninfarctive Lesions Intussusception of the Small Intestine Volvulus of the Small Intestine Strangulated Inguinal Hernia Strangulated Diaphragmatic Hernia Epiploic Foramen Entrapment Functional Obstruction Foreign Body Ileocecal Valve Impaction Idiopathic Muscular Hypertrophy (Terminal Ileal Hypertrophy) Caudal Abdominal Obstructions Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Duodenitis-Proximal Jejunitis (Anterior Enteritis, Proximal Enteritis) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment References Diseases of the Cecum Etiology Epidemiology Cecal Impaction Cecal Perforation or Rupture Cecocecal or Cecocolic Intussusceptions Cecal Torsion Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cecal Distension and Impaction Perforation and Rupture Intussusception Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Displacement and/or Volvulus of the Large (Ascending) Colon Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Left Dorsal Displacement (Renosplenic Entrapment) Right Dorsal Displacement Volvulus Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Left Displacement Right Dorsal Displacement and Colon Volvulus References Impaction of the Large (Ascending) Colon of Horses Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Enteroliths and Fecaliths Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control References Sand Colic Further Reading References Right Dorsal Colitis Further Reading References Small Colon Obstruction Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Nonstrangulating Lesions Strangulating Lesions Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Small-Colon Impaction Further Reading References Spasmodic Colic Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings Treatment Intestinal Tympany in Horses Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Verminous Mesenteric Arteritis (Verminous Aneurysm and Thromboembolic Colic) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Retroperitoneal Abscess (Internal Abdominal Abscess, Chronic Peritonitis, and Omental Bursitis) Treatment Reference Rectal Tears Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology Prognosis Treatment Immediate Care Grade I and II Tears Grade III Tears Grade IV Tears Prevention References Acute Diarrhea of Suckling Foals Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology Diagnostic Confirmation Lesions Treatment Control Further Reading References Acute Diarrhea of Adult (Nonsuckling) Horses Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Stress Celiotomy Antibiotic Administration Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology Diagnostic Confirmation Necropsy Treatment Restoration of Hydration Electrolyte and Acid-Base Status Antimicrobial Therapy Prophylaxis and Treatment of Endotoxemia/Toxemia and Systemic Inflammatory Response Binding of Toxins Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Control Further Reading References Chronic Undifferentiated Diarrhea of Horses Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Specific Treatments Symptomatic and Supportive Treatments Control References Idiopathic Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases of Horses References Granulomatous Enteritis of Horses Further Reading References Lymphocytic-Plasmacytic Enterocolitis Further Reading Idiopathic Focal Eosinophilic Enteritis References Equine Grass Sickness (Equine Dysautonomia, Grass Disease, and Mal Secco) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Pasture and Soil Risk Factors Farm or Premise Risk Factors Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Cases Subacute Cases Chronic Cases Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Intestinal Hyperammonemia Further Reading References Abdominal Diseases of the Pig Including Diarrhea Acute Gastric Dilatation IN Pigs Acute Gastric Volvulus IN Sows Gastric Ulcers and Hyperkeratosis of Swine Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Dietary Risk Factors Finely Ground Feed Environmental and Management Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Gastric Bacteria Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control References Noninfectious Intestinal Disease of Swine Intestinal Reflux Diagnosis Intestinal Obstruction IN Pigs Etiology Clinical Findings Impaction of the Large Intestine of Pigs Etiology Clinical Findings Intestinal Tympany IN Pigs Etiology Osseus Metaplasia Intestinal Hemorrhage Syndrome Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Signs Pathology Treatment Control Reference Diverticulitis and Ileitis of Pigs Rectal Prolapse Rectal Prolapse IN Pigs Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Findings Pathology Treatment Control Rectal Stricture Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Pathology Treatment Bacterial and Viral Diseases of the Alimentary Tract Salmonellosis in Swine (Paratyphoid) Etiology Epidemiology Prevalence and Occurrence of Infection Belgium Canada Czechoslovakia Denmark Italy Japan The Netherlands Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand United Kingdom United States Morbidity and Case–Fatality Rate Methods of Transmission and Sources of Infection Shedding and the Carrier State Risk Factors Predisposing to Clinical Disease Animal Risk Factors Genetic Resistance to Salmonellosis in Domestic Animals Salmonella Choleraesuis Subclinical Infections Immune Mechanisms Environmental and Management Risk Factors Farming Practice in General Housed Animals Contaminated Feedstuffs Introduction of the Infection to a Farm Pathogen Risk Factors Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Zoonotic Implications From Pigs Salmonella Serovar Typhimurium DT104 Economic Importance Pathogenesis Infection Septicemia, Bacteremia, and the Carrier State Enteritis Clinical Findings Porcine Salmonellosis Septicemia Acute Enteritis Chronic Enteritis Clinical Pathology Bacterial Culture and Detection Fecal Culture Multiple Fecal Cultures DNA Probes Serology Serum Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Indirect Tests Herd Diagnosis Detection of Clinically Normal Carrier Animals Determination of Prevalence of Infection in Population of Animals Necropsy Findings Septicemia Acute Enteritis Chronic Enteritis Diagnosis Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Primary Treatment: Antimicrobial Therapy Control Preventing Infection From Entering the Herd (Biosecurity) Increased Hygiene to Prevent Intraherd Spread Reducing Exposure to Pathogens Avoiding Increasing Susceptibility to Pathogens Monitoring Effectiveness of the Infectious Disease Control Program Feed Interventions to Aid the Pigs’ Defenses Physical Form of the Feed Organic Acids Feed Withdrawal Other Options Immunization Salmonella Vaccinology Monitoring Nationwide Surveillance and Control Programs Feedstuffs Breeder and Multiplier Herds Weaner Producers Slaughter Pigs Slurry At Abattoir References Intestinal Clostridiosis in the Pig Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Pathology Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Diagnosis Bacteriology Histology Treatment Control References Escherichia coli Infections in Weaned Pigs Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Verotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli Attaching and Effacing Escherichia coli O157 in Pigs Edema Disease (Gut Edema, Escherichia Coli Enterotoxemia) Etiology Inheritance of Susceptibility to ED Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control References Postweaning Diarrhea of Pigs (Coliform Gastroenteritis) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Antimicrobial Resistance and E. Coli Control Further Reading References Campylobacteriosis in Pigs Etiology Epidemiology Prevalence of Infection Risk Factors Transmission Pathogen Risk Factors Antimicrobial Resistance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Prevalence of Infection Morbidity and Case Fatality Risk Factors Methods of Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Diagnosis Treatment and Control Antimicrobials Vaccines References Brachyspiral Colitis (Swine Dysentery, Porcine Spirochetal Colitis) and Nonspecific Colitis Swine Dysentery Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Pathogen Factors Environmental and Management Risk Factors Methods of Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Immunity Clinical Pathology Detection and Culture of Organism Serologic Tests Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Antimicrobial Therapy Choice of Antimicrobials Failure to Respond to Therapy Cleaning and Disinfection Control Control of Infection/Limitation of Reinfection Mass Medication and Sanitation Program Without Depopulation Dietary Modification Depopulation and Repopulation Biosecurity Vaccines References Brachyspira Hampsonii References Nonspecific Colitis in Pigs Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Pathology Diagnosis Treatment Control References Porcine Intestinal Spirochetosis (Spirochetal Colitis, Porcine Colitis, and Porcine Colonic Spirochetosis) and Nonspecific Colitis Introduction Etiology Occurrence Risk Factors Transmission Managemental and Environmental Factors Feed Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Pathology Immunology Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Control Vaccination References Yersiniosis in Pigs Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Pathology Diagnosis Treatment Control Reference Viral Diarrhea in Neonatal Pigs Overview of Viral Diarrhea References Porcine Rotaviruses Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Pathology Diagnosis Immunity Treatment Control References Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Pathology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Control References Porcine Adenoviruses Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Pathology Diagnosis Porcine Calciviruses References Porcine Sapoviruses References Porcine Norovirus References Porcine Astroviruses Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment and Control References Porcine Torovirus References Porcine Orbiviruses Porcine Picobirnaviruses Reference Porcine Kobuviruses References Porcine New Virus References Porcine Bocavirus References A New Neonatal Diarrhea Syndrome References Transmissible Gastroenteritis in Pigs Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Morbidity and Case Fatality Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Level of Herd Immunity. Herd Size. Environmental and Management Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Porcine Respiratory Coronaviruses Methods of Transmission Immune Mechanisms Economic Losses Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Piglets Older Pigs Clinical Pathology Serum Biochemistry Detection of the Virus DNA Probe Serology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Control During and After an Outbreak Isolation of Sows Due to Farrow Discontinuation of Breeding Stock Sales and Purchases Partial Depopulation and Culling Planned Exposure to Virulent Virus Biosecurity and Acquisition of Replacement Breeding Stock All-in, All-out Management System Complete Depopulation and Repopulation or Establishment of New Herd TGEv Vaccines and Vaccination Vaccination of Pregnant Sows TGE Vaccines Vaccine Schedule Subunit TGEv Vaccine Immunity to PRCV References Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Pathogenesis Immunity Clinical Signs Pathology Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Swine Vesicular Disease Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Pathogen Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment and Control Further Reading References Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Salmonellosis in Ruminants and Horses Etiology Epidemiology Prevalence of Infection Cattle Sheep Horses Occurrence Cattle Sheep Horses Morbidity and Case Fatality Methods of Transmission Carrier State Risk Factors Predisposing to Clinical Disease Animal Risk Factors Genetic Resistance to Salmonellosis in Domestic Animals Dairy Cattle Beef Cattle Herds and Feedlots Sheep Horses Immune Mechanisms Environmental and Management Risk Factors Cattle Sheep Horses Contaminated Feedstuffs Pathogen Risk Factors Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Zoonotic Implications Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 Economic Importance Pathogenesis Infection Septicemia, Bacteremia, and the Carrier State Enteritis Abomasitis Abortion Terminal Dry Gangrene, Osteitis, and Polyarthritis Clinical Findings Septicemia Acute Enteritis Chronic Enteritis Bovine Salmonellosis Ovine and Caprine Salmonellosis Equine Salmonellosis Clinical Pathology Bacterial Culture Preenrichment Media Enrichment Media Selective Plating Media DNA Recognition and Immunologic Methods Serology Serum Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Laboratory Diagnosis in a Suspected Sick Animal Herd Diagnosis Detection of Clinically Normal Carrier Animals Determination of Prevalence of Infection in Population of Animals Necropsy Findings Septicemia Acute Enteritis Chronic Enteritis Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Primary Treatment: Antimicrobial Therapy Ruminants Horses Supportive Therapy Control Prevention of Introduction of Infection (Biosecurity) Limitation of Spread Within a Herd Principles of Infectious Disease Control for Prevention of Nosocomial Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Diseases in Large-Animal Hospitals Reducing Exposure to Pathogens Avoiding Increasing Susceptibility to Pathogens Monitoring Effectiveness of the Infectious Disease Control Program Recommended Steps in Developing an Effective Infectious Disease Control Program for a Large-Animal Hospital Animals Being Transported Immunization Salmonella Vaccinology Cattle Horses Sheep Further Reading References Acute Undifferentiated Diarrhea of Newborn Farm Animals (Particularly Calves and Piglets) Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Colostrum Environmental and Management Risk Factors Calves Nutrition of the Dam in the Preparturient Period Calving Management: Dairy Calving Management: Beef Colostrum Management: Dairy Calf Housing and Feeding: Dairy Calf Housing and Feeding: Beef Disease Control and Management: Dairy Other Environmental and Management Factors Piglets Lambs Pathogen Risk Factors Calves Lambs and Goat Kids Piglets Foals Clinical Management of Epidemics Control Further Reading References Enterocolitis Associated With Clostridium Difficile Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Horses Pigs Pathogen Risk Factors Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Horses Pigs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Horses Pigs Treatment Control Further Reading References Proliferative Enteropathy in Horses Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment and Control References Equine Neorickettsiosis (Equine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, Equine Ehrlichial Colitis, and Potomac Horse Fever) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Animal Risk Factors Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control References Equine Coronavirus Infection References Viral Diarrhea in Calves, Lambs, Kids, Piglets, and Foals Etiology Rotaviruses Coronaviruses Toroviruses Parvovirus Other Viruses and Mixed Infections Epidemiology Occurrence Methods of Transmission Immune Mechanisms Calves: Bovine Rotavirus Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Concurrent Infections Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Morbidity and Case Fatality Method of Transmission Immune Mechanisms Bovine Coronavirus (Calf Diarrhea) Parvovirus Bovine Torovirus (Breda Virus) Bovine Norovirus Lambs and Kids Rotavirus Piglets Porcine Rotavirus Porcine Coronavirus Foals Equine Rotavirus Pathogenesis Rotavirus Coronavirus Porcine Coronavirus Calicivirus-Like (Norovirus) Agent Parvovirus Clinical Findings Calves Lambs Piglets Foals Clinical Pathology Detection of Virus Electron Microscopy Immunofluorescence Immunodiffusion and Electron Microscopy Reverse Passive Hemagglutination, ELISA, and Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Serology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Management and Colostral Intake Vaccination Oral Vaccines to Newborn Calves Vaccination of Pregnant Dam (for Passive Immunization of the Neonate Through Colostral Immunoglobulin) Experimental Studies of Maternal Bovine Rotavirus Vaccines Bovine Coronavirus Vaccine Commercial Bovine Rotavirus–Coronavirus and E. Coli F5 (K99) Vaccines Stored Colostrum Systemic Colostral Antibody Porcine Rotavirus Vaccines Equine Rotavirus Vaccine Subunit Vaccines Further Reading References Vesicular Stomatitis (Sore Mouth, Indiana Fever) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Geographic Occurrence Host Occurrence Morbidity and Mortality Method of Transmission Risk Factors Host Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Experimental Reproduction Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Immune Mechanisms Clinical Findings Cattle Horses Pigs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Parasitic Diseases of the Alimentary Tract Cryptosporidiosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence Calves Sheep and Goats Pigs Foals Farmed Deer Source of Infection and Transmission Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Concurrent Infections Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Prevention and Control Treatment Options Supportive Treatment Management Strategies Further Reading References Coccidiosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Calves Adult Cattle Sheep and Goats Pigs Morbidity and Case Fatality Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental and Management Risk Factors Multiinfections Immune Mechanisms Pathogenesis Life Cycle Clinical Findings Cattle and Sheep Coccidiosis With Nervous Signs Lambs Piglets Clinical Pathology Fecal Oocyst Counts Calves Lambs Piglets Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Calves and Lambs Piglets Control Management of Environment Lambs at Pasture Feedlot Cattle and Lambs Piglets Coccidiostats Antimicrobials Ionophores Vaccines Further Reading References Giardiasis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection Pathogen Risk Factors Animal and Management Risk Factors Experimental Studies Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment and Control Further Reading References Ascariasis in Pigs, Horses, and Cattle Etiology Life Cycle Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Pigs Horses Buffalo Calves Control Further Reading References Strongylosis (Cyathostominosis) in Horses Etiology Life Cycle Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading References Oxyuris Equi (Pinworm) Further Reading References Strongyloides (Threadworm) References Trichuris (Whipworm) Chemotherapy References Parasitic Gastritis in Pigs Etiology Life Cycles Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control References Gasterophilus spp. Infestation (Botfly) Etiology Life Cycle and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Treatment Control Treatment Recommendations Further Reading References Thorny-Headed Worm IN Pigs (Macracanthorhyncus hirudinaceus) Tapeworm Infestations Larval Tapeworm Infestation Further Reading Reference Adult Tapeworm Infestation Etiology Life Cycle Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading References Toxins Affecting the Alimentary Tract Phosphorus Toxicosis Clinical Findings Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Samples for Analysis Treatment References Arsenic Toxicosis Etiology Background Information Relative Toxicities Epidemiology Occurrence Dips and Sprays Herbicides Insecticidal Sprays Leaded Gasoline Insect Baits Wood Preservatives Metal-Bearing Ore Deposits Pharmaceuticals and Growth Stimulants Animal Risk Factors Human Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Pathogenesis Mechanism of Action Tissue Susceptibility Time Lag Percutaneous Absorption Chronic Poisoning Nervous Tissue Lesions Clinical Findings Gastrointestinal Syndrome Peracute Cases Acute and Subacute Cases Chronic Cases Neurological Syndrome Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Toxicology: Histology: Treatment Control Further Reading References Molybdenum Toxicosis (Molybdenosis) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Intoxication Chronic Intoxication Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control References Amitraz Toxicosis Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Treatment Further Reading References Propylene Glycol Toxicosis Further Reading Plant Materials Causing Physical Damage Colic in horses from ingestion of indigestible fiber is associated with Ruminal impaction in cattle is associated with ingestion of cuttings from Further Reading References Plant Toxins Affecting the Alimentary Tract Andromedotoxin Anthraquinone Colchicine Irritant Diterpenoids Irritant Oils Lycorine Podophyllin Poisoning Protoanemonin Poisoning Toxalbumins (Lectins) Further Reading References Plants (Unidentified Toxins) Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract Diarrhea: Without Gastroenteritis as a Lesion Diarrhea: With Gastroenteritis as a Lesion, Often With Abdominal Pain and Incoordination, Sometimes With Dysentery and Vomiting Dysphagia Esophageal Ulceration Salivation With OR Without Stomatitis Vomiting Slaframine Toxicosis (Slobbers, Black Patch Disease) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Farm or Premise Risk Factors Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Horses Ruminants Swine Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Cantharidin Toxicosis (Blister Beetle Poisoning, Canthariasis) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Neoplasms of the Alimentary Tract Mouth Pharynx and Esophagus Stomach and Rumen Intestines References Tumors of the Peritoneum Reference Congenital Defects of the Alimentary Tract Harelip and Cleft Palate Atresia of the Salivary Ducts Agnathia, Micrognathia, and Brachygnathia Persistence of the Right Aortic Arch Choanal Atresia Congenital Atresia of the Intestine and Anus Intestinal Atresias Atresia of the Terminal Colon Atresia of the Anus Multiple Organ Defects Further Reading References Inherited Defects of the Alimentary Tract Inherited Defects of the Mouth and Jaw Cleft Palate Jaw Deformity Smooth Tongue (Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta Linguae Bovis) Tongue Aplasia Rectal Prolapse Inherited Rectovaginal Constriction Inherited Atresia of Alimentary Tract Segments Lethal White Syndrome IN Foals and Lambs (Intestinal Aganglionosis) References 8 Diseases of the Alimentary Tract–Ruminant Diseases of the Forestomach of Ruminants Anatomy and Physiology Reticulorumen Motility Primary Contraction Cycle Control of Primary Contractions Ruminal Atony Hypomotility Properties of Contractions Extrinsic Control of Primary Contractions Excitatory Inputs to the Gastric Center Inhibitory Inputs to the Gastric Center Fever Endotoxemia Pain Distension of Forestomach Ruminal Volatile Fatty Acids Abomasal Disease Effect of Depressant Drugs Acid-Base Imbalance and Blood Glucose Hormonal Control of Primary Contractions Intrinsic Control of Primary Contractions Treatment of Forestomach Hypomotility Secondary Cycle Contraction and Eructation Rumination Esophageal Groove Closure Ruminant Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Further Reading Special Examination of the Alimentary Tract and Abdomen of Cattle History Systemic State, Habitus, and Appetite Oral Cavity and Esophagus Inspection of the Abdomen Distension of the Abdomen Lavage of Distended Rumen Left Side of Abdomen and Rumen Inspection and Palpation Nature of Rumen Contents Auscultation of the Rumen and Left Flank Auscultation of Rumen Fluid-Tinkling or Fluid-Splashing Sounds Right Side of Abdomen Examination of Rumen Fluid Analysis of Rumen Fluid Palpation Per Rectum of the Abdomen Gross Examination of Feces Amount Absence of or Scant Feces Color Odor Consistency Degree of Digestion Other Substances in the Feces Mucus Fibrin Detection of Abdominal Pain Ultrasonography Radiography Endoscopy of the Rumen Computed Tomography Rumination Monitors Serum Biomarkers of Gastrointestinal Function Interpretation of Clinical Findings Exploratory Laparotomy Intussusception and Other Strangulation Obstructions of the Small Intestines “Atypical” Left-Side Displacement of the Abomasum Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis Laparoscopy Clinical Examination of the Digestive Tract and Abdomen of the Calf Abdominal Distension in Calves Further Reading References Diseases of the Rumen, Reticulum and Omasum Simple Indigestion Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Spontaneous Recovery Rumenatorics Parasympathomimetics Alkalinizing and Acidifying Agents Reconstitution of Ruminal Microflora (Rumen Transfaunation) Further Reading References Rumen Impaction Due to Indigestible Foreign Bodies References Indigestion in Calves Fed Milk Replacers (Ruminal Drinkers) References Acute Carbohydrate Engorgement of Ruminants (Ruminal Lactic Acidosis, Rumen Overload) and Subacute Ruminal Acidosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Previous Diet and Change of Ration Accidental Consumption of Excess Carbohydrates Feedlot Cattle Beef Breeding Herds Lamb Feedlots and Liquid-Fed Calves Dairy Cattle Herds Morbidity and Case–Fatality Rates Types and Toxic Amounts of Feeds Pathogenesis Changes in Rumen Microflora Volatile Fatty Acids and Lactic Acid in the Rumen Systemic Lactic Acidosis Chemical and Mycotic Rumenitis Hepatic Abscesses Laminitis Other Toxic Substances Produced Experimental Lactic Acidosis Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (Dairy Cattle) Clinical Findings Speed of Onset and Severity Individual Animals Ultrasonography Mycotic Rumenitis Complications Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Cattle Clinical Pathology Ruminal Fluid pH Ruminal Protozoa Serum Biochemistry Fecal pH Urine pH Low Milk-Fat Percentage Necropsy Findings Treatment Triage Rumenotomy Intravenous Sodium Bicarbonate and Fluid Therapy Rumen Lavage Intraruminal Alkalinizing Agents Ruminal Transfaunation Ancillary Therapy Monitor Response to Therapy Control and Prevention Total Mixed Rations Small Incremental Increases in Concentrate Feedlot Starter Rations Dietary Buffers Ionophores Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Cattle Limiting the Intake of Rapidly Fermentable Carbohydrates Providing Adequate Ruminal Buffering Allowing for Ruminal Adaptation to High-Grain Diets Feeding Management in Early Lactation Vaccination Against Lactic Acidosis Further Reading References Ruminal Parakeratosis Ruminal Tympany (Bloat) Etiology Primary Ruminal Tympany (Frothy Bloat) Pasture and Feedlot Bloat Frothy Rumen Contents Role of Saliva Secondary Ruminal Tympany (Free-Gas Bloat) Chronic Ruminal Tympany Epidemiology Occurrence Pasture Bloat Feedlot Bloat Morbidity and Case Fatality Pasture Bloat Feedlot Bloat Risk Factors That Influence the Occurrence of Primary Ruminal Tympany Dietary Risk Factors Bloating Forages Nonbloating Forages Crop Maturity Weather Risk Factors Feedlot Bloat Animal Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Primary Pasture or Feedlot Bloat Secondary Bloat Dyspnea and Tachycardia in Severe Bloat Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment First-Aid Emergency Measures Emergency Rumenotomy Trocar and Cannula Promote Salivation Stomach Tube Feedlot Bloat Antifoaming Agents Return to Pasture or Feed Control Pasture Bloat Management Strategies to Reduce Rate of Rumen Fermentation Stage of Growth Choice of Forages Alternative Temperate Forages Grazing Management Grazing Patterns and Strip Grazing Swathing and Wilting Alfalfa Hay Bloat Prevention Antifoaming Agents Oils and Fats Individual Drenching Application of Oil to Pasture Addition to Feed and Water Application to Flanks Types of Oil Water-Soluble Feed Supplements Synthetic Nonionic Surfactants Polyoxythylene-Polyoxypropylene Block Polymer Polyoxypropylene-Polyoxyethylene Glycol Surfactant Polymer (Alfasure) Alcohol Ethoxylate Detergents Ionophores Controlled-Release Monensin Capsules Liquid Formulation of Monensin Feedlot Bloat Roughage in Ration Consistency of Grain Antifoaming Agents Dietary Salt Genetic Control of Pasture Bloat General Comments Further Reading Reference Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Ingestion of Foreign Body Penetration of Reticulum Acute Local Peritonitis Generalized Peritonitis and Extension of Disease Clinical Findings Acute Local Peritonitis Chronic Local Peritonitis Rectal Examination Acute Diffuse (Generalized) Peritonitis Sudden Death Iatrogenic Reticulitis Clinical Pathology Hemogram Plasma Protein, Fibrinogen, Acute Phase Reactants, and Coagulation Profile Abdominocentesis and Peritoneal Fluid Radiography of Cranial Abdomen and Reticulum Ultrasonography of the Reticulum Ultrasonography for Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis Ultrasonography and Radiography of Cattle With Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis Metal Detection Laparoscopy Necropsy Findings Treatment Conservative Medical Therapy Antimicrobials Rumenotomy Drainage of Reticular Abscesses Choice of Treatment Prevention Reticular Magnets Further Reading References Vagus Indigestion Etiology Complications of Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis Vagal Nerve Injury and Dysfunction Reticular Adhesions Other Causes Epidemiology Pathogenesis Anterior Functional Stenosis (Achalasia) Posterior Functional Stenosis (Achalasia) Metabolic Alkalosis and Abomasal Reflux Postsurgical Complication in Abomasal Volvulus Abomasal Impaction in Sheep Clinical Findings Ruminal Distension With Hypermotility Ruminal Distension With Atony Pyloric Obstruction and Abomasal Impaction Clinical Pathology Hemogram Peritoneal Fluid Serum Biochemistry Ruminal Chloride Concentrations Necropsy Findings Treatment Rumen Lavage Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy and Laxatives Rumenotomy Prevention Further Reading References Diaphragmatic Hernia Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Traumatic Reticulopericarditis Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Hemogram Pericardiocentesis Necropsy Findings Treatment Prevention Further Reading Reference Traumatic Reticulosplenitis and Reticulohepatitis Impaction of the Omasum References Diseases of the Abomasum Clinical Examination of the Abomasum Physical Examination Ultrasonography of the Abomasum Abomasocentesis Applied Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Abomasum Abomasal Reflux Further Reading References Left-Side Displacement of the Abomasum Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Calves Lactational Incidence Rate Case Fatality Risk Factors Dietary Risk Factors Prepartum Nutrition and Management High-Level Grain Feeding Dietary Crude Fiber Animal Risk Factors Breed and Age of Cow Season of the Year Influence of Weather Milk Production Late Pregnancy Concurrent Diseases Preexisting Subclinical Ketosis and Hepatic Lipidosis Hypocalcemia Metabolic Predictors of Left-Side Displacement of Abomasum Genetic Predisposition Miscellaneous Animal Risk Factors Economic Importance and Effects on Production and Survivorship Pathogenesis Abomasal Luminal Gas Pressure, Volume, and Perfusion in Cows With Left Displaced Abomasum or Abomasal Volvulus Perforating Abomasal Ulceration Clinical Findings General Appearance and Ketosis Status of Reticulorumen and Spontaneous Abomasal Sounds Pings of the Left Displaced Abomasum Acute Left Displaced Abomasum Concurrent Perforating Abomasal Ulceration Other Clinical Features Ultrasound Examination Rectal Examination Secondary Ketosis and Hepatic Lipidosis Atrial Fibrillation Course of Left-Side Displacement of the Abomasum Unusual Cases of Left-Side Displacement Left-Side Displacement of the Abomasum in Calves Clinical Pathology Hemogram Serum Biochemistry Cowside Tests of Blood β-Hydroxybutyrate Concentration and Urinary Ketones Peritoneal Fluid Analysis Abomasocentesis Necropsy Findings Treatment Open Surgical Techniques Laparoscopic Techniques Closed Suture Techniques Prokinetic and Analgesic Administration Survivorship Following Surgery to Correct Left-Side Displacement of the Abomasum Treatment of Ketosis Rumen Transfaunation Following Surgery for Left-Side Displacement of the Abomasum Control Prepartum Nutrition and Management Crude Fiber Intake Monensin in Controlled-Release Capsule Prepartum Genetic Selection Further Reading References Right-Side Displacement of the Abomasum and Abomasal Volvulus Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Incidence Lactating Dairy Cows Beef Cattle Calves Mature Bulls and Pregnant Cows Risk Factors Pathogenesis Definition of Right Displaced Abomasum and Abomasal Volvulus Dilatation and Displacement Phase Volvulus Phase Postsurgical Complication in Right-Side Displacement of the Abomasum or Abomasal Volvulus Clinical Findings Right Displaced Abomasum and Abomasal Volvulus (Adult Cattle) Acute Abomasal Volvulus (Calves) Postsurgical Complication in Abomasal Volvulus Clinical Pathology Serum Biochemistry Urinalysis Hemogram Ultrasonography of Right Abdomen Peritoneal Fluid Analysis Abomasocentesis Prognostic Indicators Necropsy Findings Treatment Surgical Correction Prokinetic Administration Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy Oral Therapy Deflation of Distended Abomasum in Calves Control Further Reading References Abomasal Impaction in Cattle Etiology and Epidemiology Primary Abomasal Impaction Dietary Abomasal Impaction Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Surgery Control Primary Abomasal Impaction Dietary Abomasal Impaction References Abomasal Impaction in Sheep and Goats (Abomasal Emptying Defect) Reference Abomasal Phytobezoars and Trichobezoars Reference Abomasal Ulcers of Cattle Etiology Primary Ulceration Secondary Ulceration Epidemiology Primary Abomasal Ulcers Lactating Dairy Cows Mature Bulls and Feedlot Cattle Hand-Fed Calves Veal Calves Sucking Beef Calves Dietary Factors in Calves Fed Milk or Milk Replacer Secondary Abomasal Ulcers Pathogenesis Type 1: Nonperforating Ulcer Type 2: Ulcer Causing Severe Blood Loss Type 3: Perforating Ulcer With Acute, Local Peritonitis Type 4: Perforating Ulcer With Diffuse Peritonitis Clinical Findings Perforation of Ulcer Nursing Beef Calves Clinical Pathology Melena Hemogram Plasma Gastrin and Pepsinogen Concentration Microbiology Necropsy Findings Treatment Blood Transfusions Coagulants Antacids Histamine Type-2 Receptor Antagonists Alkalinizing Agents Kaolin and Pectin Surgical Excision Prevention Further Reading References Omental Bursitis Reference Abomasal Bloat (Tympany) in Calves And Lambs Further Reading References Diseases of the Intestines of Ruminants Small and Large Intestinal Obstruction in Cattle Etiology and Epidemiology Intestinal Accidents Volvulus Intussusception Strangulation Compression Stenosis Cecal Dilatation Luminal Blockages External Pressure Ileal Impaction in Cows Fiber Balls or Phytobezoars Trichobezoars (Hairballs) “Rectal Paralysis” Duodenal Ileus Functional Obstructions Pathogenesis Physical Obstruction Volvulus and Intussusception Incarceration Duodenal Ileus Functional Obstruction Clinical Findings General Findings Abdomen Feces Palpation Per Rectum Duodenal Ileus Volvulus of the Spiral Colon (Mesenteric Root Volvulus) Lipomas and Fat Necrosis Clinical Pathology Serum Biochemistry Hemogram Necropsy Findings Treatment Surgical Correction Fluid Therapy Antimicrobials Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Further Reading References Intestinal Obstruction in Sheep Terminal Ileitis of Lambs Cecal Dilatation and Cecocolic Volvulus in Cattle Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Ultrasonographic Examination of the Cecum Clinical Pathology Treatment Medical Therapy Surgical Correction Further Reading References Bacterial Diseases of the Ruminant Alimentary Tract Actinomycosis (Lumpy Jaw) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle Pigs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment and Control Reference Actinobacillosis (Wooden Tongue) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection and Transmission Risk Factors Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle Sheep Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control References Oral and Laryngeal Necrobacillosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Transmission Risk Factors Host Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control References Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in Farm Animals and Zoonotic Implications Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Cattle Prevalence of Infection in Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs at Slaughter Sheep and Goats Wildlife Pigs Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental and Management Risk Factors Housing and Management Practices Pathogen Risk Factors Virulence Attributes and Mechanisms Acid Resistance Antimicrobial Resistance Methods of Transmission Sources of Organism Ruminants as Reservoirs Other Species Wild Birds Flies Environmental Sources Water Supplies for Livestock Feed Supplies Manure Soil Animal-Holding Facilities Immune Mechanisms Zoonotic Implications Economic Importance Pathogenesis Experimental Reproduction Clinical Pathology Control Specific Strategies for Control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 at Preharvest Level Animal Management Strategies Water Systems and Runoff Environmental Control of STEC Diet Changes Direct Antipathogen Strategies Vaccination Against Escherichia coli O157:H7 Competitive Enhancement Strategies Probiotics Sodium Chlorate Supplementation Control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 During Slaughtering and Postharvest Stage Meat Inspection Service and Surveillance Postharvest Decontamination Techniques Progress Made With Decontamination Processes Irradiation Consumer Education on Handling and Cooking Meat Visitors to Animal Farms Further Reading References Braxy (Bradsot) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading Enteric Disease Associated With Clostridium Perfringens References Enterotoxemia Associated With Clostridium Perfringens Type A Enterocolitis in Horses Equine Intestinal Clostridiosis Enteritis in Piglets Hemorrhagic Enterotoxemia and Hemolytic Disease in Cattle, Sheep, and Goats Abomasal Ulcer Jejunal Hemorrhage Syndrome in Cattle Further Reading References Enterotoxemia Associated With Clostridium Perfringens Types B, C, and E Etiology Epidemiology Lamb Dysentery and Type C Enterotoxemia Occurrence Animal and Environmental Risk Factors Necrotic Enteritis of Pigs Occurrence Animal and Environmental Risk Factors Enterotoxemia in Foals Enterotoxemia in Calves Struck in Sheep Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Outbreaks Long-Term Control Further Reading References Jejunal Hemorrhage Syndrome (Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome, Hemorrhagic Jejunitis, or Jejunal Hematoma) in Cattle Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Hematology Serum Biochemistry Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease): Cattle Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Morbidity and Case Fatality Wildlife and Exotic Species Prevalence of Infection Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Age of Animal Breed Incidence and Genetic Susceptibility Other Diseases and Stressors Herd Characteristics Environmental and Management Risk Factors Care of the Newborn Calf Calf Rearing Soil Characteristics and Manure Handling Pathogen Risk Factors Survival and Dormancy of Organism in the Environment Thermal Resistance of Organism Economic Importance Losses at National Dairy Industry Level Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Susceptibility to Infection Immune Response and Spectrum Clinical Findings Stages of Disease Stage One Silent Infection. Stage Two Subclinical Disease. Stage Three Clinical Disease. Stage Four Advanced Clinical Disease. Clinical Pathology Diagnosis of MAP Infection Culture or Detection of Organism Bacteriologic Culture. Pooled Fecal Samples and Culture. DNA Probes and Polymerase Chain Reaction. Culture of Milk and Blood. Tests on Tissue Samples. Serologic Tests Complement Fixation Test. Agar Gel Immunodiffusion. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Immunity Tests. Summary of Diagnostic Testing Diagnostic Strategies for Different Situations Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Principles of Control Identification and Elimination of Infected Animals Prevention of Introduction of Infected Animals Into the Herd Prevention of Exposure of Susceptible Animals to the Infectious Agent Dairy Herds Hygiene Dairy Calf Health Management Beef Herds Vaccination of Cattle Control on a Countrywide Basis Johne’s Disease Control in the United States Education of the Producer Risk Assessment and Disease Management Plan Herd Testing and Herd Classification Johne’s Disease Control in the Netherlands Further Reading References Paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease): Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and Camelids Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence, Morbidity, and Mortality Sheep and Goats Deer, Camelids, and Exotic Species Prevalence and Source of Infection Sheep Methods of Transmission Sheep Deer Risk Factors Sheep and Management Deer Environmental Risk Factors Soil Characteristics Pathogen Risk Factors Survival and Dormancy of Organism in the Environment Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Immune Response Development of Lesions Clinical Findings Sheep and Goats Other Species (Deer, Camelids, and Bison) Clinical Pathology Diagnostic Tests Culture or Detection of Organism Bacteriologic Examination. Pooled Fecal Samples and Culture. Genetic Probe. Biopsy. Serologic Tests Tests of Immunity Serum Biochemistry Deer Necropsy Findings Sheep and Goats Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Rabbits Treatment Control Control on a Flock Basis Vaccination Goats Control on a Countrywide Basis Further Reading References Viral Diseases of the Ruminant Alimentary Tract Rinderpest (Cattle Plague) Synopsis of the Disease Steps Leading to Eradication Lessons From the Eradication Further Reading References Peste Des Petits Ruminants (Goat Plague, or Kata) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Morbidity and Case–Fatality Rate Methods of Transmission Risk Factors and Immune Mechanisms Experimental Reproduction Economic Importance Zoonotic Implication Biosecurity Concerns Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Bovine Viral Diarrhea, Mucosal Disease, and Bovine Pestivirus Disease Complex Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Prevalence of Infection Other Ruminant Species Morbidity and Case–Fatality Rates Methods of Transmission Direct Contact Indirect Contact Airborne Transmission Flies Fomites Artificial Insemination/Embryo Transfer Vaccines Contaminated With Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Risk Factors Host Risk Factors Environmental and Management Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Immune Mechanisms Economic Importance Pathogenesis Immunocompetent Nonpregnant Cattle Subclinical Bovine Viral Diarrhea Peracute Bovine Viral Diarrhea Thrombocytopenia and Hemorrhagic Syndrome Diarrhea of Neonatal Calves Meningoencephalitis Immunosuppression In Vivo Evidence of Immunosuppression. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in the Feedlot Ovarian Dysfunction Immunocompetent Pregnant Cattle and Fetal Infections Immunotolerant Persistently Infected Cattle Clinical Findings Inapparent or Subclinical Infection (Bovine Virus Diarrhea) Acute Mucosal Disease Chronic Mucosal Disease Unthrifty Persistently Infected Calves Peracute Bovine Virus Diarrhea Thrombocytopenia and Hemorrhagic Disease Reproductive Failure and Neonatal Disease Congenital Defects in Calves Clinical Pathology Virus Isolation Antigen Detection Immunofluorescence or Immunohistochemistry. Skin Biopsy. Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification Serology Serum Neutralization Test Antibody Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Use of Laboratory Tests in the Herd Acute Infections Persistently Infected Animals Prenatal Diagnosis of Persistent Infection Herd Screening Necropsy Findings Acute Mucosal Disease Peracute Bovine Viral Diarrhea Chronic Mucosal Disease Abortion Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control and Prevention Identification and Elimination of Persistently Infected Animals From the Herd Prevention of Introduction of Infection Into Herd (Biosecurity) Immunization Programs and Biocontainment Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Vaccines Modified-Live Virus-Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Vaccines Inactivated Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Vaccines Combination Vaccines Efficacy of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Vaccines Commercially Available Vaccines Strategies for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Vaccination Programs Prevention of Fetal Infection in Dairy and Beef Herds Postnatal Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infections Vaccination Schedules Beef Cow–Calf Herd Beef Feedlot Dairy Herd Current Vaccination Practices Eradication of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection Without Vaccination Bovine Viral Diarrhea Control Programs in Different Geographic Regions and Countries Scandinavian Countries United Kingdom Continental Europe Further Reading References Winter Dysentery of Cattle Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Morbidity and Case–Fatality Rates Methods of Transmission Experimental Reproduction Risk Factors Host and Environmental Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle Clinical Pathology Detection of Virus Serology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Vaccination Further Reading References Bovine Papular Stomatitis Etiology Epidemiology Transmission Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Control Further Reading References Parasitic Diseases of the Ruminant Alimentary Tract Parasitic Gastroenteritis in Ruminants Etiology Life Cycle Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Cattle Sheep Goats Choice of Anthelmintic Control Further Reading References Hemonchosis in Ruminants Etiology Life Cycle Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading References Bunostomosis (Hookworm Disease) in Ruminants Etiology Life Cycle Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control References Oesophagostomosis (Nodule Worm Disease) in Ruminants and Pigs Etiology Life Cycle Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading References Chabertiosis References Stomach Fluke Disease (Intestinal Amphistomosis) Etiology Life Cycle Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading References Toxic Diseases of the Ruminant Alimentary Tract Nonprotein Nitrogen Toxicosis (Urea Toxicosis) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Animal Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle and Sheep Clinical Pathology Cattle Sheep Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Chemically Treated Natural Feeds Formalin-Treated Grain Caustic-Treated Grain Ammoniated Forage Newsprint Sewage Sludge Further Reading Ammoniated feeds: Caustics: Newsprint: Sewage sludge: Reference Diseases of the Ruminant Alimentary Tract of Unknown Cause Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease of Sheep Further Reading Salivary Abomasum Disease References 9 Diseases of the Liver Diseases of the Liver: Introduction Principles of Hepatic Dysfunction Diffuse and Focal Hepatic Disease Hepatic Dysfunction Portal Circulation Manifestations of Liver and Biliary Disease Jaundice (Icterus) Prehepatic or Hemolytic Jaundice Hepatic or Hepatocellular Jaundice Posthepatic Jaundice Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Hepatic Encephalopathy Edema and Emaciation Diarrhea and Constipation Photosensitization Hemorrhagic Diathesis Abdominal Pain Alteration in Size of the Liver Displacement of the Liver Rupture of the Liver Black Livers of Sheep References Special Examination of the Liver Palpation and Percussion Biopsy Medical Imaging of the Liver Ultrasonography Radiography Laboratory Tests for Hepatic Disease and Function Hepatic Function Tests Serum Bile Acids Serum Bilirubin Ammonia Urea Nitrogen Albumin Serum Hepatic Enzyme Tests Hepatic Enzyme Profile According to Species Cattle Calves Horses Further Reading References Principles of Treatment in Diseases of the Liver Diffuse Diseases of the Liver Hepatitis Etiology and Epidemiology Toxic Hepatitis Poisonous Plants, Fungi, and Insects Miscellaneous Farm Chemicals Toxemia Perfusion Hepatitis Infectious Hepatitis Parasitic Hepatitis Nutritional Hepatitis (Trophopathic Hepatitis) Idiopathic Hepatosis and Cirrhosis Congestive Hepatopathy Portosystemic Vascular Anomaly Pathogenesis Liver Disease and Liver Failure Intravascular Hemolysis in Equine Liver Disease Clinical Findings Portosystemic Shunts Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading Liver Abscess and Necrobacillosis of the Liver Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Pathogen Risk Factors Risk Factors in Grain-Fed Cattle Management Diet Breed Risk Factors in Other Farm Animals Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Feed Management Prophylactic Antimicrobial Therapy Vaccination Control in Young Lambs Further Reading References Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (Red Water Disease) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis (Black Disease) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Source of Infection Other Species Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Sheep Cattle Horses Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading Clostridium novyi Infection Etiology Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Clinical Signs Pathology Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Reference Diseases Characterized by Systemic Involvement Acute Hepatitis (Postvaccinal Hepatitis) of Horses (Theiler’s Disease, Serum Hepatitis) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control References Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Pathology Diagnosis Treatment and Control References Hepatic Diseases Associated With Trematodes Fasciolosis (Liver Fluke Disease) Etiology Life Cycle Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Fasciolosis Subacute Fasciolosis Chronic Fasciolosis Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Acute Hepatic Fasciolosis Chronic Hepatic Fasciolosis Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading References Fascioloides magna Further Reading References Dicrocoelium Further Reading References Diseases Associated With Major Phytotoxins Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Plant Factors Human Risk Factors Transmission Pathogenesis Hepatic Injury Hepatic Encephalopathy Toxemic Jaundice Secondary Photosensitization Clinical Findings Cattle Horses Pigs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Plants Causing Hepatic Injury (Unidentified Toxin) Hepatic Injury-Dummy Syndrome (Circling, Head Pressing, Compulsive Walking, and Blindness) Hepatic Injury: Jaundice and/or Photosensitization Poisoning by Mycotoxins Poisoning by Aflatoxins (Aflatoxicosis) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Animal Risk Factors Human Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle Pigs Horses Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Phomopsins Toxicosis (Lupinosis) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Lesions Treatment Control Further Reading References Pithomycotoxicosis (Sporidesmin Toxicity and Facial Eczema) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Factors Plant Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Rubratoxin Toxicosis Further Reading Reference Miscellaneous Fungi Causing Hepatic Damage (Unidentified Toxin) Sawfly Larvae (Lophyrtomin and Pergidin) Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Signs Necropsy Lesions Further Reading References Coal Tar Pitch Poisoning in Pigs Etiology Clinical Findings Necropsy Findings Focal Diseases of the Liver Tumors of the Liver Diseases of the Biliary System Cholangiohepatitis in Horses Diseases of the Pancreas Pancreatitis Diabetes Mellitus Pancreatic Adenoma Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma 10 Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Principles of Circulatory Failure Heart Failure Circuit Failure Cardiac Reserve and Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure Cardiac Reserve and Heart Rate Cardiac Reserve and Stroke Volume Cardiac Reserve and Mixed Venous Oxygen Tension Cardiac Reserve and Autonomic Nerve Activity Cardiac Reserve in Cardiac Insufficiency Measurement of Cardiac Reserve Cardiac Enlargement References Manifestations of Circulatory Failure Chronic (Congestive) Heart Failure Etiology Valvular Disease Myocardial Disease Congenital Anatomic Defects Producing Shunts Hypertension Pressure Load Volume Load Pumping Defects (Systolic Failure) Filling Defects (Diastolic Failure) Pathogenesis Right-Sided Congestive Heart Failure Left-Sided Congestive Heart Failure Clinical Findings Right-Sided Congestive Heart Failure Left-Sided Congestive Heart Failure Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Diuretics Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Stall Rest Positive Inotropic Agents (Dobutamine, Calcium, Cardiac Glycosides) Further Reading References Acute Heart Failure Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Special Examination of the Cardiovascular System Physical Examination Heart Sounds First Heart Sound Second Heart Sound Third Heart Sound Fourth Heart Sound Sequence of Heart Sounds Variation in Heart Sound Intensity Heart Rate Examination of the Arterial Pulse Pulse Rate Pulse Rhythm Amplitude Examination of the Jugular Vein Percussion of the Thorax to Identify the Cardiac Dullness Area Measurement of Jugular Venous Pressure References Measurement of Central Venous Pressure References Exercise Tolerance Further Reading Electrocardiography Electrocardiograph Depolarization and Repolarization Lead Systems Telemetry Fetal Electrocardiography Heart Rate Variability Other Uses of the Electrocardiogram Further Reading References Biomarkers of Myocardial Injury Further Reading References Measurement of Arterial Blood Pressure Measurement of Pulmonary Artery Blood Pressure References Echocardiography Fetal Echocardiography Further Reading References Radiographic and Angiocardiographic Examination References Phonocardiography Reference Cardiac Output References Cardiac Catheterization Arrhythmias (Dysrhythmias) Further Reading References Sinus Tachycardia, Sinus Bradycardia, and Physiologic Dysrhythmias Sinus Tachycardia Sinus Bradycardia Physiologic Dysrhythmias Reference Arrhythmias With Normal Heart Rates or Bradycardia Sinus Arrhythmia Sinoatrial Block Atrioventricular Block First-Degree Atrioventricular Block Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block Third-Degree or Complete Heart Block Premature Complexes Atrial Premature Complexes Junctional Premature Complexes Ventricular Premature Complexes References Arrhythmias With Tachycardia Atrial Fibrillation Atrial Fibrillation in the Horse Lone Atrial Fibrillation Secondary Atrial Fibrillation Atrial Fibrillation in the Cow Atrial Fibrillation in the Sheep and Goat Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation Horses Ruminants Paroxysmal Tachycardia Ventricular Tachycardia Treatment Ventricular Fibrillation Further Reading References Diseases of the Heart Valvular Disease and Murmurs Etiology Acquired Congenital Epidemiology Horses Cattle Pigs Pathogenesis Generation of Murmurs Valve Lesions Murmurs Without Valvular Disease Functional Murmurs Effects of Valvular Disease Cardiac Reserve Clinical Findings Technique of Examination Timing Duration Intensity Location and Radiation Character Interpretation Functional (Innocent) Murmurs Insufficiency of the Right AV Valve Insufficiency of the Left Atrioventricular Valve Insufficiency of the Aortic Valve Stenosis of the Aortic Valve Stenosis and Insufficiency of the Pulmonary Valve Stenosis of the Right or Left Atrioventricular Valves Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Endocarditis Etiology Cattle Horses Pigs and Sheep Epidemiology Pathogenesis Valve Predilection Clinical Findings Cardiac Signs Embolism Clinical Course Rupture of the Chordae Tendineae Electrocardiography Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Myocardial Disease and Cardiomyopathy Etiology Bacterial Myocarditis Viral Myocarditis Parasitic Myocarditis Nutritional Deficiency Toxicity Venoms Embolic Infarction Tumor or Infiltration Inherited Unknown or Uncertain Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Rupture of the Heart and Acute Cardiovascular Accidents Rupture of the Aorta Rupture of Heart Valves References Cor Pulmonale References High Altitude Pulmonary Hypertension (Brisket Disease, Mountain Sickness) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading References Encephalomyocarditis Virus Disease in Pigs Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation Diagnosis Treatment and Control References Cardiac Toxicities Cardiac Glycoside Toxicosis Etiology Acute Poisoning Chronic Poisoning: Cotyledonosis or Krimpsiekte Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Factors Plant Factors Human Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Poisoning Chronic Poisoning Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Primary Treatment Supportive Treatment Control Further Reading References Yew (Taxus spp.) Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Monofluoroacetate Plant Toxicosis References 4-Methoxypyridone Plant Toxicosis Reference Plants Causing Heart Failure (Unidentified Toxins) Reference Ionophore (Carboxylic) Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Swine Risk Factor (Tiamulin) Farm Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Cattle Sheep Swine Horses Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Cardiac Neoplasia References Congenital Cardiovascular Defects Etiology Epidemiology Cattle Sheep Horses Pigs Pathogenesis Shunts Age at Manifestation Clinical Findings Ectopic Heart Patent Foramen Ovale Ventricular Septal Defects Complications Prognosis Tetralogy of Fallot Patent Ductus Arteriosus Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries Persistent Truncus Arteriosus Coarctation of the Aorta Double-Outlet Right Ventricle Fibroelastosis Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis Parachute Left Atrioventricular Valve Valvular Abnormalities Anomalous Origin of Coronary Arteries Persistence of the Right Aortic Arch Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery Further Reading References Inherited Cardiovascular Defects Bovine Hereditary Dilated Cardiomyopathy Type 1 Calf: Acute Heart Failure Type 2 Calf: Pulmonary Edema Type 3: Young Adult Congestive Heart Failure Reference Inherited Ventricular Septal Defect Inherited Aortic Aneurysm Bovine Marfan Syndrome Reference Diseases of the Pericardium Pericarditis Etiology Cattle Horses Sheep and Goats Pigs Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Diseases of the Blood Vessels Arterial Thrombosis, Embolism, and Rupture Etiology Coagulopathies Parasitic Arteritis Viral Arteritis Bacterial Arteritis Embolic Arteritis and Thromboembolism Microangiopathy Calcification Vasoconstrictive Agents Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Aortoiliac Thrombosis in the Horse Aortoiliac Thrombosis in Calves Pulmonary Embolism Rupture of Abdominal Artery Aneurysm in Holstein-Friesian Cattle Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Purpura Hemorrhagica Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Venous Thrombosis Thrombophlebitis Clinical Signs Treatment Further Reading References Elaeophoriasis (Filarial Dermatitis in Sheep) References Vascular Neoplasia Hemangioma and Hemangiosarcoma Hemangioma Hemangiosarcoma Reference 11 Diseases of the Hemolymphatic and Immune Systems Abnormalities of Plasma Protein Concentration Hypoproteinemia Etiology Panhyproteinemia Hypoalbuminemia Hypogammaglobulinemia Hypofibrinogenemia Pathophysiology Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Treatment Hyperproteinemia Etiology Panhyperproteinemia Hyperglobulinemia Hyperfibrinogenemia Pathophysiology Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Treatment References Hemorrhagic Disease Diagnosis Treatment of Coagulopathies Diseases Causing Hemorrhage Vasculitis Septicemic and Viremic Diseases Purpura Hemorrhagica Necrotizing Vasculitis Treatment Coagulation Defects Acquired Hemostatic Defects Inherited or Congenital Defects in Hemostasis Hemophilia A Von Willebrand Disease (Factor VIII : vWF Deficiency) Factor XI Deficiency Other Clotting-Factor Disorders Platelet Disorders Thrombocytopenia Decreased Production Increased Destruction Inflammation and Infection. Immune-Mediated (Idiopathic) Thrombocytopenia. Increased Consumption Other Causes Thrombasthenia Thrombocytosis References Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Hypercoagulable States Etiology and Epidemiology Prognosis Pathophysiology Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Examination Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment References Thrombosis (Hypercoagulability) References Diseases Characterized by Abnormalities of the Cellular Elements of the Blood Disorders of Red Cell Number or Function Anemia Etiology Hemorrhagic Anemia Hemolytic Anemia Cattle and Sheep Pigs Horses (Table 11-1) Anemia Resulting From Decreased Production of Erythrocytes or Hemoglobin (Nonregenerative Anemia) Nutritional Deficiency. Chronic Disease. Red Cell Aplasia Myelophthisic Anemia. Pathogenesis Anemic Hypoxia Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Hemolysis Methemoglobinemia and Oxidative Damage Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Hematology Bone Marrow Collection of Bone Marrow. Interpretation of Bone Marrow. Blood-Gas Analysis, Oximetry and Lactate Arterial Blood-Gas Analysis. Venous Blood-Gas Analysis. Methemoglobinemia. Lactate. Serum Biochemistry Other Evaluations Necropsy Findings Treatment Correction of Anemia Transfusion. Transfusion Triggers Collection of Blood for Transfusion Hematinics. Supportive Care Treatment of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Further Reading References Alloimmune Hemolytic Anemia of the Newborn (Neonatal Isoerythrolysis, Isoimmune Hemolytic Anemia of the Newborn) Etiology Epidemiology Horses and Mules Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Horses and Mules Pigs Cattle Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Foals Transfusion. Nutritional Support. Liver Failure and Kernicterus. Antibiotics. Piglets Control References Erythrocytosis References Abnormal Red Cell Function References Disorders of White Cells Leukopenia References Leukocytosis Reference Abnormal White Cell Function Reference Leukoproliferative Disease (Leukemia, Lymphoma) Myeloproliferative Diseases Further Reading References Lymphoproliferative Disease Plasmacytoma (Multiple Myeloma) Lymphoma and Lymphosarcoma Ruminants and Pigs. Horses Etiology and Epidemiology. Clinical Signs. Clinical Pathology. Treatment. Further Reading References Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia (BNP) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control References Lymphadenopathy (Lymphadenitis) Reference Diseases of the Spleen and Thymus Splenomegaly Splenic Abscess Splenic Hematoma, Rupture or Infarction References Congenital Anomalies of the Spleen References Thymus References Immune-Deficiency Disorders (Lowered Resistance to Infection) Primary Immune Deficiencies Secondary Immune Deficiencies References Amyloidoses Etiology and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Zoonotic Potential References Allergy and Anaphylaxis Type I Type II Type III Type IV Treatment Anaphylaxis and Anaphylactic Shock Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle Sheep, Goats, and Pigs Horses Pigs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Other Hypersensitivity Reactions Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Differential Diagnosis Treatment Further Reading References Caseous Lymphadenitis of Sheep and Goats Etiology Epidemiology Geographic Occurrence Host Occurrence Sheep Goats Source of Infection Transmission Risk Factors Sheep Age and Sex Breed Shearing Dust Housing Dips Goats Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Culling Control of Spread Vaccination Prevention Eradication Further Reading References Bovine Farcy Further Reading References Sporadic Lymphangitis (Bigleg, Weed) Tick-Borne Fever (Anaplasma phagocytophila) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection and Transmission Experimental Reproduction Host Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle Sheep Goats Horses Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Anaplasmosis Due to A. Marginale and A. Ovis Etiology Epidemiology Geographic Occurrence Host Occurrence Source and Methods of Transmission Hematophagous Insect Transmission Iatrogenic Transmission Transplacental Transmission Animal and Environmental Risk Factors Breed Nutritional Status Season Age at Infection Geographic Region Pathogen Risk Factors Economic Importance Experimental Reproduction Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle Sheep and Goats Clinical Pathology Hematology Serology Molecular Methods Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control General Measures Movement of Animals Elimination of Carriers Outbreaks Chemotherapy Vaccination Killed Vaccines Live Vaccines Problems With Live Vaccines Further Reading References Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum) Etiology Epidemiology Distribution Anaplasma and Ixodes Ecology Animal Risk Factors Transmission Morbidity and Mortality Zoonotic Potential Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Examination Treatment Control Further Reading References Eperythrozoonosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source and Transmission Sheep Pigs Host and Pathogen Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Sheep Pigs Cattle Clinical Pathology Blood Smears and Hematology Polymerase Chain Reaction Serology Sheep Pigs Treatment Control Further Reading References Bovine Petechial Fever (Ondiri Disease) Further Reading Mycoplasma suis Infection in Pigs Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Pathology Clinical Signs Pathology Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (Blacktongue) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Host Occurrence Method of Transmission Culicoides Species Other Vectors Other Methods of Transmission Host Risk Factors Wild Ruminants Cattle Small Ruminants Morbidity and Case Fatality Wild Ruminants Cattle Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Deer Cattle Clinical Pathology Virus Isolation Detection of Antigen or Nucleic Acid Serologic Tests Necropsy Findings Deer Cattle Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Reduction of Infection Through Vector Abatement Vaccination Further Reading References Bovine Immunodeficiency-Like Virus Etiology Epidemiology Prevalence of Infection Methods of Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Detection of Virus. Serologic Tests. Necropsy Findings Further Reading Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (Bovine Lymphosarcoma) Etiology Epidemiology Prevalence of Infection Occurrence of Clinical Disease Methods of Transmission Direct Contact Semen, Artificial Insemination, and Embryo Technology Iatrogenic Transmission Rectal Palpation Insects Congenital Infection Interspecies Transmission Source of Infection Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Genetic Resistance and Susceptibility. Susceptibility to Other Diseases. Immune Mechanisms Environmental and Management Risk Factors Lack of Biosecurity Calf Management Pathogen Risk Factors Economic Importance Trade Restrictions Zoonotic Implications Other Species Pathogenesis Virus and Lesion Lesions and Clinical Disease Clinical Findings Enlargement of the Superficial Lymph Nodes Digestive Tract Lesions Cardiac Lesions Nervous System Involvement Less Common Lesions Other Species Clinical Pathology Diagnosis of the Presence of Infection With BLV Serologic Tests Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay in Serum or Milk. Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test. Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay. Radioimmunoassay. Detection of Virus Polymerase Chain Reaction. Differentiation Between Enzootic and Sporadic Bovine Leukosis. Diagnosis of Persistent Lymphocytosis Diagnosis of Lymphosarcoma Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control History of Compulsory Eradication Programs in Europe Eradication Programs Limitation of Spread of Infection Prevention of Infection in Calves and Young Stock Biosecurity Vaccine References Equine Infectious Anemia (Swamp Fever) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Animal Risk Factors Methods of Transmission Insect Vectors Other Means of Transmission Economic Importance Pathogenesis Viral Multiplication Immune Reaction Anemia and Thrombocytopenia Persistence of Infection Summary of Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Diagnostic Confirmation Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Ticks That Transmit Protozoan Diseases Babesiosis (Texas Fever, Redwater Fever, Cattle Tick Fever) Etiology Epidemiology Geographic Occurrence Host Occurrence Bovine Babesiosis Sheep and Goats Porcine Babesiosis Equine Piroplasmosis Wildlife Babesiosis Origin of Infection and Transmission Life Cycle and Development of Babesia Immunity and Susceptibility to Infection Innate Immune Mechanisms Acquired Immune Mechanisms Immunity. Risk Factors Host Factors Age Resistance. Environmental Factors Pathogen Factors Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Acute Cases Immunology Clinical Findings Cattle Babesia Bovis. Babesia Bigemina. Sheep Wildlife Other Species Clinical Pathology Hematology Demonstration of the Presence of Babesia Direct Examination of Blood Smears Transmission Test Culture of Babesia Methods of Detection and Identification of Babesia spp. Serology Cattle Complement Fixation Test. Immunofluorescence Antibody Test. ELISA. Sheep Necropsy Findings Treatment Cattle Imidocarb (Imizol) Sheep Supportive Treatment Control (Bovine Babesiosis) Prevention and Biosecurity Control Limitation of Prevalence Vaccination Live Vaccines Origin and Purification of Strains. Attenuation of Parasites Babesia Bovis. Babesia Bigemina. Vaccine Specifications Frozen Vaccine. Chilled Vaccine. Use of Live Vaccine Cattle Born in Tick-Infested Regions. Susceptible Cattle Imported Into Vector-Infested Country or Region. Control of Outbreaks. Hazards and Precautions of Live Vaccine Use Severe Reactions. Lack of Protection. Vaccination With Subunit Vaccines Dead Vaccines Vector Control Natural Endemic Stability Control of Babesiosis in Species Other Than Cattle Further Reading References Equine Piroplasmosis Etiology Epidemiology Geographic Occurrence Host Occurrence Impact Life Cycle and Transmission Movement of Horses Pathogenesis Immunology Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Microscopic Examination Serologic and DNA-Based Methods Necropsy Findings Treatment Chemotherapy Supportive Treatment Control References Nutritional Deficiencies Iron Deficiency Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Dietary Supplementation Sows Veal Calves Heifer Calf Herd Replacements Oral Dosing Intramuscular Injection of Iron Preparations References Cobalt Deficiency Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Dietary and Environmental Factors Ovine White Liver Disease Hepatic Lipidosis in Goats Experimental Reproduction of Cobalt Deficiency in Sheep Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Biochemical Criteria to Determine Cobalt and Vitamin B12 Status Serum and Liver Cobalt and Vitamin B12 Concentrations Concurrent Serum MMA and Vitamin B12 Concentrations. Liver Cobalt. Serum Methylmalonic Acid Formiminoglutamic Acid Hematology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Cobalt and Vitamin B12 Cobalt Toxicity Control Supplementation of Diet With Cobalt Top Dressing of Pastures With Cobalt Cobalt Pellet Cobalt in Anthelmintics Vitamin B12 Injections Further Reading References Vitamin B12 Deficiency (Hypocyanocobalaminosis) References Vitamin K Deficiency References Folic Acid Deficiency (Hypofolicosis) Reference Toxins Affecting the Hemolymphatic System Secondary Copper Poisoning (“Toxemic Jaundice” Complex) Phytogenous Chronic Copper Poisoning Hepatogenous Chronic Copper Poisoning Poisoning by Heliotropium europaeum Further Reading Anticoagulant (Dicoumarol, Sweet Clover Poisoning) Plant Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Plant Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Primary Supportive Treatment Control Further Reading References Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Environmental Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Primary Treatment Further Treatment Control Further Reading References Cyanogenic Glycoside Poisoning (Cyanide, Hydrocyanic Acid, Prussic Acid) Etiology Toxic Variability Differences Between Plant Species Plant Products Storage Glycosides Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Plant Risk Factors Cyanogenic Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Farm Risk Factors Pathogenesis Peracute or Acute Intoxication Chronic Poisoning Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Field Tests Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Investigational Treatments Control Further Reading References Nitrate and Nitrite Toxicosis Etiology Cattle Sheep Swine Horses Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Species Differences Dietary Differences Differences in Susceptibility Environmental Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Toxic Levels Ration Dilution Further Reading References Disulfide Plant Toxicosis (Allium spp.[onions] and Brassica spp.) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Animal Risk Factors Farm or Premise Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Red Maple Leaf (Acer rubrum) Toxicosis References Neoplasia Sporadic Bovine Leukosis (Atypical Bovine Leukosis) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Juvenile or Calf Lymphosarcoma Thymic Lymphosarcoma Cutaneous Lymphoma Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment References Congenital Inherited Diseases Inherited Bleeding Disorders Hemophilia Bovine Factor XI Deficiency Prekallikrein Deficiency Inherited Thrombopathia Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia in Horses Afibrinogenemia (Related Diseases Are Hypofibrinogenemia and Dysfibrinogenemia) References Familial Polycythemia Reference Hemochromatosis Inherited Anemias Inherited Dyserythropoiesis and Dyskeratosis (Bovine Congenital Anemia, Dyskeratosis, and Progressive Alopecia) Inherited Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Enzyme Deficiency Reference Porphyrias References Inherited Congenital Porphyria Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Inherited Erythrocytic Photoporphyria References Inherited Immunodeficiency Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Chediak–Higashi Syndrome References Inherited Deficiency of Lymphocyte Maturation (Lethal Trait A46, Parakeratosis, Adema Disease) Fell Pony and Dale Pony Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control References Inherited Deficiency of Immunoglobulin Synthesis Inherited Combined Immunodeficiency in Foals of Arabian Breeding Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Differential Diagnosis Treatment Control References Diseases of Unknown Etiology Postparturient Hemoglobinuria in Cattle Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Multisystemic, Eosinophilic, Epitheliotropic Disease of Horses Further Reading References 12 Diseases of the Respiratory System Principles of Respiratory Insufficiency Definitions Hypoxia Hypoxic (or Hypoxemic) Hypoxia Anemic Hypoxia Circulatory Hypoxia Histotoxic Anoxia Consequences of Hypoxia Compensatory Mechanisms Carbon Dioxide Retention (Hypercapnia) Respiratory Failure Principal Manifestations of Respiratory Insufficiency Abnormalities in Rate, Depth, and Ease of Breathing Diseases Causing Dyspnea at Rest or Lack of Exercise Tolerance Respiratory Tract Disease Cardiovascular Disease Diseases of the Blood Nervous System Diseases Musculoskeletal Diseases General Systemic States Environmental Causes Miscellaneous Poisons Abnormal Posture Normal and Abnormal Breath Sounds Generation of Breath Sounds Rebreathing (“Bagging”) Examination Interpretation of Breath Sounds Normal Breath Sounds Abnormal Breath Sounds Respiratory Noises Coughing Cyanosis Nasal Discharge Origin Examination Nasal Discharge and Location of Lesion Sampling of Nasal Discharge Epistaxis and Hemoptysis Thoracic Pain Special Examination of the Respiratory System Auscultation and Percussion Endoscopic Examination of the Airways (Rhinolaryngoscopy, Tracheobronchoscopy) Horses Cattle Endoscopy of Paranasal Sinuses Pleuroscopy Radiography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Computed Tomography Scintigraphy (Nuclear Imaging) Ultrasonography Laboratory Evaluation of Respiratory Secretions Sampling Respiratory Secretions Nasal Swab Nasopharyngeal Swabs Nasal Lavage Paranasal Sinus Fluid Guttural Pouch Fluid Tracheobronchial Secretions Comparison of Tracheal Aspirates and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Tracheal Aspirates Percutaneous Transtracheal Aspiration Endoscopic Sampling of Tracheal Secretions Assessment of Results Bronchoalveolar Lavage Endoscopic Bronchoalveolar Lavage Blind Bronchoalveolar Lavage Laboratory Assessment of Tracheobronchial Secretions Diagnostic Value Thoracocentesis (Pleurocentesis) Pulmonary Function Tests Arterial Blood Gas Analysis Normal Values Collection of Arterial Blood Gas Samples Venous Blood Gas Analysis Pulse Oximetry Blood Lactate Concentration Collection and Analysis of Exhaled Breath Condensate Lung Biopsy Respiratory Sound Spectrum Analysis Exercise Testing Principles of Treatment and Control of Respiratory Tract Disease Treatment of Respiratory Disease Respiratory Gas Transport Oxygen Therapy Respiratory Stimulants Mechanical Ventilation Anti-Inflammatory Therapy Immunomodulators Antimicrobial Therapy Bronchodilator Drugs Mucolytics, Mucokinetic, and Antitussive Drugs Surfactant Surgery General Nursing Care Control of Respiratory Disease Importance of Diagnosis Management Techniques Housing Facilities Vaccines Environmental Control Further Reading References Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract Rhinitis Etiology Cattle Horses Sheep and Goats Pigs Pathogenesis Clinical Findings “Summer Snuffles” Familial Allergic Rhinitis Mycotic Rhinitis Endoscopic Examination Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Nasal Discharge Neoplasms Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma Progressive Ethmoidal Hematomas in Equids Clinical Findings Treatment References Epistaxis and Hemoptysis Etiology Clinical Examination Treatment Further Reading References Pharyngitis References Laryngitis, Tracheitis, Bronchitis Etiology Cattle Sheep Horses Pigs Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Traumatic Laryngotracheitis, Tracheal Compression, and Tracheal Collapse References Diseases of the Lung Parenchyma Pulmonary Congestion and Edema Etiology Primary Pulmonary Congestion Secondary Pulmonary Congestion Pulmonary Edema Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Special Diseases References Pulmonary Hypertension Causes References Atelectasis References Pulmonary Hemorrhage Cattle References Pulmonary Emphysema Etiology Cattle Horses All Species Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Pneumonia Etiology Cattle Pigs Horses Sheep Goats All Species Epidemiology Pathogenesis Pulmonary Defense Mechanisms Respiratory Mucociliary Clearance Large Particles in Upper Respiratory Tract Cough Reflex Small Particles Into Lower Respiratory Tract Species Susceptibility Development of Pneumonia Clinical Findings Medical Imaging Clinical Pathology Respiratory Secretions Thoracocentesis Hematology Serology Fecal Samples Necropsy Necropsy Findings Treatment Antimicrobial Therapy Mass Medication Other Drugs Supportive Therapy and Housing References Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Further Reading References Aspiration Pneumonia References Lipid Pneumonia Esophageal Obstruction References Meconium Aspiration Syndrome Reference Dusty Feed Drowning Reference Pulmonary Abscess Etiology Primary Diseases Secondary Diseases Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Diseases of the Pleural Cavity and Diaphragm Hydrothorax and Hemothorax Etiology Hydrothorax Hemothorax Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Pleuritis (Pleurisy) Etiology Pigs Cattle Sheep and Goats Horses Other Causes Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Pleural Pain Pleuritic Friction Sounds Subcutaneous Edema Pleural Effusion Recovery Medical Imaging Ultrasonography Pleuroscopy Prognosis Clinical Pathology Thoracocentesis (Pleurocentesis) Hematology Necropsy Findings Treatment Antimicrobial Therapy Drainage and Lavage of Pleural Cavity Fibrinolytic Therapy References Pneumothorax Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Diaphragmatic Hernia Clinical Findings References Diseases of the Bovine Respiratory Tract Enzootic Nasal Granuloma of Cattle (Bovine Atopic Rhinitis) References Tracheal Stenosis of Feedlot Cattle Caudal Vena Caval Thrombosis (Posterior Vena Caval Thrombosis) and Embolic Pneumonia in Cattle References Cranial Vena Caval Thrombosis Reference Acute Undifferentiated Bovine Respiratory Disease Definition of the Problem Etiology Role of Etiologic Agents Clinical Case Definition and Epidemiology Clinical Case Definition What Is the Clinical Disease That Is Present in the Affected Animals? Which Animals Are Affected? Where Are the Affected Animals? When Were the Animals Affected? Occurrence Risk Factors Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Individual Animal Diagnosis Herd-Level Diagnosis Clinical Pathology Antemortem Diagnostic Procedures Nasal/Nasopharyngeal Swabs Transtracheal Wash/ Bronchoalveolar Lavage Serology Serum Biochemistry and Hematology Other Procedures Postmortem Samples Bacterial Culture and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Necropsy Findings Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis Interpretation of Results of Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Mass Medication or Metaphylaxic Antimicrobial Use Management of Risk Factors Vaccines Selection of Vaccines Efficacy of Vaccines Pasteurella Vaccines Histophilus somni (Formerly Haemophilus somnus) Vaccine Viral Vaccines Further Reading References Pneumonic Pasteurellosis of Cattle (Shipping Fever Pneumonia) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Morbidity and Mortality Economic Importance Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental and Management Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Immune Mechanisms Method of Transmission Pathogenesis Colonization of Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Virulence Factors and Cellular and Humoral Reactions Experimental Pneumonic Pasteurellosis Synergism Between Pathogens Clinical Findings Feedlot Early Identification of Affected Animals in Feedlots Close Physical Examination Clinical Pathology Bacterial Culture Serum Biochemistry and Hematology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Antimicrobial Therapy Choice of Antimicrobial Antimicrobial Sensitivity Medication of Feed and Water Supplies Antiinflammatory Agents Failure to Respond Control Management Strategies Preconditioning Programs Weaning Procedures Creep Feeding Conditioning Programs Feeding Newly Arrived Cattle Vaccines General Comments Pasteurella Vaccines Leukotoxin Extract Vaccine Passive Immunity to Mannheimia haemolytica Evaluation of Efficacy of Mannheimia haemolytica Vaccines Adverse Vaccine Reactions Histophilus somni Vaccines Viral Vaccines Antimicrobial Metaphylaxis Mass Medication of Feed and Water Supplies Further Reading References Diseases of the Respiratory Tract Associated With Mycoplasma spp. Sheep Goats Cattle Horses References Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (Lung Sickness, CBPP) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Source of Infection Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Immune Mechanisms Management Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Form Chronic and Subacute Forms Clinical Pathology Culture and Nucleic Acid Recognition Immunologic Tests Serologic Tests Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Removal of Sources of Infection Clinical Surveillance Pathologic Surveillance Serologic Surveillance Vaccination Antimicrobial Use Disease Control on an Area Basis World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)—CBPP Status for Countries or Regions Further Reading References Mycoplasma bovis Pneumonia, Polyarthritis, Mastitis, and Related Diseases of Cattle Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Economic Importance Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Methods of Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Chronic Pneumonia and Polyarthritis Syndrome Arthritis Otitis Media/Interna Clinical Pathology Culture DNA Probe and Polymerase Chain Reaction Immunohistochemistry Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Serology Sample Collection and Handling Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Biosecurity Metaphylactic Use of Antimicrobials Vaccines Further Reading References Enzootic Pneumonia of Calves Etiology Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bovine Coronavirus Parainfluenza-3 Paramyxovirus Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma spp. Mixed Viral and Other Pathogen Infections Bacteria Epidemiology Occurrence Dairy Calves Beef Calves Morbidity and Case Fatality Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental and Management Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bovine Coronavirus Parainfluenza-3 Virus Mixed Flora Economic Importance Pathogenesis Viruses Parainfluenza-3 Mycoplasma Bacteria Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Isolation of Pathogens Serology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Antimicrobial Therapy Adjunctive Therapy Correction of Adverse Environmental Conditions Control Environmental and Management Practices Ideal Environmental Conditions Calf Barns or Hutches Vaccines and Immunization Further Reading References Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Prevalence of Infection Occurrence of Clinical Disease Morbidity and Case Fatality Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Immune Mechanisms Pathogenesis Experimental Reproduction of BRSV Pneumonia Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Virus Isolation or Detection Serology Arterial Blood Gas Analysis and Blood L-Lactate Concentration Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Antimicrobial Therapy Corticosteroids and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents Control Vaccines and Immunization Further Reading References Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (Red Nose), Bovine Herpesvirus-1 Infection Etiology Epidemiology Prevalence of Infection and Occurrence of Disease Wildlife Morbidity and Case Fatality Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Age and Breed Susceptibility Environmental and Management Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Immune Mechanisms Colostral Immunity Economic Importance Pathogenesis Respiratory Disease Encephalitis Abortion Latency Predisposition to Pneumonia Reproductive Failure Bovine Mastitis Clinical Findings Rhinitis (Red Nose), Tracheitis, and Conjunctivitis Ocular Form of IBR Systemic Disease in Newborn Calves Abortion Clinical Pathology Virus Isolation or Detection Serology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Antimicrobial Therapy Control Natural Exposure or Vaccination Natural Exposure Biosecurity Closed Herd Vaccination Rationale for Vaccination Temperature-Sensitive BHV-1 Modified Live Vaccine. Disadvantages of Modified Live Vaccines. Shedding of Virus by Vaccinated Animals. Inactivated Vaccines. Subunit Vaccines. Combination or Multivalent Vaccines. Immunization and Latency. Vaccination Programs in Herds Beef Breeding Herds. Feedlot Cattle. Dairy Cattle. Eradication Eradication Using Marker Vaccines. Loss of Certification. Further Reading References Lungworm in Cattle Etiology Life Cycle Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading References Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia of Cattle (Acute Bovine Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute Pulmonary Emphysema, and Edema) Etiology Ingestion of Excessive Amounts of d,l-Tryptophan With the Forage Hypersensitivity to Molds Inhalation of Toxic Gases and Fumes Parasitic Infestation Mycotoxicosis and Plant Poisonings Melengestrol Acetate Bacterial and Mycoplasma spp. Infections Viral Infections Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Grazing Management Inhibition of 3-Methylindole Production in Rumen Other Forms of AIP Further Reading References Diseases of the Ovine and Caprine Respiratory Tract Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma of Sheep and Goats (Enzootic Nasal Tumor) References Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Transmission Agent Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Chronic Enzootic Pneumonia of Sheep (Chronic Nonprogressive Atypical Pneumonia, Summer Pneumonia, Proliferative Exudative Pneumonia) Etiology M. ovipneumoniae B. parapertussis Parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) Virus Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Other Agents Epidemiology Occurrence Environmental Risk Factors Economic Importance Clinical Findings Necropsy Findings Treatment and Control Further Reading References Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (Maedi, Maedi-Visna) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Host Range Prevalence Transmission Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Detection of Antigen Serologic Tests Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Test and Cull Segregated Rearing Flock Biosecurity and Other Control Methods Vaccination and Genetic Selection Further Reading References Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte, Pulmonary Adenomatosis) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Animal and Environmental Risk Factors Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Nasal Bots Infestation Etiology Life Cycle and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Diagnosis Treatment Control Recommendation References Lungworm Infestation in Sheep and Goats Etiology Life Cycle Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control References Diseases of the Equine Respiratory Tract Abnormalities of the Upper Respiratory Tract of Horses Further Reading References Palatal Dysfunction (Instability, Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate) Palatal Instability and Intermittent Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate During Exercise Clinical Signs Treatment Persistent Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate Clinical Signs Treatment References Diseases of the Guttural Pouches (Auditory Tube Diverticulum, Eustachian Tube Diverticulum) Guttural Pouch Empyema Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control References Guttural Pouch Mycosis Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control References Guttural Pouch Tympany Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Findings Treatment References Other Guttural Pouch Diseases Reference Diseases of the Epiglottis and Arytenoids Aryepiglottic Fold Entrapment (Epiglottic Entrapment) Clinical Signs Treatment Epiglottic Retroversion During Exercise Epiglottitis Subepiglottic Cysts Arytenoid Chondritis Treatment Mucosal Lesions of the Arytenoid Cartilages Axial Deviation of the Aryepiglottic Folds Retropharyngeal Lymphadenopathy Clinical Signs Treatment References Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy (Roarers) Etiology Epidemiology Prevalence Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment References Equine Pleuropneumonia (Pleuritis, Pleurisy) Etiology Epidemiology Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Signs of Acute Disease Clinical Signs in Chronic Disease Complications Prognosis Clinical Pathology Diagnostic Confirmation Necropsy Findings Treatment Antimicrobial Treatment Thoracic Drainage Pleural Lavage Fibrinolytic Therapy Supportive Therapy Control References Acute Broncho-Interstitial Pneumonia in Foals Necropsy Findings Treatment Control References Chronic Interstitial Pneumonia in Foals Further Reading Reference Interstitial Pneumonia in Adult Horses Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage of Horses (Bleeders) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage and Performance Physical Examination Tracheobronchoscopy Radiography Prognosis Clinical Pathology Examination of Airway Secretions or Lavage Fluid Necropsy Treatment Prevention of Stress Failure of the Pulmonary Capillaries Reducing Pulmonary Capillary Pressure Increasing Alveolar Inspiratory Pressure Interstitial Inflammation and Bronchial Angiogenesis Excessive Bleeding Coagulopathy and Fibrinolysis Platelet Function Capillary Integrity Summary of Treatment Options Prevention and Control Further Reading References Recurrent Airway Obstruction (Heaves) Etiology Genetics Environmental Factors Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Season Housing and Hay Feeding Pathogenesis Inflammatory and Immune Responses Mucus Airway Function and Gas Exchange Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology and Special Examinations Necropsy Findings Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Antiinflammatory Drugs Bronchodilator Drugs Other Drugs Integrated Therapy Control Further Reading References Pasture-Associated Heaves (Pasture-Associated Recurrent Airway Obstruction of Horses) Further Reading References Synchronous Diaphragmatic Flutter in Horses (Thumps) Reference Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia of Foals Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Transmission Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings R. equi pneumonia Extrapulmonary manifestations of R. equi infection Prognosis Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading References Streptococcus zooepidemicus Infection Further Reading References Strangles Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection and Transmission Animal Risk Factors Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Disease Complications Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Prevention of Transmission Enhanced Resistance Further Reading References Glanders Etiology Epidemiology Geographic Occurrence Host Occurrence Source of Infection and Transmission Experimental Reproduction Host and Pathogen Risk Factors Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Disease Chronic Disease Pulmonary Form of Disease Nasal Form of Disease Skin Form of Disease (“Farcy”) Clinical Pathology Mallein Test Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading References Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract of Horses Parainfluenza-3 Virus Equine Adenovirus Infection Reovirus References Equine Influenza Etiology Viral Evolution Persistence in the Environment Epidemiology Occurrence Origin of Infection and Transmission Risk Factors Animal Factors Management Factors Meteorologic Factors Economic Importance Zoonotic Potential Australian Outbreak (2007) Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Serology Rapid Detection of Virus Necropsy Findings Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Immunity and Vaccination Vaccines Objective Timing Foals Racehorses and Show Horses Schedule Control Measures Further Reading References Equine Rhinitis (Equine Rhinitis Virus) References Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis (Equine Herpesvirus-1 and -4 Infections) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Method of Transmission Risk Factors Immunity Age Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Control Vaccination Hygiene References Equine Multinodular Pulmonary Fibrosis Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Specimen for Laboratory Diagnosis Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading References Equine Hendra Virus Infection Etiology Epidemiology Transmission Zoonotic Potential Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Treatment and Control References Pulmonary and Systemic Aspergillosis (Aspergillus spp.) Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment and Control References Rhinosporidosis References Lungworm in Horses Etiology Life Cycle Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Reference Diseases of the Swine Respiratory Tract Progressive Atrophic Rhinitis (Conchal Atrophy of Swine) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Prevalence of Infection Method of Transmission Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Immune Mechanisms Pathogen Factors Environmental Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Culture and Detection of Bacteria Serology Antigen Detection Radiography Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Eradication Reduction of Infection Mass Medication Vaccination Further Reading References Facial Necrosis (Facial Pyemia) Further Reading Bordetella Rhinitis Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Pathology Diagnosis Immunity Treatment Control References Pleuropneumonia of Pigs Associated With Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Morbidity and Case Fatality Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Pathogen Factors Biotypes Serotypes Virulence Factors Apx Toxins Animal Risk Factors Immune Mechanisms Environmental and Management Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Culture of Organism Serotype of Organism Detection of Antigen Serology Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Antimicrobial Therapy Antimicrobial Sensitivities Antimicrobials in Experimental Disease Mass Medication of Feed Control Control by Management Eradication Vaccination References Mycoplasma Pneumonia (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Morbidity and Case Fatality Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Immune Mechanisms Pathogen Risk Factors Environmental and Management Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Serologic Tests Detection of Organism Herd Certification Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Control by Eradication Specific Pathogen-Free or Minimal-Disease Pigs Isolated Farrowing Minimal Disease Herds Reinfection of Herds Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Low-Level Disease Medication of Breeding Stock Source of Feeder Pigs Vaccination Further Reading References Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex and Mycoplasmal Pneumonia of Pigs Etiology Epidemiology Combination and Interaction of Environmental Risk Factors Economic Losses and Importance Clinical Signs Pathology Treatment Monitoring Control All-in, All-Out Buildings Production Sick Pigs Diagnosis Active Control References Porcine Cytomegalic Virus (Inclusion-Body Rhinitis, Generalized Cytomegalic Inclusion-Body Disease of Swine) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Pathology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment Control Reference Swine Influenza Introduction Etiology H1N1—Classical H1N1—Others H1N1 Avian-Like H1N1 Humanlike Viruses in Pigs H1N1-Pandemic 2009 H1N2 H3N2—Classical H3N2—Novel Other Viruses Epidemiology Occurrence Seasonality Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Pathogen Factors Methods of Transmission Immunity Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Concurrent Infections Clinical Pathology Experimental Infections Serologic Tests Detection of Virus Oral Fluids Antigen Detection Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Vaccination Inactivated Vaccines Modified Live Newer Options Further Reading References Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus Etiolgy Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Lesions Diagnosis Treatment Control References Lungworm in Pigs Etiology Life Cycle Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading References Respiratory System Toxicoses Furan (Ipomeanol and 3-Methylindole) Toxicosis Further Reading References Galegine Toxicoses Reference Manure Gas Poisoning and Confinement Effects Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Necropsy Findings Control Further Reading References Plants Causing Pulmonary Disease (Unidentified Toxins) Neoplastic Diseases of the Respiratory Tract Pulmonary and Pleural Neoplasms Clinical Findings Treatment Further Reading References Congenital and Inherited Diseases of the Respiratory Tract Congenital Defects References Index How to Use This Book For Example Guidelines for Selection and Submission of Necropsy Specimens for Confirmation of Diagnosis Volume 2 Front Cover Veterinary Medicine Volume 2_Copyright page Volume 2_Table of contents 13 Diseases of the Urinary System Introduction Principles of Renal Insufficiency Renal Insufficiency and Renal Failure Causes of Renal Insufficiency and Uremia Pathogenesis of Renal Insufficiency and Renal Failure Clinical Features of Urinary Tract Disease Abnormal Constituents of the Urine Variations in Daily Urine Flow Polyuria Oliguria and Anuria Pollakiuria Abdominal Pain and Painful and Difficult Urination (Dysuria and Stranguria) Morphologic Abnormalities of Kidneys and Ureters Palpable Abnormalities of the Bladder and Urethra Acute and Chronic Renal Failure Uremia Special Examination of the Urinary System Tests of Renal Function and Detection of Renal Injury Collection of Urine Samples Tests of Urine Samples Specific Gravity pH Net Acid Excretion Hematuria Hemoglobinuria Myoglobinuria Ketonuria Glucosuria Proteinuria Casts Cells and Pyuria Bacteriuria Crystalluria Enzymuria Tests of Serum Serum Urea Nitrogen and Creatinine Concentration Glomerular Filtration Rate Tests of Urine and Serum Urine Osmolality to Serum Osmolality Ratio Water Deprivation Test Renal Clearance Studies Fractional Clearance Summary of Renal Function Tests Diagnostic Examination Techniques Ultrasonography Endoscopy Renal Biopsy Test of Uroperitoneum and Bladder Rupture Radiography Cystometry and Urethral Pressure Profile Computed Tomography Principles of Treatment of Urinary Tract Disease Fluid and Electrolytes Antimicrobial Agents Further Reading References Diseases of the Kidney Glomerulonephritis Reference Pyelonephritis Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Reference Nephrosis Ischemic Nephrosis Etiology Acute Renal Ischemia Chronic Renal Ischemia Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Toxic Nephrosis Etiology Toxins Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Renal Tubular Acidosis Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis (Type I) Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis (Type II) Further Reading References Hemolytic Uremic–Like Syndrome Hydronephrosis Interstitial Nephritis Embolic Nephritis Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Infectious Diseases of the Kidney Leptospirosis Etiology Epidemiology Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Serovars and Species Susceptibility Pathogen Risk Factors Environmental and Management Risk Factors Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Cattle Farmed Deer Sheep and Goats Pigs Horses Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Methods of Transmission Leptospiruria Wildlife as Source of Infection Portal of Entry of Organism Pathogenesis Acute Form Septicemia, Capillary Damage, Hemolysis, and Interstitial Nephritis Abortion Encephalitis Subacute and Occult Forms Periodic Ophthalmia (Recurrent Uveitis) in the Horse Pulmonary Hemorrhage Immune Mechanisms Clinical Findings Cattle Acute Leptospirosis Associated With pomona Subacute Leptospirosis Associated With L. pomona Chronic Leptospirosis Associated With L. pomona Leptospirosis Associated With L. hardjo Pigs Sheep and Goats Horses Abortion Periodic Ophthalmia Neonatal Foal Disease Clinical Pathology General Considerations Serologic and Related Tests Aqueous Humor Antibody Demonstration or Culture of Organism Culture of Urine Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Antimicrobial Therapy Blood Transfusions Control Biosecurity and Biocontainment Eradication Hygiene Vaccination Cattle Bovine Leptospiral Vaccines and Their Efficacy Swine Vaccination and Antimicrobial Strategies Further Reading References Bovine Pyelonephritis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection and Transmission Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control References Urinary Disease in Swine Glomerulonephritis Nephrosis Embolic Nephritis Interstitial Nephritis Other Conditions Porcine Cystitis and Pyelonephritis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection and Transmission Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for the Confirmation of Diagnosis Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Kidney Worm Disease in Pigs Caused by Stephanurus dentatus Etiology Life Cycle Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Toxic Agents Affecting the Kidney Citrinin Toxicosis Further Reading References Ethylene Glycol Toxicosis Further Reading References Ochratoxins (Ochratoxicosis) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Factors Human Risk Factors Farm or Premise Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Plant Poisonings Caused by Known Toxins Iforrestine Plant Poisonings From Unidentified Toxins Uremia, Nephrosis—With High Blood Urea Nitrogen Polydipsia, Polyuria Red Urine Caused by A Pigmented Substance From the Plant Cystitis Fungi Lacking Identified Toxins Further Reading Renal Neoplasia References Congenital and Inherited Renal Diseases Renal Hypoplasia References Polycystic Kidneys Reference Renal Dysplasia References Renal Lipofucinosis of Cattle References Equine Renal Cortical Tubular Ectasia Reference Diseases of the Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra Ectopic Ureter and Ureteral Defects Paralysis of the Bladder and Overflow Incontinence Reference Eversion of the Bladder Reference Patent Urachus Rupture of the Bladder (Uroperitoneum) References Uroperitoneum in Foals Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Signs Imaging Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Prevention and Control Reference Cystitis Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Urolithiasis in Ruminants Etiology Epidemiology Species Affected Nidus Formation Precipitation of Solutes Factors Favoring Concretion Miscellaneous Factors in the Development of Urolithiasis Composition of Calculi Risk Factors for Obstructive Urolithiasis Occurrence Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Obstruction of the Urethra by a Calculus Rupture of Urethra or Bladder Clinical Pathology Urinalysis Serum Biochemistry Abdominocentesis and Needle Aspirate of Subcutaneous Tissue Ultrasonography Radiography Necropsy Findings Treatment Prevention Further Reading References Urolithiasis in Horses Further Reading Reference Urethral Tears in Stallions and Geldings Urethral Defects Further Reading Reference Urinary Bladder Neoplasms References Bovine Enzootic Hematuria Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Primary Supportive Control Further Reading References Diseases of the Prepuce and Vulvovaginal Area Enzootic Posthitis (Pizzle Rot, Sheath Rot, Balanoposthitis) and Vulvovaginitis (Scabby Ulcer) Etiology Epidemiology Host Occurrence Sheep Cattle Source of Infection and Transmission Host and Environmental Risk Factors Experimental Reproduction Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy and Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading 14 Diseases of the Nervous System Introduction Posture and Gait Sensory Perceptivity Mental State Principles of Nervous Dysfunction Modes of Nervous Dysfunction Excitation (Irritation) Signs Release of Inhibition Signs Paresis or Paralysis Caused by Tissue Damage Nervous Shock Clinical Manifestations of Diseases of the Nervous System Altered Mentation Excitation States Mania Frenzy Aggressive Behavior Depressive States Depression Leading to Coma Syncope Narcolepsy (Catalepsy) Compulsive Walking or Head Pressing Aimless Wandering Involuntary Movements Tremor Tics Tetany Convulsions Involuntary Spastic Paresis Abnormal Posture and Gait Posture Vestibular Disease Gait Ataxia Cerebellar Disease Spinal Cord Disease Paresis and Paralysis Neurogenic Muscular Atrophy Altered Sensation Blindness Central or Peripheral Blindness Abnormalities of the Autonomic Nervous System Special Examination of the Nervous System Neurologic Examination Signalment and Epidemiology History Head Behavior Mental Status Head Position and Coordination Cranial Nerves Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I) Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II) Oculomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III) Trochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve IV) Trigeminal Nerve (Cranial Nerve V) Abducent Nerve (Cranial Nerve VI) Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII) Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII) Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Cranial Nerve IX) and Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X) Spinal Accessory Nerve (Cranial Nerve Xi) Hypoglossal Nerve (Cranial Nerve XII) Posture and Gait Neck and Forelimbs Spinal Reflexes of the Thoracic Limbs Trunk and Hindlimbs Tail and Anus Palpation of the Bony Encasement of the Central Nervous System Collection and Examination of Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection of Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection From the Lumbosacral Cistern Collection From the Atlantooccipital Cistern (Cisterna Magna) Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination of the Nervous System With Serum Biochemical Analysis Arterial Plasma Ammonia Concentration Further Reading References Examination of the Nervous System With Imaging Techniques Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Further Reading References Ultrasonography Endoscopy (Rhinolaryngoscopy) Ophthalmoscopy Electromyography Electroencephalography Electroretinography Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials Intracranial Pressure Measurement Kinetic Gait Analysis Further Reading References Diffuse or Multifocal Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord Responses of Central Nervous System to Injury Cerebral Hypoxia Etiology Cerebral Hypoxia Secondary to General Hypoxia Cerebral Hypoxia Secondary to Intracranial Lesion Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings Treatment Increased Intracranial Pressure, Cerebral Edema, and Brain Swelling Etiology Vasogenic Edema Cytotoxic Edema Interstitial Edema Pathogenesis Cerebral Edema and Brain Swelling Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Hydrocephalus Etiology Congenital Hydrocephalus Acquired Hydrocephalus Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Meningitis Etiology Cattle Sheep Horses Pigs Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Cerebrospinal Fluid Hematology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Encephalitis Etiology All Species Cattle Sheep Goats New World Camelids Horses Pigs Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Hemogram Serology Cerebrospinal Fluid Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Epilepsy Treatment Further Reading Reference Myelitis Encephalomalacia Etiology All Species Ruminants Horses Ruminants and Horses Neurotoxic Mycotoxins Pigs Pathogenesis Metabolic and Circulatory Intoxications and Toxic-Infectious Diseases Nutritional Diseases Hereditary, Familial, and Idiopathic Degenerative Diseases Polioencephalomalacia and Leukoencephalomalacia Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Myelomalacia References Focal Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord Traumatic Injury to the Brain Etiology Pathogenesis Concussion Contusion Laceration Experimental Traumatic Craniocerebral Missile Injury Clinical Findings Diagnosis Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Brain Abscess Etiology Hematogenous Spread Local Spread Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Cerebrospinal Fluid Hematology Imaging Electroencephalography Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Tumors of the Central Nervous System Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Central Nervous System–Associated Tumors Further Reading Reference Metastatic Tumors of the Central Nervous System Central Nervous System–Associated Masses References Plant Toxins Affecting the Nervous System Cannabinoids Cynanchoside Diterpenoid (Kaurene) Glycosides (Atractyloside, Carboxyatractyloside, Parquin, Carboxyparquin, and Wedeloside) Stypandrol Tropane Alkaloids Tutin Further Reading References Indole Alkaloids β-Carboline Indoleamine Alkaloid Poisoning Further Reading References Indolizidine Alkaloid Toxicosis (Locoism, Peastruck) Castanospermine Poisoning Swainsonine Poisoning Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Neurogenic Quinolizidine Alkaloids (Lupinus Spp.) Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Findings Pathology Further Reading Nitrocompound Plant Toxicosis (Milk Vetch) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Human Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Poisoning Chronic Poisoning Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Piperidine Alkaloid Plant Toxicosis Etiology Conium Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cynapine Nicotiana Lobeline Further Reading References Corynetoxins (Tunicaminyluracils) (Annual Ryegrass Staggers, Flood Plain Staggers, Stewart Range Syndrome) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Plant Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Miscellaneous Plant Toxins Affecting the Nervous System (Unidentified Toxins) Further Reading References Fungal Toxins Affecting the Nervous System Further Reading Reference Tremorgenic Mycotoxins Aspergillus-Associated Mycotoxins Bermudagrass Staggers Claviceps-Associated Mycotoxins (Paspalum or Dallis Grass Staggers) Neotyphodium-Associated Mycotoxins (Perennial Ryegrass Staggers) Penicillium-Associated Mycotoxins Further Reading References Miscellaneous Fungal Toxins Affecting the Nervous System (Unidentified Toxins) Black Soil Blindness Nervous Signs Further Reading Other Toxins Affecting the Nervous System Inorganic Toxins Affecting the Nervous System Lead Toxicosis (Plumbism) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Cattle Buffalo Sheep Horses Environmental Risk Factors Farm or Premise Risk Factors Human and Public Health Risk Factors Transmission (Sources of Lead) Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle Sheep Horses Pigs Clinical Pathology Hematology Blood Lead Milk Lead Fecal Lead Urinary Lead δ-ALA-D Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin Plasma δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Necropsy Findings Liver and Kidney Lead Cattle Horses Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Calcium Versenate Succimer (Dimercaptosuccinic Acid) Thiamine Hydrochloride Magnesium Sulfate Rumenotomy Control Further Reading References Mercury Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Human Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Boron Toxicosis Further Reading Bromide Toxicosis Further Reading References Organic Toxins Affecting the Nervous System Anthelmintic Toxicosis Commonly Used Anthelmintics Older Anthelmintics Currently Used Anthelmintics Amino-Acetonitrile Derivatives (Monepantel) Benzimidazoles (Albendazole, Fenbendazole, and Thiabendazole) and Probenzimidazoles (Febantel, Netobimin, etc.) Albendazole, Cambendazole, and Parbendazole Fenbendazole Thiabendazole Cyclic Octadepsipeptides (Emodepside) Imidazothiazoles (Levamisole) Macrocyclic Lactones (Ivermectin, Moxidectin, and Doramectin) Miscellaneous (Piperazine and Clorsulon) Piperazine Clorsulon Praziquantel/Epsiprantel Salicylanilides/Substituted Phenols (Closantel, Rafoxanide, and Oxyclozanide) Tetrahydropyrimidines (Pyrantel and Morantel) Older Anthelmintics Carbon Tetrachloride Hexachloroethane Hexachlorophene Nicotine Phenothiazine Sumicidin Tetrachlorethylene Further Reading References Macrocyclic Lactone (Ivermectin, Moxidectin, etc.) Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Organophosphorus Compounds and Carbamate Insecticides Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Toxin Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Transmission Pathogenesis Cholinesterase Inactivation Organophosphorus-Induced Delayed Neurotoxicity Clinical Findings Acute Poisoning Cattle, Sheep, and Goats Acute Toxicosis Delayed Neurotoxicity Pigs Acute Toxicosis Delayed Neurotoxicity Horses Acute Toxicosis Delayed Neurotoxicity Syndrome Miscellaneous Signs of Organophosphorus Poisoning Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Industrial Organophosphates Rotenone Toxicosis Further Reading References Organochlorine Insecticides Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Farm or Premise Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Human Risk Factors Transmission Method of Application Formulation Used Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology/ Necropsy Findings Treatment/Control Further Reading References Molluscicide Toxicosis Metaldehyde Methiocarb Further Reading References Strychnine Further Reading Diseases of the Cerebrum Psychoses, Neuroses, and Stereotypy Crib-Biting and Windsucking Weaving Box Walking Farrowing Hysteria in Sows Tail-Biting, Ear-Chewing, and Snout-Rubbing in Pigs Head-Shaking in Horses Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Tail-Biting in Swine Etiology Epidemiology Risk Factors Factors Increasing Biting Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Treatment Control Further Reading References Bacterial Diseases Primarily Affecting the Cerebrum Enterotoxemia Associated With Clostridium Perfringens Type D (Pulpy Kidney, Overeating Disease) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Experimental Reproduction Animal and Management Risk Factors Sheep Calves Goats Horses Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Lambs Adult Sheep Calves Goats Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Reduction in Food Intake Antitoxin Vaccination Further Reading References Focal Symmetric Encephalomalacia Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Findings Necropsy Findings Treatment and Control Further Reading References Cerebrospinal Angiopathy Further Reading Viral Diseases Primarily Affecting the Cerebrum Rabies Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Europe United States Canada Africa South America, Latin America, and the Caribbean Distribution of Virus Variants Methods of Transmission Animal Vectors Seasonal Spread Latent Infection Zoonotic Implications Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle Sheep and Goats Horses Pigs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Prevention of Exposure to the Virus Preexposure Vaccination of Humans Postexposure Vaccination of Humans Postexposure Vaccination of Domestic Animals Vaccination of Domestic Animals Vaccines Vaccination of Wildlife Quarantine and Biosecurity Further Reading References Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s Disease) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Morbidity and Case Fatality Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Pathogen Factors Methods of Transmission Within Herds Between Herds Within an Area Latency Other Species Immune Mechanisms Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Pigs Cattle, Sheep, and Goats Clinical Pathology Serology Serum Neutralization Test Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Detection of Virus Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Strategies Available Economics of Control and Eradication Determination of Prevalence of Infection Depopulation and Repopulation Test and Removal Offspring Segregation Control Programs in Effect Vaccines and Vaccination Vaccines Pregnant Sows Growing and Finishing Pigs Marker or Subunit Vaccines References Sporadic Bovine Encephalomyelitis (Buss Disease and Transmissible Serositis) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Prevalence of Infection Morbidity and Case–Fatality Rates Method of Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Hematology Detection of Agent Serology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control References Border Disease (Hairy Shaker Disease of Lambs, Hairy Shakers, Hypomyelinogenesis Congenita) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection Transmission Host Risk Factors Experimental Reproduction Economic Importance Pathogenesis Nonpregnant Sheep Pregnant Sheep Infection in Early Pregnancy In Midpregnancy Infection in Late Pregnancy Goats Enteric Disease Clinical Findings Conformation Fleece Neurologic Dysfunction Growth Rate Reproductive Performance Clinical Pathology Detection of Persistently Infected Sheep Abortion Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Visna Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Experimental Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment and Control Further Reading References Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Etiology Epidemiology Geographic Occurrence Host Risk Factors Breeds Age Method of Transmission Colostrum and Milk Other Perinatal Transmission Contact Transmission Other Routes Experimental Reproduction Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Joints Brain Udder Clinical Pathology Serologic Testing Other Tests Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Prevention of Perinatal Transmission Test and Segregate/Cull Vaccination and Genetic Selection Further Reading References Ovine Encephalomyelitis (Louping-Ill) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Geographic Occurrence Host Occurrence Transmission Tick Transmission Nontick Transmission Host and Environmental Risk Factors Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References West Nile, Kunjin, and Murray Valley Encephalitis Etiology Epidemiology Distribution Viral Ecology Transmission Animal Risk Factors Morbidity and Case Fatality Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Other Species Clinical Pathology Serologic Tests Identification of West Nile Virus Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Japanese Encephalitis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Zoonosis Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Control References Eastern and Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Etiology Epidemiology Distribution Viral Ecology Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Animal Risk Factors Morbidity and Case Fatality Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Pigs Ratites and Pheasants Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Vaccination Protection From Insects Zoonotic Aspects of Control Further Reading References Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Etiology Epidemiology Distribution Viral Ecology Animal Risk Factors Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Vaccination Protection From Insects References Equid Herpesvirus-1 Myeloencephalopathy, Abortion, and Neonatal Septicemia Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Method of Transmission Cycling of Infection Risk Factors Immunity Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Myeloencephalopathy Abortion Neonatal Viremia and Septicemia Respiratory Disease Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Prevention of Infection Vaccination Subdivision of Horses on a Farm Minimize Risk of Introduction of Infection Prevention of Reactivation of Latent Infection Control of Outbreaks Control of Outbreaks of Myeloencephalopathy Abortion Rapid Diagnosis Prevention of Spread Further Reading References Peruvian Horse Sickness Virus References Powassan Virus Reference Nigerian Equine Encephalitis Main Drain Virus Encephalitis Reference Borna Disease Further Reading References Teschovirus Infections Serotypes Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Morbidity and Case Fatality Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Viral Encephalomyelitis (Teschen Disease) Subacute Viral Encephalomyelitis (Talfan Disease) Clinical Pathology Serology Detection of Virus Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Immunity Treatment Control Further Reading References Prion Diseases Primarily Affecting the Cerebrum Introduction Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Geographic Occurrence Occurrence in Cattle Great Britain Herd Type Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland European Continent and Iberian Peninsula North America Japan Age Incidence Other Species Method of Natural Transmission Ingestion of Meat-and-Bone Meal Born-After-the-Ban Non–Feed-Borne Transmission Vertical Transmission Risk for Occurrence of Disease in Countries Experimental Reproduction Infectivity of Tissues Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Signs and Passive Surveillance Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment and Control Detection of BSE in Surveillance and Control Programs Control of BSE in Cattle Measures to Protect Human Health Further Reading References Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Sheep Experimental Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Disposition of Disease-Associated PrP Diagnosis Strain Tying Control References Scrapie Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Geographic Occurrence and Incidence Host Occurrence Age Breed Methods of Transmission Sources and Routes of Infection Horizontal Transmission Vertical Transmission Environment Iatrogenic Transmission Genetics Risk Factors Exposure Factors Age at Exposure Infection Status of Parents Goats Experimental Reproduction Pathogen Risk Factors Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Incubation Early Signs Advanced Cases Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Control Individual Flocks National Eradication Flock Eradication Genetic Control and National Programs Further Reading References Chronic Wasting Disease Further Reading Parasitic Disease Primarily Affecting the Cerebrum Coenurosis (Gid, Sturdy) Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment and Control References Halicephalobus References Metabolic Diseases Primarily Affecting the Cerebrum Polioencephalomalacia (Cerebrocortical Necrosis) of Ruminants Etiology Thiamine Inadequacy Excess Dietary Sulfur Epidemiology Occurrence Morbidity and Case Fatality Risk Factors Dietary Risk Factors Thiamine Inadequacy Thiaminases Sulfur-Induced Polioencephalomalacia Other Dietary Circumstances Deprivation of Feed and Water. Phalaris Aquatica “PEM-Like” Sudden Death in Sheep and Cattle. Pathogenesis Thiamine Inadequacy Polioencephalomalacia Sulfate-Induced Polioencephalomalacia Acute Cerebral Edema and Laminar Necrosis Clinical Findings Cattle Sheep Clinical Pathology Thiamine Inadequacy Polioencephalomalacia. Brain Imaging Function. Sulfate-Induced Polioencephalomalacia Ruminal Hydrogen Sulfide Measurement. Brain Function. Necropsy Findings Treatment Thiamine Hydrochloride Outbreak Management Sulfur-Induced Polioencephalomalacia Control Thiamine Supplementation Feeding Roughage Sulfate Toxicity PEM Further Reading References Thiamine Deficiency (Hypothiaminosis) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Bracken Fern (P. aquilinum) and Horsetail (E. arvense) Poisoning in the Horse Experimental Syndromes Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Thiaminase Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Salt Toxicity (Sodium Chloride Toxicosis) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Farm Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Pathogenesis Acute Poisoning Chronic Poisoning Clinical Findings Subclinical Salt Poisoning Acute Salt Poisoning Subacute Poisoning Chronic Salt Poisoning Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Acute Toxicity Chronic Toxicity Control Further Reading References Vitamin A Deficiency (Hypovitaminosis A) Etiology Epidemiology Primary Vitamin A Deficiency Ruminants on Pasture Maternal Deficiency Adequacy of Supplements Feedlot Cattle Pigs Horses Secondary Vitamin A Deficiency Pathogenesis Night Vision and Ocular Abnormalities Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Bone Growth Epithelial Tissues Embryologic Development Immune Mechanisms Clinical Findings Night Blindness Xerophthalmia Ocular Abnormalities Changes in the Skin Body Weight Reproductive Efficiency Nervous System Paralysis Convulsions Blindness Congenital Defects Other Diseases Anasarca. Clinical Pathology Plasma Vitamin A Plasma Retinol Plasma Carotene Hepatic Vitamin A Cerebrospinal Fluid Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Vitamin A Hypervitaminosis A Control Dietary Requirement Supplementation Method Parenteral Injection Oral Vitamin A References Nicotinic Acid Deficiency (Hyponiacinosis) References Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) Deficiency (Hypopyridoxinosis) Reference Pantothenic Acid Deficiency (Hypopantothenosis) Reference Metabolic and Toxic Encephalomyelopathies Abnormalities of Consciousness and Behavior Abnormality Characterized by Tremor and Ataxia Convulsions Ataxia Apparently Caused by Proprioceptive Defect Involuntary Spastic Contraction of Large Muscle Masses Tremor, Incoordination, and Convulsions Paresis or Paralysis Further Reading References Inherited Diseases Primarily Affecting the Cerebrum Inherited Congenital Hyrdocephalus Cattle Sheep Horses Pigs References Inherited Hydranencephaly and Arthrogryposis Inherited Prosencephaly Inherited Multifocal Symmetric Encephalopathy Maple Syrup Urine Disease (Branched-Chain Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Deficiency) Reference Inherited Citrullinemia Inherited Neonatal Spasticity Doddler Calves Inherited Idiopathic Epilepsy of Cattle Familial Narcolepsy Further Reading Reference Congenital and Inherited Encephalomyelopathies Inherited Lysosomal Storage Diseases Mannosidosis α-Mannosidosis β-Mannosidosis References Gangliosidosis GM1 Gangliosidosis GM2 Gangliosidosis References Gaucher Disease Type 2 Reference Bovine Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIB Reference Sphingomyelinase Deficiency (Niemann–Pick Disease Type a) in Cattle Reference Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy (Galactocerebrosidosis) Inherited Nervous System Abiotrophies Further Reading Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis References Congenital Necrotizing Encephalopathy in Lambs Reference Lavender Foal Syndrome References Inherited Hypomyelinogenesis (Congenital Tremor Syndromes of Piglets) Further Reading Diseases Primarily Affecting the Cerebellum Inherited Cerebellar Defects Cerebellar Hypoplasia Cerebellar Atrophy of Lambs (Daft Lamb Disease 1) Star-Gazing Lambs (Daft Lamb Disease 2) Hereditary Lissencephaly and Cerebellar Hypoplasia in Churra Lambs References Inherited Ataxia of Calves Familial Convulsions and Ataxia in Cattle Inherited Congenital Spasms of Cattle Cerebellar Abiotrophy Cattle Sheep Alpaca Horses Pigs References Diseases Primarily Affecting the Brainstem and Vestibular System Otitis Media/Interna Pigs Calves and Lambs Horses Treatment Further Reading References Listeriosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Geographic Seasonal Host Source of Infection Silage Transmission Risk Factors Host Management Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Experimental Reproduction Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Encephalitis/Meningitis Spinal Myelitis Mastitis Enteritis Clinical Findings Listerial Encephalitis/Meningitis Sheep Cattle Goats Listerial Abortion Cattle Sheep and Goats Abortion Caused by Listeria Ivanovii Septicemic Listeriosis Mastitis Spinal Myelitis Keratoconjunctivitis, Uveitis Enteritis in Sheep Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Central Nervous System Listeriosis Septicemia and Abortion Enteritis Treatment Control Further Reading References Diseases Primarily Affecting the Spinal Cord Traumatic Injury Etiology Physical Trauma Parasitic Invasion Local Ischemia of the Spinal Cord Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Fracture of the Cervical Vertebrae in Horses Spondylosis in Bulls Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading Reference Spinal Cord Compression Etiology Tumors Vertebral Body or Epidural Abscess Bony Lesions of Vertebra Vertebral Subluxation or Compressive Myelopathy Ataxia in Horses Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Back Pain in Horses Parasitic Diseases Primarily Affecting the Spinal Cord Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis Etiology Epidemiology Risk Factors Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Cerebrospinal Nematodiasis (Elaphostrongylosis) References Setaria Further Reading References Toxic Diseases Primarily Affecting the Spinal Cord Stringhalt References Inherited Diseases Primarily Affecting the Spinal Cord Spastic Paresis of Cattle (Elso Heel) Further Reading References Inherited Congenital Myoclonus (Hereditary Neuraxial Edema) Inherited Spinal Dysmyelination Inherited Neurodegeneration (Shaker Calf Syndrome) Inherited Spinal Dysraphism References Inherited Congenital Posterior Paralysis Inherited Bovine Degenerative Axonopathy Degenerative Axonopathy of Tyrolean Grey Cattle Reference Central and Peripheral Axonopathy of Maine Anjou (Rouge-Des- Prés) Cattle Inherited Progressive Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (Weaver Syndrome) of Brown Swiss Cattle Inherited Progressive Ataxia Inherited Spinal Myelinopathy Inherited Periodic Spasticity of Cattle Neuraxonal Dystrophy Neuraxonal Dystrophy of Sheep (Segmented Axonopathy) Neuraxonal Dystrophy of Horses References Caprine Progressive Spasticity Inherited Spontaneous Lower Motor Neuron Diseases Reference Inherited Spinal Muscular Atrophy Inherited Hypomyelinogenesis (Congenital Tremor of Pigs) Porcine Congenital Progressive Ataxia and Spastic Paresis Reference Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (Equine Neuraxonal Dystrophy) References Equine Cervical Vertebral Compressive Myelopathy (Wobbler, “Wobbles,” Foal Ataxia, Equine Sensory Ataxia, Cervical Vertebral Instability) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Neurologic Examination Ancillary Diagnostic Tests Radiographic Examination Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Equine Motor Neuron Disease Further Reading References Diseases Primarily Affecting the Peripheral Nervous System Etiology Inflammatory Degenerative Traumatic Metabolic and Nutritional Toxic Tumors Autonomic Nervous System Further Reading References Tetanus Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Case–Fatality Rate Source of Infection Transmission Animal Risk Factors Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Passive Immunity Tetanus Antitoxin Active Immunity References Botulism Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection Forage Botulism Carrion-Associated Botulism Wound Botulism Toxicoinfectious Botulism Experimental Reproduction Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environment Risk Factors Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle and Horses Sheep Goats Pigs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Tick Paralysis Further Reading References Ovine “Kangaroo Gait” and Fenugreek Staggers Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading Reference Polyneuritis Equi (Cauda Equina Syndrome) References Scandinavian Knuckling Syndrome (Acquired Equine Polyneuropathy) References Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment References 15 Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System Principal Manifestations of Musculoskeletal Disease Lameness Abnormal Posture and Movement Deformity Muscle and Tendon Defects Defects of the Skeleton Joint Defects Spontaneous Fractures Painful Aspects of Lameness Relief of Musculoskeletal Pain References Examination of the Musculoskeletal System Analysis of Gait and Conformation Close Physical Examination Radiography Ultrasonography Arthrocentesis and Synovial Fluid Interpretation Arthroscopy Serum Biochemistry and Enzymology Muscle Biopsy Infrared Thermography Nuclear Scintigraphy Magnetic Resonance Imaging Computed Tomography Nutritional History Environment and Housing References Diseases of Muscles Myasthenia (Skeletal Muscle Asthenia) Myopathy Etiology and Epidemiology Enzootic Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy Exertional or Postexercise Rhabdomyolysis Equine Atypical Myopathy (Seasonal Pasture Myopathy) Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy Metabolic Degenerative Myopathy Inherited Myopathies Toxic Agents Ischemia Neurogenic Neoplasms Pathogenesis Primary Myopathy Myoglobinuria Muscle Enzymes Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Types of Muscle Fiber Affected Secondary Myopathy Resulting From Ischemia Neurogenic Atrophy of Muscle Clinical Findings Primary Myopathy Acute Nutritional Myopathy Tying-Up Postanesthetic Myositis Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis Secondary Myopathy Resulting From Ischemia Neurogenic Atrophy Dystrophy of the Diaphragmatic Muscles Diagnosis Muscle-Derived Serum Enzymes Muscle Biopsy Myoglobinuria Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading Reference Myopathy of Horses Etiology Pathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading Reference Myositis Acute Myositis of Limb Muscles Injection-Site Lesions in Cattle Injection-Site Clostridial Infections in Horses Reference Diseases of Bones Osteodystrophy Etiology Nutritional Causes Calcium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin D Copper Deficiency Other Nutritional Causes Chemical Agents Inherited and Congenital Causes Physical and Environmental Causes Tumors Pathogenesis Rickets Osteomalacia Osteodystrophia Fibrosa Osteoporosis Osteodystrophy of Chronic Fluorosis Congenital Defects of Bone Clinical Findings Diagnosis Necropsy Findings Treatment References Hypertrophic Osteopathy (Marie’s Disease) References Osteomyelitis Etiology and Pathogenesis Osseous Sequestration in Cattle Osteomyelitis Secondary to Trauma Inflammation of Bone Marrow Clinical Findings Diagnosis Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Tail-Tip Necrosis in Beef Cattle Risk Factors Treatment Control Reference Laminitis of Horses Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Phenotype Hyperinsulinemia Supporting Limb Laminitis Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Prognosis Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Treatment of Inciting Process or Disease Cryotherapy or Digital Cooling Analgesics and Antiinflammatory Drugs Vasodilatory Drugs Anticoagulants Mechanical Support Promotion of Healing Chronic Laminitis Control Further Reading References Laminitis in Ruminants and Swine Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Cattle and Sheep Pigs Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle and Sheep Pigs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control References Diseases of Joints Degenerative Joint Disease (Osteoarthropathy) and Osteochondrosis Etiology and Epidemiology Nutritional Causes Toxic Causes Steroid Induced Biomechanical Trauma Aging Process Osteochondrosis Pathogenesis Primary Osteoarthropathy Secondary Osteoarthropathy Osteochondrosis Clinical Findings Diagnosis Joint Fluid Radiography Arthroscopy Necropsy Findings Treatment Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents and Opioids Intraarticular Steroids Chondroprotective Agents Hyaluronic Acid Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan Other Treatments Control and Prevention Further Reading References Septic Arthritis Synovitis Etiology and Epidemiology Calves Lambs Foals Piglets Cattle Sheep and Goats Horses Pigs All Species Pathogenesis Calves With Experimentally Induced Infectious Arthritis Lambs With Streptococcus dysgalactiae Polyarthritis Foals With Septicemia Horses Clinical Findings Diagnosis Arthrocentesis Analysis of Joint Fluid Culture of Joint Fluid Serology of Joint Fluid Radiography Ultrasonography Arthroscopy Nuclear Scintigraphy Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography Necropsy Findings Treatment Parenteral Antimicrobials Intraarticular Antimicrobials Lavage of Joint Arthroscopy Surgical Drainage and Arthrotomy Arthrodesis or Artificial Ankylosis Physical Therapy Antiinflammatory Agents and Adjunctive Therapy Prognosis for Survival and Athletic Use in Horses With Septic Arthritis Control Further Reading References Lameness in Pigs and Degenerative Joint Disease (Osteochondrosis, Osteoarthrosis, Epiphysiolysis and Apophysiolysis, Leg Weakness in Pigs) Leg Disorders Lameness Age-Related Changes in Pigs Young Pigs Growers and Finishers Older Animals Adults Osteochondrosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Nutrition and Rate of Growth Genetic and Breed Predisposition Type of Flooring Exercise and Confinement Economic Importance Pathogenesis Radiologic Monitoring of Lesions Clinical Findings Epiphysiolysis Apophysiolysis Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control References Infectious Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System Borreliosis (Lyme Borre liosis, Lyme Disease) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Cattle Sheep Horses Wildlife Zoonotic Implications Methods of Transmission Pathogenesis Immune Mechanisms Clinical Findings Horses Cattle Sheep Clinical Pathology Detection of Organism Serology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Malignant Edema, Clostridial Myonecrosis (Gas Gangrene) Etiology Epidemiology Source of Infection Transmission Animal and Management Risk Factors Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading Reference Blackleg Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection Transmission Risk Factors Environment Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle Sheep Horses Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Cattle Sheep Further Reading References Bovine Footrot (Infectious Bovine Pododermatitis, Interdigital Phlegmon, Interdigital Necrobacillosis, Foul in the Foot) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Transmission Environmental Risk Factors Host Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Interdigital Dermatitis/Stable Footrot Verrucose Dermatitis Traumatic Injury Treatment Antimicrobials Local Treatment Surgical Drainage Control Footbaths Antibacterials Vaccination Further Reading References Bovine Digital Dermatitis, Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis of Cattle (Mortellaro’s Disease), Foot Warts, Hairy Foot Warts, “Heel Warts” Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Risk Factors Host Risk Factors Immune Mechanisms Environmental and Management Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Detection of Organism Serology Pathology Treatment Topical Antimicrobials Nonantibiotic Topical Formulations Cleaning the Surface of the Lesion Bandaging the Lesion Antimicrobials Parenterally and Topically Parenteral Antimicrobials Footbaths Antibiotics in Footbaths Treatment Failure Control Further Reading References Infectious Footrot in Sheep Etiology Epidemiology Geographic Occurrence Host Occurrence Source of Infection Methods of Transmission Host Risk Factors Age and Sex Breed Environmental Risk Factors Climate and Season Management Pasture Type Pathogen Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Benign and Virulent Footrot Clinical Findings Sheep Virulent Footrot Benign Footrot Scoring Systems Symptomless Carriers Goats Cattle Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings Treatment and Control Topical Treatment Footbathing for Treatment and Control Zinc Sulfate Solution (10% to 20%) Formalin Solution (5%) Copper Sulfate Solution (5%) Antibiotic Treatment Vaccination Multivalent Vaccines Mono- and Bivalent Vaccines Summary of Control Procedures in Infected Flocks Genetic Selection Eradication Introduced Sheep Further Reading References Foot Abscess in Sheep Heel Abscess/Infectious Bulbar Necrosis Treatment of Heel Abscess Toe Abscess Treatment of Toe Abscess Further Reading Lamb Arthritis Chlamydial Polyarthritis Further Reading References Chronic Pectoral and Ventral Midline Abscess in Horses (Pigeon Fever) External Abscesses Internal Abscesses References Infectious Polyarthritis (Glässer’s Disease, Porcine Polyserositis, and Arthritis) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Bacteriology Histology Serology Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Arthritis Resulting From Erysipelas Erysipelas in Sheep Arthritis in Lambs Postdipping Lameness References Mycoplasma Hyosynoviae in Pigs Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Pathology Diagnosis Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading Footrot in Pigs (Bush Foot) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control References Ross River Virus Etiology Epidemiology Zoonotic Implications Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Control References Nutritional Diseases Affecting the Musculoskeletal System Selenium and/or Vitamin E Deficiencies Etiology Biological Functions of Selenium and Vitamin E (VE) Selenium Glutathione Peroxidases and Tissue Peroxidation Vitamin Interrelationships Between Selenium and Vitamin E Epidemiology Enzootic Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy Occurrence Geographic Distribution Selenium in Soil, Plants, and Animals Selenium in Soils Selenium in Plants Factors Influencing the Availability of Soil Selenium to Plants. Selenium in Animals Vitamin E Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Diet Other Myopathic Agents in Diet Unaccustomed Exercise Congenital Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy Vitamin E–Selenium Deficiency Syndrome Mulberry Heart Disease Hepatosis Dietetica Selenium-Responsive Disorders Subclinical Selenium Insufficiency Reproductive Performance Pigs Sheep Cattle Retained Fetal Placenta Mammary Gland Function Transport Stress Resistance to Infectious Disease Neutrophil Function Immune Response General Resistance Transfer of Selenium and Vitamin E to the Fetus, Colostrum, and Milk Selenium Pigs Vitamin E Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality Mastitis Blood Abnormalities Equine Nutritional Myopathy Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy Equine Motor Neuron Disease Generalized Steatitis Pathogenesis Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy Subclinical Selenium Insufficiency VESD Syndrome and Others Clinical Findings Acute Enzootic Muscular Dystrophy Subacute Enzootic Muscular Dystrophy Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency in Pigs Mulberry Heart Disease Hepatosis Dietetica Clinical Pathology Myopathy Plasma Creatine Kinase Aspartate Aminotransferase Selenium Status Selenium Status in Horses Kidney Cortex and Liver Blood and Milk Bulk-Tank Milk Glutathione Peroxidase Vitamin E Status Farmed Red Deer Pigs Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy Control Provide Selenium and Vitamin E Maternal Transfer to Newborn Selenium Is Potentially Toxic Selenium in Milk Supplies Dietary Requirement of Selenium Glutathione Peroxidase Activity Pigs Different Methods of Supplementation Dietary Supplementation Selenium Dose Individual Injections Subcutaneous Injections Cattle and Sheep. Pigs. Farmed Red Deer. Oral Selenium and Anthelmintics Pasture Top Dressing Muscular Dystrophy Beef Cattle and Sheep Salt–Mineral Mixture Dairy Cattle Selenium Vitamin E Selenium-Responsive Reproductive Performance and Growth Sheep Weak-Calf Syndrome Pigs Horses Intraruminal Selenium Pellets Sheep Cattle Selenium Toxicity and Residues Selenium Responsiveness Further Reading References Masseter Myonecrosis References Sporadic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis in Horses (Azoturia, Tying-Up) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading References Dietary Deficiency of Phosphorus, Calcium, and Vitamin D and Imbalance of the Calcium : Phosphorus Ratio Absorption and Metabolism of Calcium and Phosphorus References Calcium Deficiency Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Specific Syndromes Primary Calcium Deficiency Secondary Calcium Deficiency Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control References Phosphorus Deficiency Etiology Epidemiology Geographic Occurrence Cattle Sheep and Horses Pigs Secondary Phosphorus Deficiency Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Serum Phosphorus Dietary Phosphorus Content Bone Ash Concentrations Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Phosphorus Requirements Cattle Dairy Cattle Environmental Implications of Phosphorus Feeding of Livestock Beef Cattle Feedlot Cattle Pigs Phosphorus Supplementation Further Reading References Vitamin D Deficiency Etiology Epidemiology Ultraviolet Irradiation Dietary Vitamin D Grazing Animals Animal Risk Factors Pathogenesis Maternal Status Calcium : Phosphorus Ratio Other Roles for Vitamin D Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Serum Calcium and Phosphorus Plasma Vitamin D Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Supplementation Injection Further Reading References Vitamin D Intoxication Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis References Rickets Etiology Epidemiology Calves Lambs Pigs Foals New World Camelids Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment and Control Further Reading References Osteomalacia Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Ruminants Pigs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment and Control References Osteodystrophia Fibrosa Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Horse Pigs Goats Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment and Control Further Reading References “Bowie” or “Bentleg” in Lambs Degenerative Joint Disease and Osteoarthritis Further Reading References Manganese Deficiency Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment and Control References Biotin (Vitamin H) Deficiency (Hypobiotinosis) Cattle Sheep Pigs Biotin Requirements Pigs Horses References Toxic Agents Affecting the Musculoskeletal System Hyena Disease of Cattle Further Reading Reference Calcinogenic Glycoside Poisoning (Enzootic Calcinosis) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment and Control Further Reading References Hypoglycin A Intoxication of Horses (Atypical Myopathy [Myoglobinuria] in Grazing Horses) References Plant Poisonings With Known Toxins Aminopropionitrile Plant Poisonings With Suspected or Unidentified Toxins Juglone Myopathy—With Gait Incoordination, Recumbency, Elevated CPK Further Reading Aluminum Toxicosis Further Reading References Fluoride Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Supplementary Feeding of Phosphates Farm Risk Factors Human Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Intoxication Chronic Intoxication Dental Fluorosis Osteofluorosis Other Effects Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Congenital Defects of Muscles, Bones, and Joints Weakness of Skeletal Muscles Congenital Hyperplasia of Myofiber Obvious Absence or Deformity of Specific Parts of the Musculoskeletal System Fixation of Joints Cattle Sheep and Goats Foals Piglets Congenital Arthrogryposis and Hydranencephaly, Akabane Disease, Cache Valley Virus Disease, Schmallenberg Virus Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Akabane Cache Valley Schmallenberg Aino and Shamonda Source of Infection Akabane Cache Valley Schmallenberg Aino Host and Environmental Risk Factors Akabane Cache Valley Schmallenberg Experimental Reproduction Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Akabane Cache Valley Schmallenberg Clinical Findings Akabane Cache Valley Schmallenberg Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment and Control Further Reading References Hypermobility of Joints Inherited Diseases of Muscles Glycogen Storage Diseases Generalized Glycogenosis (Glycogen Storage Disease Type II) Further Reading Reference Glycogen Storage Disease Type V (Muscle Glycogen Phosphorylase Deficiency) References Inherited Diaphragmatic Muscle Dystrophy Reference Congenital Myasthenia Gravis References Bovine Familial Degenerative Neuromuscular Disease Inherited Umbilical Hernia Myofiber Hyperplasia (Double Muscling, Doppelender, Culard) Epidemiology Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings References Inherited Splayed Digits Inherited Progressive Muscular Dystrophy Pseudomyotonia of Cattle, Congenital Muscular Dystonia-1 Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Congenital Muscular Dystonia Type 1 (CMD1) Pseudomyotonia (PMT) Clinical Pathology Treatment Necropsy Findings Control References Ovine Humpyback Further Reading Myotonia of Goats (Fainting Goats) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Further Reading References Myotonia Congenita and Myotonic Dystrophy References Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis in Thoroughbred and Standardbred Horses Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment AND CONTROL Control Further Reading References Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy of Horses Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading References Equine Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Acute Episodes Prevention of Episodes Control References Malignant Hyperthermia in Horses References Porcine Stress Syndrome (Malignant Hyperthermia) Etiology Epidemiology Prevalence and Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental and Management Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Porcine Stress Syndrome (Transport Death) Malignant Hyperthermia Pale, Soft, and Exudative Pork Dark, Firm, and Dry Pork Back-Muscle Necrosis Clinical Pathology Halothane Test Blood Creatine Kinase Levels Blood Typing Pale, Soft, and Exudative Pork Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility Other Tests Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Genetic Selection Management of Stressors Pietrain Creeper Pigs Further Reading Asymmetric Hindquarter Syndrome of Pigs Further Reading Porcine Congenital Splayleg (Splayleg Syndrome in Newborn Pigs) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Inherited Diseases of Bones Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Diagnosis Treatment and Control Further Reading References Inherited Osteogenesis Imperfecta Cattle Sheep Reference Inherited Dwarfism Sheep Snorter Dwarfs Inherited Congenital Achondroplasia With Hydrocephalus Miscellaneous Dwarfs References Congenital Osteopetrosis Reference Inherited Probatocephaly (Sheepshead) Inherited Atlanto-Occipital Deformity Inherited Agnathia Inherited Displaced Molar Teeth Inherited Jaw Malapposition References Inherited Cranioschisis (Cranium Bifidum) References Inherited Craniofacial Deformity References Inherited Arachnomelia (Inherited Chondrodysplasia) Cattle Sheep Spider Lamb Syndrome Inherited Chondrodysplasia in Texel Sheep References Complex Vertebral Malformation in Holstein Calves References Inherited Reduced Phalanges (Amputates, Acroteriasis, Ectromelia) Hereditary Hemimelia Hereditary Peromelia of Mohair Goats Amputates References Inherited Claw Deformity References Inherited Multiple Exostosis Inherited Congenital Hyperostosis (Thick Forelimbs of Pigs) Inherited Rickets References Inherited Taillessness and Tail Deformity References Congenital Chondrodystrophy of Unknown Origin (Ccuo, “Acorn” Calves, Congenital Joint Laxity and Dwarfism, Congenital Spinal Stenosis) References Inherited Diseases of Joints Inherited Arthrogryposis (Inherited Multiple Tendon Contracture) Simple Arthrogryposis Arthrogryposis With Dental Dysplasia Arthrogryposis With Palatoschisis Arthrogryposis With Multiple Defects Arthrogryposis in Species Other Than Cattle Inherited Multiple Ankyloses References Inherited Patellar Subluxation Reference Inherited Hypermobility (Laxity) of Joints Inherited Hip Dysplasia Reference 16 Diseases of the Skin, Eye, Conjunctiva, and External Ear Introduction Primary/Secondary Lesions Clinical Signs and Special Examination Lesions Abnormal Coloration Pruritus Cattle Sheep Horses Pigs All Species Secretion Abnormalities of Skin Glands Abnormalities of Wool and Hair Fibers Further Reading Principles of Treatment of Diseases of the Skin Primary Treatment Supportive Treatment Further Reading Diseases of the Epidermis and Dermis Pityriasis Treatment Hyperkeratosis References Parakeratosis Treatment Pachyderma Treatment Impetigo Treatment Urticaria Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Primary Treatment Supportive Treatment Further Reading References Dermatitis and Dermatosis Etiology All Species Cattle Sheep and Goats Horses Pigs Special Local Dermatitides Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Pemphigus Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Treatment Reference Photosensitization Etiology and Epidemiology Type I, Primary Photosensitization Type II, Photosensitization as a Result of Aberrant Pigment Metabolism Type III, Hepatogenous Photosensitization Plants Containing Hepatotoxins Plants Containing Steroidal Saponins Congenitally Defective Hepatic Function Type IV, Photosensitization of Uncertain Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings General Signs Skin Lesions Systemic Signs Nervous Signs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading Diseases of the Hair, Wool, Follicles, and Skin Glands Alopecia and Hypotrichosis Etiology Failure of Follicles to Develop Loss of Follicles Failure of the Follicle to Produce a Fiber Congenital Acquired Loss of Preformed Fibers Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Further Reading References Achromotrichia Leukoderma and Leukotrichia Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Further Reading Vitiligo Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Further Reading Reference Seborrhea Etiology Clinical Findings Flexural Seborrhea Greasy Heel of Cows Greasy Heel of Horses (Scratches) Clinical Pathology Treatment Folliculitis Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Reference Diseases of the Subcutis Subcutaneous Edema (Anasarca) Etiology Increased Hydrostatic Pressure Hypoproteinemic (Hypooncotic) Edema Increased Blood Vessel Permeability Fetal Anasarca Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Angioedema (Angioneurotic Edema) Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Subcutaneous Emphysema Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Lymphangitis Etiology Cattle Horse Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Panniculitis Hematoma Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Primary Treatment Supportive Treatment Necrosis and Gangrene Etiology Other Causes Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Treatment Subcutaneous Abscess Trauma Hematogenous Extension Cutaneous Cysts Granulomatous Lesions of the Skin Cattle Sheep Horses Pigs Reference Non-Infectious Diseases of the Skin Insect Bite Hypersensitivity in Horses (Equine Seasonal Allergic Dermatitis) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Control Reduce Exposure to Biting Midges References Seasonal Allergic Dermatitis of Sheep References Anhidrosis (Nonsweating Syndrome, Puff Disease, Dry Coat) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment and Control Further Reading References Wetness (Maceration) Reference Cockle Control Further Reading Wool Slip, Wool Loss Wool Eating Further Reading Idiopathic Nasal/Perioral Hyperkeratotic Dermatosis of Camelids (Mouth Munge) Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment References Bacterial Diseases of the Skin Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Introduction Human Public Health Veterinarians Pig Farmers Butchers Animal MRSA Etiology Epidemiology Distribution Colonization Transmission Risk Factors Pigs Cattle Veal Calves Sheep and Goats Small Animals Horses Other Species Poultry Turkeys Donkeys Wild Boar Backyard Pigs Camels Fish Zoo Animals Other Sources Holding Areas State Fairs Food Pathogenesis Pathology Diagnosis Control Further Reading References Dermatophilosis (Mycotic Dermatitis Cutaneous Streptotrichosis, Senkobo Disease of Cattle, Lumpy Wool of Sheep) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Geographic Occurrence Host Occurrence Source of Infection Transmission Environmental and Management Risk Factors Sheep Cattle Temperate Zones Tropical Zones Horses Host Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Experimental Disease Economic Importance Sheep Cattle Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Sheep Cattle Horses Goats Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Sheep Cattle Horses Control Further Reading References Skin Tuberculosis Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment and Control Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection (Buruli or Bairnsdale Ulcer) References Fleece Rot in Sheep Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Environmental and Host Risk Factors Fleece Characteristics Experimental Production Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Control References Bolo Disease Further Reading Strawberry Footrot of Sheep (Proliferative Dermatitis) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Control References Contagious Acne of Horses (Canadian Horsepox, Contagious Pustular Dermatitis) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Control Exudative Epidermitis (Greasy Pig Disease) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Method of Transmission Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Treatment Control References Ulcerative Dermatitis (Granulomatous Dermatitis) of Pigs Reference Viral Diseases of the Skin Papillomavirus Infection (Papillomatosis, Warts) Etiology Equids Pigs Epidemiology Occurrence Origin of Infection and Transmission Animal Risk Factors Age Experimental Production Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle Goats Horses Clinical Pathology Treatment Vaccination Control Further Reading References Sarcoid Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence Methods of Transmission Experimental Reproduction Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Further Reading References Cowpox and Buffalopox Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Origin of Infection and Transmission Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Control References Pseudocowpox (Milkers’ Nodule) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Origin of Infection and Transmission Animal Risk Factors Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings Treatment Control References Lumpy Skin Disease (Knopvelsiekte) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Origin of Infection and Transmission Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Experimental Transmission Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Vaccination Further Reading References Sheeppox and Goatpox Etiology Epidemiology Prevalence of Infection Methods of Transmission Experimental Reproduction Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Antigen Detection Serology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Contagious Ecthyma (Contagious Pustular Dermatitis, Orf, Scabby Mouth, Soremouth) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Morbidity and Case Fatality Methods of Transmission Experimental Reproduction Risk Factors Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Sheep Goats Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Ulcerative Dermatosis of Sheep Further Reading Poxvirus Infections in Horses (Horsepox, Uasin Gishu, Viral Popular Dermatitis, Equine Molluscum Contagiosum) References Swinepox Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Methods of Transmission Animal Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Control Dermatomycoses Ringworm Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence, Source of Infection, and Transmission Risk Factors Pathogen Factors Environment and Host Factors Zoonotic Considerations and Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle Sheep Horses Pigs Clinical Pathology Treatment Local Application Sprays, Washes Systemic Treatment Control Hygiene Vaccination Nutrition Further Reading References Mucormycosis References Malassezia spp. Dermatitis References Sporotrichosis Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis, Clinical Findings and Clinical Pathology Treatment and Control Reference Epizootic Lymphangitis (Pseudoglanders, Equine Blastomycosis, Equine Histoplasmosis) Etiology Epidemiology Zoonotic Potential Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment and Control Further Reading References Equine Phycomycosis (Swamp Cancer, Pithyosis, Hyphomycosis Destruens, Florida Horse Leech, Bursattee) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Animal Risk Factors Zoonotic Potential Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment References Maduromycosis Protozoal Diseases of the Skin Besnoitiosis (Elephant Skin Disease) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Bovine Besnoitiosis Acute Stage Chronic Stage Caprine Besnoitiosis Equid Besnoitiosis Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment and Control Further Reading References Nematode Infections of the Skin Summer Sores in Horses (Habronemosis) Etiology Life Cycle Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading References Rhabditid Dermatitis Reference Onchocerciasis (Worm Nodule Disease) References Parafilariosis References Stephanofilariasis Cutaneous Myiasis Blow-Fly Strike of Sheep Etiology Life Cycle and Epidemiology The Fly Population Susceptibility of Sheep Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Reduction of Fly Numbers Prediction of Risk Periods Treatment and Prevention Reducing the Susceptibility of Sheep Further Reading References Screwsworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax and Chrysomyia bezziana) Etiology Epidemiology Life Cycle Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control References Wohlfahrtiosis (Flesh Fly, Wohlfahrtia magnifica) Life Cycle and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings Treatment Recommendation References Mite Infestations Harvest Mites (Chigger Mites) Recommendations References Itchmites (Psorergates ovis, Psorergates bos) Life Cycle and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Treatment and Control Demodectic Mange (Follicular Mange) Etiology Life Cycle and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment and Control Reference Sarcoptic Mange (Barn Itch) Etiology Life Cycle and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment and Control Recommendation Reference Psoroptic Mange (Sheep Scab, Body Mange, Ear Mange) Etiology Life Cycle and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Sheep Goats Horses Cattle Clinical Pathology Treatment and Control Recommendation References Chorioptic Mange (Tail Mange, Leg Mange, Scrotal Mange) Etiology Life Cycle and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment and Control References Ked and Louse Infestations Sheep Ked (Melophagus ovinus) Life Cycle Control References Louse Infestations (Pediculosis) Etiology Life Cycle and Epidemiology Sucking Lice Chewing Lice Clinical Findings and Diagnosis Sucking Lice Chewing Lice Treatment and Control Recommendation References Miscellaneous Skin Diseases Caused by Flies, Midges, and Mosquitoes Stable Flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) Etiology Life Cycle and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Treatment and Control Recommendation References Horse Flies, March Flies or Breeze Flies (Tabanus Spp.), and Deer Flies (Chrysops, Haematopota, and Pangonia Spp.) Recommendation Reference Hypoderma spp. Infestation (Warble Flies) Etiology Life Cycle and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Macrocyclic Lactone Compounds Treatment Recommendations Manual Removal Control References Horn Flies and Buffalo Flies (Haematobia spp.) Etiology Life Cycle and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Treatment and Control Recommendation References Black Flies, Buffalo Gnats (Simuliidae) Housefly (Muscidae— Musca domestica) Recommendation Bush Flies (Musca vetustissima) Recommendation Reference Face Fly (Musca autumnalis) Recommendation Head Fly (Hydrotoea irritans) Reference Biting Midges (Ceratopogonidae) References Mosquitoes (Culicidae) Tick Infestations Bacterial, Viral, and Rickettsial Diseases Transmitted by Ticks Ticks That Cause Direct Losses Treatment and Control of Tick Infestations Acaricidal Agents Organophosphates Pyrethroids Macrocyclic Lactones Use of Resistant Cattle Pasture Management Vaccination Eradication Further Reading References Deficiencies and Toxicities Affecting the Skin Zinc Deficiency (Parakeratosis) Etiology Pigs Ruminants Epidemiology Pigs Ruminants Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Pigs Ruminants Sheep Infertility in Ewes Goats Clinical Pathology Skin Scraping Zinc in Serum and Hair Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Pigs Ruminants References Plant Poisoning Associated With Known Toxins Dianthrone Derivatives Fagopyrin Furocoumarin Plant Poisonings Associated With Unidentified Toxins Dermatitis Photosensitization—Primary; Without Hepatic Lesions References Selenium Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Pastoral Dosing Errors Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Farm Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Poisoning Chronic Poisoning Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Acute Chronic Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Selenium Levels in Tissue. Treatment Control Further Reading References Iodine Toxicosis Etiology Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology/Necropsy Further Reading References Cutaneous Neoplasms Papilloma and Sarcoid Squamous-Cell Carcinoma References Melanoma Pathophysiology Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Further Reading References Lipoma References Mast Cell Tumors Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment References Lymphomatosis Neurofibromatosis Histiocytoma Cutaneous Angiomatosis Hemangioma and Hemangiosarcoma Congenital Skin Tumors Cattle Pigs Foals Further Reading Congenital and Inherited Defects of the Skin References Inherited Albinism Disorders of Coat Color, Pseudoalbinism, and Lethal Whites References Inherited Symmetric Alopecia Inherited Congenital Hypotrichosis Viable Hypotrichosis Nonviable Hypotrichosis Congenital Hypotrichosis and Anodontia (Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia) References Streaked Hairlessness Partial Hypotrichosis Hypotrichosis and Coat-Color Dilution—“Rat-Tail Syndrome” in Calves Reference Inherited Hair-Coat-Color-Linked Follicle Dysplasia Inherited Birthcoat Retention Inherited Leukoderma Inherited Epidermal Dysplasia (Baldy Calves) Inherited Parakeratosis of Calves (Lethal Trait A46, Adema Disease) Inherited Dyserythropoiesis–Dyskeratosis Inherited Congenital Absence of the Skin Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta (Aplasia Cutis) Reference Familial Acantholysis Epidermolysis Bullosa Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa (Hereditary Junctional Mechanobullous Disease) Red Foot Disease of Sheep Further Reading References Inherited Hyperbilirubinemia and Photosensitization Inherited Congenital Ichthyosis (Fish-Scale Diseases) Inherited Dermatosis Vegetans of Pigs Dermatosparaxis (Hyperelastosis Cutis) References Inherited Melanoma Inherited Hyperhidrosis Lavender Foal Syndrome Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (Hyperelastosis Cutis) References Dermatosis Vegetans Further Reading Pustular Psoriaform Dermatitis (Pityriasis Rosea) Treatment Eye and Conjunctival Diseases Conjunctivitis and Keratoconjunctivitis Etiology Specific Conjunctivitis Cattle Sheep and Goats Pigs Horses Secondary Diseases in Which Conjunctivitis Is a Significant but Secondary Part of the Syndrome Cattle Sheep Pigs Horses Nonspecific Conjunctivitis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology References Listerial Keratoconjunctivitis and Uveitis (Silage Eye, Bovine Iritis) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection Environmental Risk Factors Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Control References Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis of Cattle (Pinkeye, Blight) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection Environmental Risk Factors Transmission Animal Risk Factors Immune Mechanisms Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Topical Therapy Subconjunctival Therapy Parenteral Therapy Ancillary Therapy Control Vaccination Further Reading References Ovine and Caprine Contagious Ophthalmia (Ovine and Caprine Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis, Contagious Conjunctivo-Keratitis, Pinkeye in Sheep and Goats) Etiology Mycoplasma conjunctivae Other Mycoplasmas Chlamydophila pecorum Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection and Transmission Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Control Further Reading References Diseases of the Eyes Associated with Mycoplasma spp. Thelaziasis (Eyeworm) References “Bright Blindness” of Sheep Caused by Bracken Ingestion Bovine Ocular Squamous-Cell Carcinoma Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Control Further Reading References Equine Ocular Squamous-Cell Carcinoma Further Reading References Inherited Eye Defects Combined Ocular Defects Inherited Nystagmus Familial Undulatory Nystagmus Pendular Nystagmus References External Ear Diseases Otitis Externa Further Reading Ear-Tip Necrosis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Signs Pathology Differential Diagnosis Treatment References Inherited Crop Ears 17 Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Introduction Metabolic Diseases of Ruminants Periparturient Period in Cattle and Sheep Transition Period in Dairy Cows Voluntary Dry Matter Intake in Periparturient Dairy Cattle Immunosuppression During the Transition Period Diseases of Lactation Relationship Between Lactational Performance and Health of Dairy Cattle Breed Susceptibility Management Practices Occurrence and Incidence of Metabolic Diseases Record Keeping Metabolic Profile Testing Usefulness of Metabolic Profile Testing Biological and Statistical Basis for Herd Testing Variables in Dairy-Herd Metabolic Profile Testing Energy Balance Nonesterified Fatty Acids β-Hydroxybutyrate Glucose Protein Evaluation Urea Nitrogen Albumin Liver Function and Injury Macromineral Evaluation Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Sodium Potassium Hematology Hematocrit (Packed Cell Volume) Urine Evaluation Timing of Blood Tests In Relation to Feed Changes In Relation to Feeding In Relation to Calving Pattern and Seasonal Feeding Changes Selection of Cows Dry-Cow Group Early-Lactation Group Midlactation Group Energy. Protein. Background Information Interpretation of Results at the Farm Written Advice Milk Production, Activity Meters, and Rumination Monitors Body-Condition Score Score: 1 Score: 2 Score: 3 Score: 4 Score: 5 Relationships Among International Body-Condition Scoring Systems Further Reading References Parturient Paresis (Milk Fever) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Cattle Age. Breed. Individual Cows. Time of Occurrence. Stressors. Sheep and Goats Morbidity and Case Fatality Clinical Hypocalcemia Subclinical Hypocalcemia Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Calcium Homeostasis. Body-Condition Score. Dietary and Environmental Risk Factors Dietary Calcium. Dietary Potassium. Dietary Magnesium. Dietary Phosphorus. Dietary Cation–Anion Difference. Economic Importance Milk Fever Relapses. Downer-Cow Complications. Dystocia and Reproductive Disease. Retained Placenta. Metritis. Milk Production. Mastitis. Displacement of Abomasum. Ketosis. Body Weight. Culling. Pathogenesis Hypocalcemia Experimental Hypocalcemia Hypomagnesemia Hypophosphatemia Clinical Findings Cattle Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Concurrent Hypomagnesemia. Sheep and Goats Clinical Pathology Serum Muscle Enzyme Activity Hemogram Necropsy Findings Differential Diagnosis Metabolic Diseases Diseases Associated With Toxemia and Shock Injuries to the Pelvis and Pelvic Limbs Degenerative Myopathy (Ischemic Muscle Necrosis) Downer-Cow Syndrome Nonparturient Hypocalcemia Hypocalcemic Paresis in Sheep and Goats Hypocalcemia in Sows Treatment Standard Treatment Routes of Administration IV Route Typical Response to Intravenous Ca-Borogluconate Unfavorable Response to Intravenous Ca-Borogluconate SC Route Oral Route Failure to Respond to Treatment General Management and Clinical Care Procedures Control Reduction of Dietary Calcium Available for Intestinal Absorption Dietary Calcium Concentration in Late Gestation Practicality of Feeding Diets Low in Calcium Binding Dietary Calcium Level of Phosphorus in Diet Calcium-to-Phosphorus Ratio in Diet Induction of Mild to Moderate Acidosis During Late Gestation: Cation–Anion Difference Anionic Salts for Acidification of Prepartum Diets for Dairy Cows Ammonium Chloride. Strategies for Supplementing Anion Sources DCAD and Acid–Base Balance of Dairy Cows on Pasture-Based Diets Summary of Macromineral Nutritional Strategies for the Prevention of Hypocalcemia in the Soon-to-Calve or Transition Dairy Cow in Pasture-Based Systems Supplementation of Vitamin D During the Dry Period Parenteral Vitamin D3 Application Oral Vitamin D Administration Oral Calcium Supplementation Around Parturition Parenteral Calcium Supplementation Around Parturition Partial Milking Further Reading References Acute Hypokalemia in Cattle Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Skeletal Muscle Potassium Content Plasma Potassium Concentration Milk Potassium Concentration Erythrocyte Potassium Concentration Urine Potassium Concentration Salivary Potassium Concentration Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Downer-Cow Syndrome Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Complication of Milk Fever. Traumatic Injuries to Pelvis and Pelvic Limbs. Serum Electrolyte Imbalances. Environmental and Management Risk Factors Pathogenesis Compartment Syndrome Crush Syndrome Experimental Sternal Recumbency Clinical Findings Clinical Examination of the Downer Cow Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Antiinflammatory Therapy Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy Bedding and Clinical Care Assisted Lifting to Aid Standing Handling, Transportation, and Disposition of Nonambulatory Cattle Euthanasia Control Further Reading References Hypomagnesemic Tetanies Hypomagnesemic Tetany (Lactation Tetany, Grass Tetany, Grass Staggers, Wheat Pasture Poisoning) Etiology Magnesium Homeostasis Dietary Intake Renal Excretion Magnesium Reserves Lactation Factors Influencing Absorption of Magnesium Na : K Ratio in Rumen Other Factors Influencing Absorption Magnesium in Pastures and Tetany Hazard Required Magnesium Concentrations Magnesium Availability in Pastures and Hazard Winter Hypomagnesemia Hypomagnesemia and Hypocalcemia Summary of Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Risk Factors for Lactation Tetany Occurrence and Risk Factors for Wheat (Cereal) Pasture Poisoning Occurrence and Risk Factors for Winter Hypomagnesemia Morbidity and Mortality Pasture Risk Factors Pasture Species Cereal Pastures Season Fertilization Soil Type Animal and Management Risk Factors Dry Matter Intake Period of Food Deprivation Alimentary Sojourn Climate Animal Movement Intensive Dairies Hypomagnesemia in Sheep Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Lactation Tetany Subacute Lactation Tetany Chronic Hypomagnesemia Parturient Paresis With Hypomagnesemia Clinical Pathology Serum Magnesium Concentrations Magnesium Concentrations in Cerebrospinal Fluid Vitreous Humor Urine Magnesium Concentrations Herd Diagnosis Necropsy Findings Treatment Combined Calcium/Magnesium Therapy Magnesium Therapy Provision for Further Cases Control Feeding of Magnesium Supplements Problems With Palatability Spraying on Hay Pellets Routine Daily Drenching Heavy Magnesium “Bullets” Top Dressing of Pasture Foliar Dusting and Spraying Provision in Drinking Water Management of Pasture Fields Provision of Shelter Time of Calving Feeding on Hay and Unimproved Pasture Further Reading References Hypomagnesemic Tetany of Calves Etiology Magnesium Homeostasis in the Calf Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Experimental Reproduction Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Supplementary Feeding of Magnesium Magnesium Alloy Bullets References Transport Recumbency of Ruminants Ketosis and subclinical Ketosis (Hyperketonemia) in Cattle Etiology Glucose Metabolism in Cattle Energy Balance Hepatic Insufficiency in Ketosis Ketone Formation Role of Insulin and Glucagon Etiology of Bovine Ketosis Individual Cow Variation Types of Bovine Ketosis Primary Ketosis (Production Ketosis) Secondary Ketosis Alimentary Ketosis Starvation Ketosis Ketosis Resulting From Specific Nutritional Deficiency Epidemiology Occurrence Animal and Management Risk Factors Age. Body-Condition Score. Season. Other Interactions. Economic Significance Pathogenesis Bovine Ketosis Clinical Findings Subclinical Ketosis (Hyperketonemia) Clinical Pathology Glucose Ketones Milk and Urine Cow-Side Tests Milk Testing. Urine Testing. Milk-Fat-to-Protein Ratio. Clinical Chemistry and Hematology. Necropsy Findings Treatment Replacement Therapy Glucose (Dextrose) Other Sugars Propylene Glycol and Glycerine/Glycerol Other Glucose Precursors Hormonal Therapy Glucocorticoids. Miscellaneous Treatments. Control Energy Supplements Propionic Acid and Its Salts Ionophores Corticosteroids Ancillary Agents General Control Herd Monitoring. Further Reading References Fatty Liver in Cattle (Fat-Mobilization Syndrome, Fat-Cow Syndrome, Hepatic Lipidosis, Pregnancy Toxemia in Cattle) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Incidence Risk Factors Host Factors Genetics of Lipid Mobilization Environmental and Dietary Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Serum Biochemistry Hemogram Liver Biopsy and Analysis Ultrasonography of the Liver Necropsy Findings Treatment Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy. Glucagon. Glucocorticoids. Outbreaks in a Herd. Control Dry Matter Intake and Energy Balance in the Transition Period Metabolic Adaptations During the Transition Period Glucose Metabolism Lipid Metabolism Nutritional Management to Support Metabolic Adaptations During the Transition Period Grouping Strategies Strategies to Meet Glucose Demands and Decrease NEFA Supply During the Transition Period Carbohydrate Formulation of the Prepartum Diet. Direct Supplementation With Glucogenic Precursors. Added Fat in Transition Diets. Effects of Specific Fatty Acids on NEFA Supply. Further Reading References Pregnancy Toxemia (Twin Lamb Disease) in Sheep Etiology Epidemiology Primary Pregnancy Toxemia Fat-Ewe Pregnancy Toxemia Starvation Pregnancy Toxemia Secondary Pregnancy Toxemia Stress-Induced Pregnancy Toxemia Occurrence Experimental Reproduction Animal Risk Factors Pregnancy Parity Breed Economic Significance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Parenteral Therapy Oral Therapy Cesarean Section Control Prevention Further Reading References Steatitis, Panniculitis, and Fat Necrosis References Inherited Metabolic Diseases of Ruminants Deficiency of UMP Synthase (Dumps) References Hepatic Lipodystrophy in Galloway Calves Metabolic Diseases of Horses Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (Formerly Equine Cushing Disease) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Diagnostic Confirmation Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Equine Metabolic Syndrome Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Diagnosis Clinical Pathology Necropsy Treatment Dietary Management Exercise Medications Further Reading References Pheochromocytoma (Paraganglioma) References Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency in Horses References Lactation Tetany of Mares (Eclampsia, Transport Tetany) References Equine Hyperlipemia Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Animal Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Disorders of Thyroid Function (Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Congenital Hypothyroidism, Thyroid Adenoma) Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Thyroid Hormone Assays Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Iodine Deficiency Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Dietary and Environmental Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control References Inherited Goiter Diseases Caused by Nutritional Deficiencies Introduction Evidence of a Deficiency as the Cause of the Disease Diet Abnormal Absorption Abnormal Utilization of Ingested Nutrients Abnormal Requirement Evidence of a Deficiency Associated With the Disease Evidence Based on Cure or Prevention by Correction of the Deficiency Monitoring of Nutritional Status Nutritional Management in Dairy Herds Levels of Nutritional Service Level 1: Problem Identification and Analysis Level 2: Ration Analysis Level 3: Ration Formulation Level 4: Total Program Consulting Nutritional Management of the Beef Breeding Herd Nutritional Advice for Beef Feedlots Nutritional Advice for Swine-Herds Nutritional Advice for Sheep Flocks Placental and Fetal Growth Lamb Losses Ewe Body-Condition Score Further Reading Deficiencies of Energy and Protein Deficiency of Energy Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Findings Deficiency of Protein Clinical Findings Prevention Further Reading Reference Low-Milk-Fat Syndrome References Diseases Associated With Deficiencies of Mineral Nutrients Prevalence and Economic Importance Diagnostic Strategies Deficiencies in Developing Countries Pathophysiology of Trace-Element Deficiency Laboratory Diagnosis of Mineral Deficiencies Further Reading References 18 Diseases Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System Infectious Diseases Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System Induction of Parturition Calves Lambs Foals Piglets Further Reading References Freemartinism in Calves Further Reading Buller Steer Syndrome Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Economic Importance Clinical Findings Control Further Reading Reference Infectious Diseases Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System Brucellosis Associated With Brucella Abortus (Bang’s Disease) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Cattle Camelids Wildlife Species Horses Pigs and Sheep Dogs Methods of Transmission Parturition/Abortion Transmission Spread Between Herds Spread Between Countries (Breach of Biosecurity) Congenital Infection Survival of Organism Uterine Discharges and Milk Bulls and Semen Carrier Cows Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Management Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Immune Mechanisms Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Abortion Orchitis and Epididymitis Synovitis Fistulous Withers Clinical Pathology Identification of Brucella spp. Staining Culture Detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Serologic Tests Agglutination Tests Serum Agglutination Test Rose Bengal Test (Buffered Plate Antigen or Card Test) Complement Fixation Test Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Fluorescence Polarization Assay Brucellin Skin Test Sensitivity and Specificity of Serologic Tests Antibodies in Milk False-Positive Reactors Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control and Eradication Test and Reduction of Reservoir of Infection Quarantine Depopulation Vaccination Education Guidelines Control by Vaccination Brucella abortus Strain 19 Vaccine Efficiency of Brucella abortus Strain 19 Vaccine Calfhood Vaccination. Adult Vaccination. Systemic Reactions to Vaccination With Strain 19 Brucella abortus Strain RB51 Vaccine Brucella Vaccines in Wildlife Brucella abortus Strain 19 in Bison Brucella abortus Strain RB51 in Bison Brucella abortus Strain RB51 in Elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) Control Programs on a Herd Basis During an Abortion Storm Heavily Infected Herds in Which Few Abortions Are Occurring Lightly Infected Herds Hygienic Measures Eradication on an Area Basis by Test and Slaughter and Cessation of Calfhood Vaccination United States Market Cattle Testing Milk Ring Testing Australia New Zealand Canada Further Reading References Brucellosis Associated With Brucella Ovis Etiology Epidemiology Geographic Occurrence Host Occurrence Source of Infection Transmission Host Risk Factors Experimental Reproduction Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Semen Examination Culture Serology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Eradication Vaccination Further Reading References Brucellosis Associated With Brucella Suis in Pigs Etiology Epidemiology Geographic Occurrence Biovar 1 Biovar 2 Biovar 3 Biovar 4 Biovar 5 Host Occurrence Biovar 1 Biovar 2 Biovar 4 Source of Infection Host and Pathogen Risk Factors Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Sows Boars Piglets Clinical Pathology Culture Serology Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Vaccination Test and Disposal References Brucellosis Associated With Brucella Melitensis Etiology Epidemiology Geographic Occurrence Host Occurrence Source of Infection Reproductive Tract Milk Transmission In Utero Infection Colostrum and Milk Host and Pathogen Risk Factors Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Culture and Molecular Tests Serology Milk Tests Allergic Tests Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Hygiene Eradication Rev. 1 Vaccination Other Vaccines Further Reading References Abortion in Ewes Associated With Salmonella Abortusovis Further Reading Reference Abortion in Mares and Septicemia in Foals Associated With Salmonella Abortusequi (Abortivoequina) (Equine Paratyphoid) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Chlamydial Abortion (Enzootic Abortion of Ewes, Ovine Enzootic Abortion) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection and Transmission Experimental Reproduction Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Control Vaccines Further Reading References Coxiellosis (Q-fever) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection and Transmission Pathogen Risk Factors Zoonotic Implications Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Control Further Reading References Diseases of the Genital Tract Associated With Mycoplasma Spp. References Equine Coital Exanthema Further Reading References Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Introduction Etiology Genome North American Viruses (Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus) European Viruses (Type 1 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus) High Pathogenicity Viruses Spread of High Pathogenicity Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Experimental Infections With High Pathogenicity Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Economic Loss Epidemiology Occurrence Prevalence of Infection Morbidity and Mortality Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental and Management Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Methods of Transmission Presence Within the Herd Introduction of Vaccinated Animals Other Sources Fomites Meat Insects Virus Survival Economic Importance Pathogenesis Effects on Macrophages and Dendritic Cells Receptors Virus Entry Replication General Effects of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus on the Immune System Macrophage Damage Toll-Like Receptors Modulation of Immune Responses Cellular Changes (Natural Killer, T-Regulatory, etc.) Cytokines Interferons Differential Effects in Different Parts of the Body Differential Effects of Different Strains Strain Variations High Pathogenicity Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Pathogenesis Development of Lesions High Pathogenecity Procine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Responses Immunology Clinical Findings Concurrent Infections Reproductive Failure Respiratory Disease Clinical Signs in High Pathogenicity Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Clinical Pathology Acute Phase Proteins Detection or Isolation of Virus Boars Serology Immunoperoxidase Monolayer Assay Test Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA) Indirect Florescent Antibody Assay (IFAT) Modified Serum Neutralization Test Herd Diagnosis Oral Fluids Antigen Detection Serology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Filtration Systems Eradication of the Virus From the Herd Depopulation and Repopulation Control in Infected Herds Nursery Depopulation Management of the Gilt Pool Controlled Infection of Breeding Herd Control of Secondary Infections Biosecurity Vaccine and Vaccination Vaccination of Gilts Inactivated Vaccines Live Vaccines Vaccination Against High Pathogenicity Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Vaccination of Boars Further Reading References Menangle Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Signs Pathology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Japanese Encephalitis (Je; Japanese B Encephalitis) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinicial Signs Pathology Diagnosis Control Further Reading Neosporosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Methods of Transmission Experimental Studies Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Dourine (Maladie Du Coit) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Measures of Disease Occurrence Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Immune Mechanisms Biosecurity Concerns Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Toxic Agents Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System Estrogenic Substances Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Farm Risk Factors Human Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Idiopathic Female Estrogenism Male Estrogenism Nymphomania in Cows Swine Estrogenism Urethral Obstruction Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Further Reading References Phytoestrogen Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Factors Human Factors Plant Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Ewes Male Castrates Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Zearalenone Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Farm Risk Factors Human Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Swine Ruminants Horses Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome (Early Fetal Loss, Late Fetal Loss, Fibrinous Pericarditis, and Unilateral Uveitis) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Farm Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Early Fetal Loss Late Fetal Loss Fibrinous Pericarditis Unilateral Uveitis Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Equine Amnionitis and Fetal Loss References Plants and Fungi (Unknown Toxins) Affecting the Reproductive System Plants Plants Associated With Abortion Plants Associated With Prolonged Gestation Plants Associated With Congenital Defects Fungi Fungi Associated With Reproductive Dysfunction Congenital and Inherited Diseases Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System Chromosomal Translocations in Cattle References Inherited Prolonged Gestation (Adenohypophyseal Hypoplasia) Prolonged Gestation With Fetal Gigantism Prolonged Gestation With Craniofacial Deformity Prolonged Gestation With Arthrogryposis References Inherited Inguinal Hernia and Cryptorchidism Inguinal Hernias Cryptorchidism References 19 Perinatal Diseases Introduction Perinatal and Postnatal Diseases General Classification Fetal Diseases Parturient Diseases Postnatal Diseases Perinatal Disease—General Epidemiology Lambs Mortality Rates Major Causes Fetal Disease Parturient Disease Postnatal Disease Birth Weight Environmental Factors Infectious Disease Other Factors Recording Systems Dairy Calves Mortality Rates Perinatal Mortality Rates Neonatal Mortality Rates Fetal Disease/Abortion Major Causes Perinatal Mortality Postnatal Mortality Postnatal Disease Management Beef Calves Mortality Rates Major Causes Fetal Disease Parturient Disease Postnatal Disease Piglets Mortality Rates Major Causes Fetal Disease Parturient Disease Postnatal Disease Management Foals Mortality Rates Major Causes Fetal Disease Parturient Disease Postnatal Disease New World Camelid Crias Mortality Rates Major Causes Fetal Disease Parturient Disease Postnatal Disease Further Reading References Perinatal Disease—Special Investigation of Any Neonatal Deaths (Illness) Further Reading Perinatal Disease—Congenital Defects Etiology Chromosomal Abnormality and Inheritance Viral and Other Infections Nutritional Deficiency Poisonous Plants Farm Chemicals Physical Insults Environmental Influences Epidemiology Pathogenesis Structural Malformations and Deformations Viral Teratogenesis Inherited Congenital Defects Clinical and Necropsy Findings Clinical Pathology Further Reading Intrauterine Growth Retardation Etiology Further Reading Physical and Environmental Causes of Perinatal Disease Perinatology Heart Rate Ultrasound Examination Prematurity Further Reading References Prematurity and Dysmaturity of Foals References Parturient Injury and Intrapartum Death Trauma at Parturition References Fetal Hypoxia References Hypothermia in Newborns Lambs Heat Loss in Excess of Summit Metabolism Hypothermia From Depleted Energy Reserves Calves Piglets Foals References Maternal Nutrition and the Newborn Further Reading References Poor Mother–Young Relationship References Teeth Clipping of Piglets Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity (Failure of Transfer of Colostral Immunoglobulin) Normal Transfer of Immunoglobulins Lactogenic Immunity Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity Determinants of Immunoglobulin Concentration in Colostrum Volume of Colostrum Ingested Dairy Cows Beef Cows Ewes Sows All Species Efficiency of Absorption Feeding Methods, “Closure of the Gut,” and Immunoglobulin Absorption Natural Sucking Artificial Feeding Other Influences Decline of Passive Immunity Other Benefits of Colostrum Assessment of Transfer of Passive Immunity Assessment in the Individual Animal Assessment Tests on Serum Radial Immunodiffusion Lateral-Flow Immunoassay Turbidimetric Immunoassay Zinc Sulfate Turbidity Test Sodium Sulfite Precipitation Test Serum γ-Glutamyltransferase Activity Serum Total Protein Glutaraldehyde Coagulation Test Latex Agglutination Test ELISA Snap-Test Monitoring Colostrum Brix Refractometry Specific Gravity Glutaraldehyde Test ELISA Correction of Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity Oral Therapy Parenteral Immunoglobulins Avoidance of Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity Colostrum Colostrum for Banking Storage of Colostrum Pasteurization of Colostrum Cross-Species Colostrum Colostrum Supplements Lacteal-Secretion-Based Preparations Bovine-Serum-Based Preparations Administration of Colostrum Foals Dairy Calves Assisted Natural Sucking Artificial Feeding Systems Beef Calves Lambs Piglets Further Reading References Clinical Assessment and Care of Critically Ill Newborns Clinical Examination Sepsis Prematurity and Dysmaturity Hypoxia Hypoglycemia Endocrine Abnormalities Diagnostic Imaging Clinical Pathology Serum Immunoglobulin Concentration Hematology Serum Biochemistry Blood Gas Blood Culture Other Body Fluids Treatment Nursing Care Correction of Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity Colostral Immunoglobulin Critical Plasma IgG Concentrations in Foals Plasma Transfusion Nutritional Support Antimicrobial Treatment Fluid Therapy Respiratory Support Gastroduodenal Ulcer Prophylaxis Common Complications Prognosis Further Reading References Stillbirth/Perinatal Weak-Calf Syndrome Historical Aspects Dummy-Calf Syndrome Etiology and Epidemiology Fetal Infections Maternal Nutritional Deficiency Causing Fetal Underdevelopment Placental Insufficiency Fetal Hypoxemia Dystocia and Traumatic Injuries at Birth Premature Expulsion of Placenta Necropsy Findings Treatment Control and Prevention Further Reading References Diseases of Cloned Offspring Further Reading References Equine Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome (Neonatal Encephalopathy, Dummy Foal, Barkers, and Wanderers) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology Diagnostic Confirmation Necropsy Findings Samples for Postmortem Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading References Neonatal Infectious Diseases Etiology Calves Pigs Foals Lambs Calves Lambs Foals All Species Epidemiology Sources of Infection Postnatal Infection Prenatal Infection Routes of Transmission Risk Factors and Modulation of Infection Immunity Immune Responsiveness Exposure Pressure Age at Exposure Animal Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Control References Principles of Control and Prevention of Neonatal Infectious Diseases Reduction of Risk of Acquisition of Infection From the Environment Removal of the Newborn From the Infectious Environment Increasing the Nonspecific Resistance of the Newborn Increasing the Specific Resistance of the Newborn Further Reading References Colibacillosis of Newborn Calves, Piglets, Lambs, Kids, and Foals Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Cattle and Calves Piglets Morbidity and Mortality Rates Calves Piglets Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Animal Species Age and Birth Weight Immunity and Colostrum Environmental and Management Risk Factors Meteorologic Influences Nutrition and Feeding Methods Standard of Housing and Hygiene Source of the Organism and Its Ecology and Transmission Pathogen Risk Factors Virulence Factors of E. coli Lambs Zoonotic Implications of E. coli Pathogenesis Septicemic Colibacillosis (Coliform Septicemia) Enteric Colibacillosis Enterotoxigenic Colibacillosis Diarrhea, Dehydration, Metabolic Acidosis, and Electrolyte Imbalance Hyperkalemia in the Diarrheic Calf Hypernatremia in the Diarrheic Calf Effect of Colostral Immunoglobulin Status Intestinal Mucosa Attaching and Effacing Colibacillosis Synergism Between Enteropathogens Summary of Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Calves Coliform Septicemia Predictors of Septicemia Enteric Colibacillosis Lambs and Goat Kids Piglets Coliform Septicemia Enterotoxigenic Colibacillosis Newborn Piglet Diarrhea Postweaning Diarrhea Clinical Pathology Culture and Detection of Organism Hematology and Serum Biochemistry Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Coliform Septicemia Enteric Colibacillosis Treatment Coliform Septicemia Enteric Colibacillosis Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement Categorizing Diarrheic Calves Into Treatment Groups Antimicrobial Therapy Change in Small Intestinal Bacterial Flora in Calves With Diarrhea Incidence of Bacteremia in Calves With Diarrhea Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Fecal Escherichia coli Isolates Surveillance for Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Blood Escherichia coli Isolates Evidence-Based Recommendations for Antimicrobial Treatment of Diarrheic Calves Administration of Oral Antimicrobials to Treat Escherichia coli Overgrowth of the Small Intestine Administration of Parenteral Antimicrobials to Treat Escherichia coli Bacteremia Use of Antimicrobials That Are of Critical Importance for Human and Veterinary Medicine Immunoglobulin Therapy Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Therapy Antimotility Drugs Intestinal Protectants Alteration of the Diet Probiotics Clinical Management of Outbreaks Control Reduction of the Degree of Exposure of the Newborn to the Infectious Agents Dairy Calves Beef Calves Veal Calves Lambs and Kids Piglets Provision of Maximum Nonspecific Resistance With Adequate Colostrum and Optimum Animal Management Colostrum Management Quality of Colostrum Specific Gravity Frozen and Thawed Colostrum Pasteurization of Colostrum Colostrum Supplements and Replacers Purified Bovine Immunoglobulin Beef Calves Lambs Piglets Increasing Specific Resistance of the Newborn by Vaccinating the Pregnant Dam or the Newborn Calves Piglets Competitive Exclusion Culture Lambs and Kids Further Reading References Watery Mouth of Lambs (Rattle Belly, Slavers) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Animal and Environmental Risk Factors Experimental Disease Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control References Omphalitis, Omphalophlebitis, and Urachitis in Newborn Farm Animals (Navel Ill) Omphalitis Omphalophlebitis Omphaloarteritis Urachitis Control References Neonatal Streptococcal Infection Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence Source of Infection Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Foals Piglets Lambs Calves Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control References Neonatal Neoplasia 20 Diseases of the Mammary Gland Introduction Bovine Mastitis General Features Contagious Mastitis Pathogens Teat Skin Opportunistic Mastitis Pathogens Environmental Mastitis Pathogens Etiology Major Pathogens Contagious Pathogens Environmental Pathogens Minor Pathogens Uncommon Mastitis Pathogens Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Prevalence Incidence Relative Prevalence of Infection With Intramammary Pathogens Contagious Pathogens Teat Skin Opportunistic Pathogens Environmental Pathogens Heifers Distribution of Pathogens in Clinical Mastitis Source of Infection Contagious Pathogens Teat Skin Opportunistic Pathogens Environmental Pathogens Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Age and Parity Stage of Lactation Season of Year Somatic Cell Count Breed Milking Characteristics and Morphology of Udder and Teat Physical Condition of Teat Udder Hygiene Nutritional Status Genetic Resistance to Mastitis Somatic Cell Count. Milk Yield Other Concurrent Diseases Immunologic Function of Mammary Gland Previous Mastitis Preexisting Intramammary Infections Use of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin Environmental and Management Risk Factors Quality and Management of Housing Milking Practices Pathogen Risk Factors Viability of Pathogens Virulence Factors Colonizing Ability Toxins Production and Economic Losses Subclinical Mastitis Clinical Mastitis Zoonotic Potential Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Abnormal Secretion Abnormal Gland Abnormal Cow (Systemic Response) Further Reading References Diagnosis of Bovine Mastitis Detection of Clinical Mastitis Detection of Subclinical Mastitis Detection at the Herd Level Bulk Tank Milk Somatic Cell Counts Culture of Bulk Tank Milk Detection at the Individual Cow Level Culture of Individual Cow Milk Indirect Tests for Subclinical Mastitis The Somatic Cell Count of Composite or Quarter Samples California Mastitis Test of Quarter Samples NAGase Test of Composite or Quarter Samples Electrical Conductivity Tests of Quarter Samples Comparison of Indirect Methods Hematology and Serum Biochemistry Ultrasonography of the Mammary Gland Infrared Thermography of the Mammary Gland Biopsy of Mammary Tissue Necropsy Findings Further Reading References Treatment of Bovine Mastitis Historical Aspects of Antimicrobial Therapy for Clinical and Subclinical Mastitis Treatment Strategy Is Antimicrobial Therapy Indicated? Type of Pathogen Involved Type and Severity of the Inflammatory Response Duration of Infection Stage of Lactation Age and Pregnancy Status of Cow Which Route of Administration (Intramammary, Parenteral, or Both?) Which Antimicrobial Agent Should Be Administered? What Should Be the Frequency and Duration of Treatment? Intramammary Antimicrobial Therapy Infusion Procedure Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy Treatment of Lactating Quarters Emergency Treatment When the Type of Infection Is Unknown Treatment When the Infecting Organism Is Known Treatment of Subclinical Mastitis Antiinflammatory Agents Supportive Therapy Adjunctive Therapy Magnitude of Response to Therapy Dry Cow Therapy Prepartum Antimicrobial Therapy in Heifers Treatment of Mastitis on Organic Dairy Farms Antimicrobial Residues in Milk and Withholding Times Antimicrobial Residue Tests Permanently Drying Off Chronically Affected Quarters Further Reading References Mastitis Pathogens of Cattle Mastitis of Cattle Associated With Common Contagious Pathogens Staphylococcus aureus Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci Source of Infection and Method of Transmission Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Local Defense Mechanisms Colonization With Minor Pathogens Parity of Cow Presence of Other Diseases Heredity Immune System Environmental and Management Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Virulence Factors Genotype of Strains Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Chronic Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis Acute and Peracute Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis Clinical Pathology Culture of Individual Cow Milk Culture of Bulk Tank Milk Somatic Cell Counts and California Mastitis Test Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Antibody in Milk Acriflavine Disk Assay Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Inadequate Penetration of Antimicrobial Agent Antimicrobial Resistance Lactating Cow Therapy Peracute Mastitis Dry Cow Therapy Control Vaccination Further Reading References Streptococcus agalactiae Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Source of Infection Transmission of Infection Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Culture From Bulk Tank Milk Samples Total Bacterial Count Culture From Individual Cow Samples Somatic Cell Count Necropsy Findings Treatment Blitz Therapy Control Vaccination Biosecurity Further Reading References Corynebacterium bovis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Findings Treatment Control References M. bovis and Other Mycoplasma sp. Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Source of Infection Transmission Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Mastitis of Cattle Associated With Teat Skin Opportunistic Pathogens Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Control Further Reading References Mastitis of Cattle Associated With Common Environmental Pathogens Coliform Mastitis Associated With Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., and Enterobacter aerogenes Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence of Clinical Mastitis Prevalence of Infection Duration of Infection Source of Infection and Mode of Transmission Morbidity and Case Fatality Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Bedding Animal Risk Factors Somatic Cell Count Neutrophil Recruitment and Function Selenium and Vitamin E Status Stage of Lactation and Defense Mechanism Contamination of Teat Duct Downer Cows Other Defense Factors Lactoferrin and Citrate. Serum Antibody to E. coli. Pathogenesis Stage of Lactation Neutrophil Response Numbers of Bacteria in Milk Experimental Endotoxin-Induced Mastitis Clinical Findings Accuracy of Clinical Diagnosis Clinical Pathology Culture of Milk Somatic Cell Count and California Mastitis Test Scores Hematology Endotoxin Presence in Milk and Plasma Serum Biochemistry Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Treatment Trials Using Antimicrobial Agents and Untreated Controls Parenteral Antimicrobial Agents Intramammary Antimicrobial Agents Stripping of the Affected Quarter Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy Antiinflammatory Agents Combination Therapy Control Management of Outbreaks Housing and Environment Bedding Regular Daily Cleaning of Barns Milking Procedures Premilking Teat Disinfection Postmilking Barrier Teat Dips Nutrition Prevention of Infection During Dry Period Recumbent Cows Milking Machine Vaccination Core Lipopolysaccharide Antigen Vaccine Further Reading References Environmental Streptococci Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Source of Infection Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment Antimicrobial Agents Control Vaccination References Trueperella pyogenes Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection Source of Infection and Mode of Transmission Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Mastitis of Cattle Associated With Less Common Pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control References Mannheimia (Pasteurella) species Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Nocardia sp. Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection and Mode of Transmission Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control References Bacillus sp. Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium perfringens type A Fusobacterium necrophorum Histophilus somni Listeria monocytogenes Mycobacterium sp. Serratia sp. Fungi and Yeasts Algae Traumatic Mastitis References Control of Bovine Mastitis Udder Health Improvement Economic Benefits, Incentives, and Penalties Requirements Options in the Control of Mastitis Eradication Decreasing the Infection Rate Legislative Control A Voluntary Program Principles of Controlling Bovine Mastitis Dynamics of Infection 1. Eliminate Existing Infections 2. Prevent New Infections 3. Monitor Udder Health Status Mastitis Control Programs Ten-Point Mastitis Control Program 1. Udder Hygiene and Proper Milking Methods Establish and Maintain a Regular Milking Schedule in a Stress-Free Environment Ensure That Teats Are Clean and Dry Before Milking Udder Hygiene Score Premilking Cow Preparation Check Foremilk and Udder for Mastitis Premilking Teat Disinfection Attach the Milking Unit Properly Minimize Machine Stripping and Avoid Liner Slips Avoid Overmilking or Removing the Unit Under Vacuum Use an Effective and Safe Postmilking Teat Germicide (Teat Dip) After Every Milking Iodine Formulations Chlorhexidine Linear Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid Products Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Sodium Hypochlorite External Teat Sealants (Barrier Teat Dips) Selection and Use of Teat Disinfectants Establish Milking Order and Segregation Programs Disinfect Teat Liners 2. Proper Installation, Function, and Maintenance of Milking Equipment Milking System Function and Objectives Components of a Milking System Vacuum System Vacuum Pump Vacuum Reserve Tank Vacuum Regulator Pulsation System Milk Transport System Milk Claw Milk Pipeline Bulk Milk Tank Relationship of Milking Equipment to Udder Health Maintenance and Evaluation of Milking Equipment Robotic Milking 3. Dry Cow Management and Therapy Epidemiology of Intramammary Infection During the Dry Period Incidence of New Infections Types of Pathogen Causing New Infections During the Dry Period Risk Factors That Affect Susceptibility in Dry Cows Teat-End Protection Resistance Mechanisms Within the Mammary Gland Milk Production at Dry Off Method of Drying Off Parity Risk Factors That Affect Susceptibility in Heifers Udder Health Management Strategies for Dry Cows Antimicrobial Therapy (Dry Cow Therapy) Blanket Versus Selective Dry Cow Therapy Factors Affecting the Success of Antimicrobial Treatment of Dry Cows Internal Teat Sealants External Teat Sealants Teat Disinfection Intramammary Devices Vaccination of the Dry Cow Management of the Environment for Dry Cows Nutritional Management of Dry Cows 4. Appropriate Therapy of Mastitis During Lactation 5. Culling Chronically Infected Cows Biosecurity for Herd Replacements Know the Farm of Origin Know the Cows Protect the Home Herd 6. Maintenance of an Appropriate Environment Global Environmental Influences Classification of Environmental Influences External Environmental Influences on Mastitis Control Regional Environment Local Environment Internal Environmental Influences on Mastitis Control Housing Nutritional Management Management Approach General Hygiene Udder Singeing Use of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin Environmental Control in an Udder Health Management Program 7. Good Record Keeping Objectives and Uses of Clinical Mastitis Records Recording Clinical Mastitis Data Using Clinical Mastitis Monitoring Systems Cow Versus Herd Clinical Mastitis Problems Probability of Recurrence of Clinical Mastitis in the Same Lactation Stage of Lactation and Seasonal Profile Days of Discarded Milk 8. Monitoring Udder Health Status Monitoring Udder Health at the Herd Level Bulk Tank Milk Somatic Cell Counts Herd Average of Weighted Individual Cow Somatic Cell Count Other Herd-Level Somatic Cell Count Monitors Herd Average Somatic Cell Score Percentage of Herd Over Somatic Cell Count Threshold Percentage of Herd Changing Somatic Cell Count to Over Threshold Bacteriologic Culture of Bulk Milk Herd-Level Measures of Clinical Mastitis Monitoring Udder Health of Individual Cows Bacteriologic Culture of Milk Somatic Cell Counts Problem Solving Using Individual Cow Somatic Cell Counts 9. Periodic Review of the Udder Health Management Program 10. Setting Goals for Udder Health Status Relationship of Udder Health to Productivity and Profitability Production Losses From Increased Somatic Cell Count Clinical Mastitis and Lost Productivity Assessment of the Cost-Effectiveness of Mastitis Control Further Reading References Miscellaneous Abnormalities of the Teats and Udder Lesions of the Bovine Teat Reference Lesions of the Bovine Teat and Udder Bovine Herpes Mammillitis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Origin of Infection and Transmission Animal and Pathogen Risk Factors Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Treatment Control References Lesions of the Bovine Udder Other Than Mastitis Udder Impetigo Udder Cleft Dermatitis Blood in the Milk (Mammary Gland Hematoma) Udder Edema Rupture of the Suspensory Ligaments of the Udder Agalactia Milk Drop Syndrome Low Milk Fat Syndrome References “Free” Or “Stray” Electricity as a Cause of Failure of Letdown Neoplasms of the Udder Teat and Udder Congenital Defects Further Reading References Milk Allergy Mastitis of Sheep Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Staphylococcal Mastitis Mannheimia Mastitis Streptococcal Mastitis Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Staphylococcal Mastitis Mannheimia Mastitis Clostridial Mastitis Caseous Lymphadenitis and Mastitis Pseudomonal Mastitis Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Staphylococcal Mastitis Mannheimia Mastitis Further Reading References Mastitis of Goats Staphylococcal Mastitis Streptococcal Mastitis Pseudomonas Mastitis Summer Mastitis Other Infections Clinical Findings Treatment and Control References Contagious Agalactia in Goats and Sheep Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Prevalence Transmission Experimental Reproduction Host Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Mastitis of Mares References Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome of Sows Etiology Mastitis Epidemiology Occurrence Morbidity and Case Fatality Risk Factors Feed Housing Management Animal Factors Microorganisms Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Examination of Milk Hematology and Serum Biochemistry Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Supplementation of Piglets Control Further Reading References 21 Systemic and Multi-Organ Diseases Diseases of Complex or Undetermined Etiology Cold Cow Syndrome Recumbency in horses of undetermined etiology Epidemiology Examination of the Recumbent Horse History Physical Examination Management and Care Complications—Prevention Further Reading References Thin Sow Syndrome Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Findings Control Feeding During Pregnancy Feeding During Lactation Wild Boar as Vectors for Infectious Disease Risk Factors Disease in General African Swine Fever Astroviruses Aujesky’s Disease Brucellosis Campylobacter Spp. Chlamydiae Classical Swine Fever Cryptosporidia Escherichia Coli Erysipelas Fasciola Hepatica Foot-and-Mouth Disease Hepatitis E Leptospira Spp. Lymphadenitis Mycobacterium Bovis Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae Parasites Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Porcine Parvovirus Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Porcine Sapelovirus Salmonella Serotypes Swine Influenza Toxoplasma Trichinella Control References Multi-Organ Diseases Due to Bacterial Infection Anthrax Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of the Infection Transmission of the Infection Risk Factors Host Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Environment Risk Factors Economic Importance Zoonotic Potential Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle and Sheep Pigs Horses Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Immunization Further Reading References Bovine Tuberculosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection Cattle Wildlife Reservoirs Methods of Transmission Ingestion Other Routes Risk Factors Environment Risk Factors Host Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Economic Importance Zoonotic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle Lungs Intestine Uterus Mastitis Pigs Horses Sheep and Goats New World Camelids Clinical Pathology Direct Tests Microscopic Examination Culture Nucleic Acid Recognition Methods Indirect Tests Intradermal Tuberculin Test Special Aspects of Sensitivity to Tuberculin Summary of Testing Procedures in Cattle Tuberculin Testing in Other Species Pigs Horses Sheep and Goats New World Camelids Interferon-γ Assay (IFN-γ) Lymphocyte Proliferation Test Serologic Tests for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Necropsy Findings Cattle, Sheep, and Goats Pigs Horses Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Control on a Herd Basis Tuberculin Testing Retesting Prevention of Spread Control on an Area Basis Education Staging Vaccination Test and Slaughter Problems in Tuberculosis Eradication No-Visible-Lesion Reactors “Breakdowns” “Traceback” Large Herds Wildlife Reservoirs Control of Tuberculosis in Pigs Further Reading References Tuberculosis Associated With Mycobacterium tuberculosis References Mycobacteriosis Associated With Mycobacterium avium intracellulare Complex and With Atypical Mycobacteria Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source and Transmission Economic Importance Zoonotic Importance Clinical and Necropsy Findings Cattle Goats and Sheep Deer Horses Pigs Clinical Pathology Tuberculin Testing Treatment and Control Further Reading References Yersiniosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Yersinia enterocolitica Zoonotic Implications Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Yersinia enterocolitica Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment and Control Further Reading References Tularemia Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Transmission Pathogen Risk Factors Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Sheep Pigs Horses Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Melioidosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Source and Methods of Transmission Pathogen Risk Factors Experimental Production Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Sheep Goats Pigs Horses Clinical Pathology Necropsy Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control Further Reading References Heartwater (COWDRIOSIS) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Measures of Disease Occurrence Method of Transmission Risk Factors and Immune Mechanisms Economic Importance Biosecurity Concerns Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Histophilus Septicemia of Cattle (Histophilus somni or Haemophilus somnus Disease Complex) Etiology Epidemiology Prevalence of Infection Occurrence of Disease Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Adherence. Lipooligosaccharides (LOS or Endotoxin). Antigen Variation of Surface Proteins. Immunoglobulin-Binding Proteins. Transferrin-Binding Proteins. Biofilm Synthesis. Methods of Transmission Immune Mechanisms Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis (TME) Respiratory Disease Myocarditis Clinical Pathology Hematology Culture of Organism Serology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Metaphylactic Antimicrobial Therapy Vaccination Further Reading References Septicemia and Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis in Sheep Associated With Histophilus Somni Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment and Control Further Reading References Tick Pyemia of Lambs (Enzootic Staphylococcosis of Lambs) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical and Necropsy Findings Treatment and Control Further Reading Reference Septicemic Pasteurellosis of Cattle (Hemorrhagic Septicemia) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Culture and Detection of Bacteria Serology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Antimicrobial Metaphylaxis Vaccines Further Reading References Pasteurellosis of Sheep and Goats Septicemic Pasteurellosis of Suckling Lambs Mannheimia mastitis in sheep Pneumonic Pasteurellosis Affecting Wildlife References Pasteurellosis of Swine Pneumonic Pasteurellosis Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Treatment Control Septicemic Pasteurellosis Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis References Streptococcus suis Infection of Young Pigs Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Prevalence of Infection Morbidity and Case Fatality Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental and Management Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Capsules Proteins Suilysin Hemolysin Other Properties Adhesion Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Culture or Detection of Organism Serology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Diagnosis Treatment Antimicrobials Control Environment and Management Mass Medication of Feed Vaccination References Streptococcal Lymphadenitis of Swine (Jowl Abscesses, Cervical Abscesses) Erysipelas in Swine Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Prevalence of Infection Morbidity and Case Fatality Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Hyperacute Form Acute and Subacute Forms Chronic Form Clinical Pathology Detection of Organism Hematology Serology Necropsy Findings Acute and Subacute Forms Chronic Form Diagnosis Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Antimicrobial Therapy Control Eradication Immunization Antierysipelas Serum Vaccination Vaccination Program References Actinobacillus Septicemia in Piglets Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Treatment References Klebsiella Pneumoniae Septicemia in Pigs Chlamydial Infection in the Pig Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Treatment Control References Multi-Organ Diseases Due to Viral Infection Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Aphthous Fever) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Prevalence Morbidity and Case-Fatality Rate Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Host Factors Environmental and Pathogen Factors Immune Mechanism Experimental Reproduction Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Biosecurity Concerns Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Control by Eradication Vaccination Further Reading References Rift Valley Fever Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Source of Infection Method of Transmission Experimental Reproduction Zoonotic Implications Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Vaccines Further Reading References Bluetongue Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Host Occurrence Method of Transmission Culicoides Species Other Vectors Overwintering Transplacental Infection Persistent Infection Venereal Transmission Oral Transmission Pathogen and Vector Risk Factors Climate Serotype Occurrence Host Risk Factors Cattle Sheep Goats and Wild Ruminants New World Camelids Morbidity and Case Fatality Experimental Reproduction Economic Importance Pathogenesis Sheep Cattle and Wild Ruminants Clinical Findings Sheep Cattle Goats New World Camelids Wild Ruminants Clinical Pathology Virus Isolation Detection of Antigen or Nucleic Acid Serologic Tests Necropsy Findings Sheep Cattle Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Reduction of Infection Through Vector Abatement Vaccination International Movement of Livestock Further Reading References Malignant Catarrhal Fever (Bovine Malignant Catarrh, Malignant Head Catarrh) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Prevalence Alcelaphine MCF Sheep-Associated MCF Methods of Transmission Alcelaphine MCF Sheep-Associated MCF Experimental Reproduction Environment Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Head-and-Eye Form Peracute and Alimentary Tract Forms Mild Form Pigs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Malignant Catarrh in Pigs Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Pathology Diagnosis References Jembrana Disease Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Transmission Experimental Reproduction Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment and Control Further Reading References Bovine Ephemeral Fever Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection Method of Transmission Experimental Reproduction Environment Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control References Nairobi Sheep Disease Further Reading References Wesselsbron Disease Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Source of Infection and Method of Transmission Zoonotic Implications Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control References Caprine Herpesvirus-1 Infection Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Transmission and Experimental Reproduction Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Adults Newborn Kids Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Adults Newborn Kids Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment and Control References Equine Viral Arteritis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Origin of Infection and Transmission Horizontal Transmission Venereal Transmission Immunity Animal Risk Factors Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment and Control Further Reading References African Horse Sickness Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence South Africa Transmission of Infection Zebra Midges Risk Factors Environment Factors Animal Factors Economic Importance Zoonotic Disease Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute (Pulmonary) Horse Sickness (Dunkop) Subacute (Cardiac) Horse Sickness (Dikkop) Horse Sickness Fever Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Prevention of Introduction Slaughter of Sick or Viremic Animals Reduce Exposure to Biting Midges Vaccination References Equine Encephalosis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings References Getah Virus Infection Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Signs Necropsy Findings Treatment Control References Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Morbidity and Case Fatality Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Virulence Characteristics Resistance of Virus Immune Mechanisms Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Diagnosis Peracute and Acute Disease Nervous Manifestations Chronic Disease Reproductive Failure Clinical Pathology Hematology Diagnostic Tests Detection of Virus Fluorescent Antibody Techniques Antigen-Capture ELISA Agar Gel Precipitation Test Differentiation of Swine Fever Virus From Other Pestiviruses PCR Tests Serologic Tests Samples for Laboratory Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Detection of Antigen Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Serology Treatment Control Control of Outbreaks in Hog Cholera–Free Areas Control Where Hog Cholera Is Endemic Hog Cholera Eradication Immunization Methods Serum–Virus Vaccination Attenuated Vaccines Inactivated Vaccines Further Reading References African Swine Fever Etiology Epidemiology Geographic Occurrence Africa Europe The Recent Disease Outbreak Species Affected Morbidity and Case Fatality Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Pathogen Factors Immune Mechanisms Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Hematology Diagnosis Detection of the Virus Serologic Tests Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Serology Treatment Control Vaccines Further Reading References Porcine Circovirus–Associated Disease Etiology Genome Studies Transcription Embryo Infectivity Virus Import Replication Genotypes Epidemiology Wild Boar Prevalence Environmental Survival Transmission Horizontal Transmission Vertical Transmission Risk Factors Occurrence Breeding Concurrent Infections Pathogenesis Host–Virus Interactions Cytokine Studies Interferons Immunity Necropsy Findings Gross Pathology Fetal Pathology Pathology in Piglets and Pigs Histopathology Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome Ultrastructural Changes Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Serology Diagnosis in Boars Virus Detection Detection of Viral Antigen by Immunohistochemistry Oral Fluids Control Vaccination The Vaccines Vaccine Effects Sow Compared with Piglet Vaccination Sow Vaccination Semen Shedding in Boars Piglet Vaccination Maternally Derived Antibodies Experimental Vaccines Vectored Vaccines Further Reading References Torque Teno Virus Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Signs Diagnosis Further Reading References Nipah Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Treatment Control References Tioman Virus Reference Porcine Retroviruses Further Reading References Menangle Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Signs Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Japanese B Encephalitis (Japanese Encephalitis) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Control Further Reading Reston Virus Reference Bungowannah Virus Porcine Parvovirus Novel Porcine Parvoviruses References Multi-Organ Diseases Due to Protozoal Infection Sarcocystosis (Sarcosporidiosis) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection Risk Factors Climate Species of Sarcocystis Farm Dogs Cats Stocking Density Economic Importance Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Cattle Sheep Swine Abortion and Perinatal Fatality Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Toxoplasmosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Source of Infection Cat Feces Other Sources Risk Factors Pathogen Risk Factors Environmental and Management Risk Factors Experimental Studies Sheep Cattle Other Ruminants Pigs Horses Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Pregnant Sheep and Goats Clinical Findings Sheep Goats Pigs Cattle Horses Clinical Pathology Abortion Necropsy Findings Abortion Samples for Diagnostic Testing Treatment Control Cat Control Serologic Monitoring Prophylaxis Vaccination Reduction of Zoonotic Risk From Food and Water Further Reading References Theilerioses References East Coast Fever (ECF) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Morbidity and Case Fatality Methods of Transmission Risk Factors Environmental Factors Immune Mechanisms Experimental Reproduction Economic Importance Biosecurity Concerns Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Tropical Theileriosis (Mediterranean Coast Fever) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence and Methods of Transmission Risk Factors and Immune Mechanisms Economic Importance Biosecurity Concerns Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Multi-Organ Diseases Due to Trypanosome Infection Nagana (Samore, African Trypanosomaisis, Tsetse Fly Disease) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Prevalence Morbidity and Case Fatality Methods of Transmission Cyclical Noncyclical The Carrier State Risk Factors Host Factors Environmental Factors Pathogen Factors Immune Mechanisms Experimental Reproduction Economic Importance Zoonotic Implications Biosecurity Concerns Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Gross Pathology Histology Specimens for Pathology Treatment Control Further Reading References Surra (Mal de Caderas, Murrina) Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Morbidity and Case Fatality Method of Transmission Immune Mechanisms Zoonotic Implications Economic Importance Biosecurity Concerns Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Multi-Organ Diseases Due to Fungal Infection Protothecosis and Chlorellosis (Algal Bacteremia) References Coccidioidomycosis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Paracoccidioidomycosis (Paracoccidioides Infection) References Rhodotorulua spp. Infection References Histoplasmosis References Cryptococcosis (European Blastomycosis, Torulosis) References North American Blastomycosis Further Reading References Multi-Organ Diseases Due to Metabolic Deficiency Sodium and/or Chloride Deficiency Magnesium Deficiency Further Reading References Copper Deficiency Etiology Primary Copper Deficiency Secondary Copper Deficiency Epidemiology Occurrence Geographic Distribution Primary Copper Deficiency Secondary Copper Deficiency Seasonal Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Factors Age Breed and Species Susceptibility Fetal Liver Copper Dietary Factors Pasture Composition Molybdenum and Sulfur Copper in the Diet Dietary Iron Stored Feeds Soil Characteristics Copper Deficiency. Molybdenum Excess. Pathogenesis Effects on Tissues Changes in Gene Expression Wool Body Weight Diarrhea Anemia Bone Connective Tissue Heart Blood Vessels Pancreas Nervous Tissue Reproductive Performance Immune System Development of Clinical Signs Copper–Molybdenum– Sulfate Relationship Copper Utilization Hepatic Storage Phases of Copper Deficiency Clinical Findings Cattle Subclinical Hypocuprosis General Syndrome Primary Copper Deficiency Secondary Copper Deficiency Falling Disease Peat Scours (“Teart”) Unthriftiness (Pine) of Calves Sheep General Syndrome Primary Copper Deficiency Swayback and Enzootic Ataxia in Lambs and Goat Kids Goats Other Species Deer Pigs Horses Clinical Pathology Herd Diagnosis. Treatment Response Trial. Copper Status of Herd or Flock. Laboratory Diagnosis Interpretation of Laboratory Results Cattle and Sheep Horses Farmed Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus) Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Dietary Requirements Copper Toxicity Copper Supplementation Oral Dosing Dietary Supplementation Removal of Sulfates Parenteral Injections of Copper Slow-Release Treatments Glass Bolus Copper Oxide Needles Sheep Cattle Farmed Red Deer Genetic Selection Summary and Guidelines Further Reading References Riboflavin Deficiency (Hyporiboflavinosis) Choline Deficiency (Hypocholinosis) References Multi-Organ Diseases Due to Toxicity Snakebite Etiology Epidemiology Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Bee and Wasp Stings (Hymenoptera) Further Reading Reference Red Fire Ant Stings (Solenopsis invicta) Further Reading References Moths Sweating Sickness (Tick Toxicosis) Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading Reference 4-Aminopyridine Toxicosis Further Reading References Cadmium Toxicosis Further Reading References Chromium Toxicosis Further Reading References Cobalt Toxicosis Further Reading References Primary Copper Toxicosis Etiology Causes of Acute Oral Poisoning Causes of Acute Injectable Poisoning Causes of Chronic Oral Poisoning Epidemiology Occurrence Sheep Calves (Preruminant) Cattle Goats Horses Swine Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Species Susceptibility Breed Susceptibility Sheep. Cattle. Environmental Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Intoxication Chronic Intoxication Clinical Pathology Acute Ingestion Chronic Ingestion Necropsy Findings Acute Intoxication Chronic Intoxication Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Toxicosis From Dried Poultry Wastes Toxicosis from Defoliants Further Reading Toxicosis from Fungicides Fungistatic Agents Grain Fumigants Further Reading Reference Toxicosis from Herbicides Bipyridyl Derivatives Carbamates, Thiocarbamates, Dithiocarbamates Dinitrophenol Compounds Inorganic Herbicides Sodium Chlorate Organophosphorus Compounds Phenoxy Acid Derivatives Triazines/Triazoles Ureas/Thioureas Others Triclopyr Delrad Further Reading References Hydrocarbon Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings (Oil Ingestions) Natural Cases Experimental Cases Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading Reference Iron Toxicosis Neonatal Pigs Foals/Horses Cattle Further Reading References Toxicosis From Feed Additives Bronopol Carbadox Pluronics Tin Poisoning Further Reading References Toxicosis from Miscellaneous Farm Chemicals Formalin Methyl Bromide Polybrominated Biphenyls Clinical Signs Cattle Pigs Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Polychlorinated Biphenyls Sodium Fluorosilicate Superphosphate Fertilizers Further Reading References Toxicosis from Seed Dressings Toxicosis from Miscellaneous Rodenticides Bromethalin Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) Red Squill (Sea Onion) Phosphides Further Reading References Sulfur Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Ruminants Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Vanadium Toxicosis Further Reading Reference Toxicosis from Wood Preservatives Chromated Copper Arsenate Pentachlorophenol Creosote (Coal Tar Creosote) Further Reading References Zinc Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Farm Risk Factors Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Poisoning Cattle Pigs Chronic Poisoning Dairy Cattle Pigs Horses Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Tissue Assay Treatment Control Further Reading References Diterpenoid Alkaloid Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Ergot Alkaloid Toxicosis Ergotism Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Peripheral Gangrene (Classical Ergotism) Hyperthermia Form Reproductive Form Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Neotyphodium (Acremonium) spp. Toxicosis Fescue Toxicosis Clinical Findings Fescue Summer Toxicosis (Summer Slump, Epidemic Hyperthermia) Fescue Foot Fat Necrosis (Lipomatosis) Reproductive Abnormalities in Mares Control Further Reading References Fumonisin Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Pathogenesis Equine Toxicosis Equine Leukoencephalomalacia (Moldy Corn Disease) Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Swine Toxicosis Porcine Pulmonary Edema Clinical Signs Necropsy Findings Hepatosis/Hepatic Effects Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Ruminant Toxicosis Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Glucosinolate Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Human Risk Factors Plant Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Goiter Enteritis Acute Pulmonary Emphysema and Interstitial Pneumonia Polioencephalomalacia (Rape Blindness) Other Unrelated Diseases Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Miscellaneous Mycotoxins Cyclopiazonic Acid Patulin Sterigmatocystin Further Reading References Mushroom Toxicosis Amatoxins Ramaria Flavo-Brunnescens Scleroderma Citrinum Cortinarius Speciocissimus Inocybe and Clitocybe spp. Further Reading References Phalaris spp. (Canary Grass) Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Animal Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Toxicosis from Plant Phenols (Gossypol and Tannins) Gossypol Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Control Tannins Oak (Quercus spp.) Yellow-Wood Tree (Terminalia Oblongata spp.) Further Reading References Miscellaneous Plant Toxicosis Aesculin Alcohol (Complex Plant) Aliphatic Acetogenin (Monoglyceride) Amine Toxicity Amino Acid Toxicity Indospicine/Canavanine Mimosine Aristolochine Crepenynic Acid Cycad Glycosides Grayanotoxins Isoquinoline Alkaloids Juniperine Rhoeadine Saponin Poisoning Triterpene Saponins Steroidal Saponins Sesquiterpenes Furanoid Sesquiterpenes (Furanosesquiterpenoid) Poisoning Ipomeanol Sesquiterpene Lactones Vomiting Syndrome Encephalomalacia Syndrome Selenocompounds Steroidal Alkaloids (Solanum spp.) Vellein Veratrine Zigadine (Zigadenine) Further Reading References Toxicosis From Brewer’s Residues Trichothecene Toxicosis Macrocyclic Trichothecenes Stachybotryotoxicosis Myrotheciotoxicosis Nonmacrocyclic Trichothecenes T-2 Toxin and HT-2 Toxin Deoxynivalenol Fusaritoxicosis Syndromes Without Specified Toxins Further Reading References Triterpene Plant Toxicosis Further Reading References Appendices Appendix 1 Conversion Tables Conversion Factors for Old and SI Units Conversions Temperature Mass Capacity Length Metric US/Imperial Pressure Appendix 2 Reference Laboratory Values Hematology Hematology (International units, SI) Serum constituents (U.S. units) Serum constituents (International units, SI) Appendix 3 Drug doses and intervals for horses and ruminants Appendix 4 Drug doses and intervals for pigs Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z How to Use This Book For Example Guidelines for Selection and Submission of Necropsy Specimens for Confirmation of Diagnosis
