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دانلود کتاب Veterinary immunology
دانلود کتاب ایمونولوژی دامپزشکی
مشخصات کتاب
Veterinary immunology
ویرایش: 9
نویسندگان: Ian R. Tizard
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 9780323291699, 0323291694
ناشر: Elsevier/Saunders
سال نشر: 2013
تعداد صفحات: 615
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 56 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 46,000
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فهرست مطالب
Front cover Inside front cover Veterinary Immunology Copyright page Dedication Preface Significant Changes in This Edition Acknowledgments Table of Contents 1 The Defense of the Body p Chapter Outline Key Points A Brief History of Veterinary Immunology Microbial Invasion The Body’s Defenses Physical Barriers Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity Antibody-Mediated Immune Responses Cell-Mediated Immune Responses Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity Where to Go for Additional Information 2 Innate Immunity: p Chapter Outline Key Points How Invaders Are Recognized Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns Toll-like Receptors RIG-1-like Receptors NOD-like Receptors C-type Lectin Receptors Microbial Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides Bacterial Peptidoglycans Bacterial DNA Viral Nucleic Acids Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns Soluble Pattern-Recognition Receptors Sentinel Cells Macrophages Dendritic Cells Mast Cells Sources of Additional Information 3 Innate Immunity: p Chapter Outline Key Points Products of Sentinel Cells Cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Interleukin-1 Interleukin-6 Chemokines Inflammatory Mediators Vasoactive Amines Vasoactive Peptides Vasoactive Lipids The Coagulation System Antimicrobial Molecules Peptides Lysozyme Complement Sources of Additional Information 4 Innate Immunity: p Chapter Outline Key Points Leukocyte Classification Neutrophils Structure Emigration from the Bloodstream Changes in Endothelial Cells Changes in Neutrophils Integrins Emigration Phagocytosis Activation Chemotaxis Adherence and Opsonization Ingestion Destruction The Respiratory Burst Lytic Enzymes Cytokines Surface Receptors Fate Sources of Additional Information 5 Innate Immunity: p Chapter Outline Key Points Macrophages Structure Life History Functions Sentinel Cells Inflammation Phagocytosis Generation of Nitric Oxide Activation Receptors Fate of Foreign Material Soluble Proteins Given Intravenously Fate of Material Administered by Other Routes Digestive Tract Respiratory Tract Recovery from Inflammation Sources of Additional Information 6 Systemic Responses to Inflammation p Chapter Outline Key Points Systemic Innate Responses Sickness Behavior Metabolic Changes Acute-Phase Proteins Soluble Pattern-Recognition Receptors Iron-Binding Molecules Protease Inhibitors Other Acute-Phase Proteins Acute-Phase Proteins as “Biomarkers� of Disease Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Bacterial Septic Shock Bacterial Toxic Shock Graft-versus-Host Disease Protein Misfolding Diseases Sources of Additional Information 7 Innate Immunity: p Chapter Outline Key Points Complement Proteins Activation Pathways The Alternative Pathway The Lectin Pathway The Classical Pathway The Amplification Pathway Regulation of Complement Activation Complement Receptors Other Consequences of Complement Activation Opsonization Removal of Apoptotic Cells Inflammation Blood Coagulation Chemotaxis Immune Regulation Complement Genes Complement Deficiencies Canine C3 Deficiency Porcine Factor H Deficiency Other Complement Deficiencies Sources of Additional Information 8 Cell Signaling: p Chapter Outline Key Points Cytokine Nomenclature Cytokine Functions Cytokine Structure Cytokine Receptors Receptor Families Cytokine Regulation Signal Transduction Transduction Pathways NF-κB Pathway NF-AT Pathway JAK-STAT Pathway Gene Transcription Sources of Additional Information 9 Antigens: p Chapter Outline Key Points Antigens Microbial Antigens Bacterial Antigens Viral Antigens Other Microbial Antigens Nonmicrobial Antigens Cell Surface Antigens Autoantigens What Makes a Good Antigen? Foreignness Epitopes Haptens Some Examples of Haptens Cross-Reactions Sources of Additional Information 10 Dendritic Cells and Antigen Processing p Chapter Outline Key Points Dendritic Cells Origin Structure Subpopulations Myeloid Dendritic Cells Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Langerhans Cells Follicular Dendritic Cells Dendritic Cell Maturation Immature Dendritic Cells Mature Dendritic Cells Tolerance Induction DC1 and DC2 Cells Interleukin-12 Dendritic Cells in Domestic Animals Other Antigen- Processing Cells Macrophages B Cells Other Cells Antigen Processing MHC Class II Pathway MHC Class I Pathway Cross-Priming Histiocytosis and Histiocytomas Sources of Additional Information 11 The Major Histocompatibility Complex p Chapter Outline Key Points Major Histocompatibility Complex MHC Class Ia Molecules Structure Gene Arrangement Polymorphism Nonpolymorphic MHC Class I Molecules MHC Class II Molecules Structure Gene Arrangement Polymorphism MHC Class III Molecules MHC of Domestic Animals Horses Cattle Sheep Pigs Dogs Cats Primates MHC Molecules and Disease MHC and Body Odors Sources of Additional Information 12 Organs of the Immune System p Chapter Outline Key Points Sources of Lymphocytes Primary Lymphoid Organs Thymus Structure Function Thymic Hormones Bursa of Fabricius Structure Function Peyer’s Patches Structure Function Lymphoglandular Complexes Bone Marrow Secondary Lymphoid Organs Lymph Nodes Structure Function Lymphocyte Circulation Species Differences Hemolymph Nodes Spleen Structure of White Pulp Function Other Secondary Lymphoid Organs Sources of Additional Information 13 Lymphocytes p Chapter Outline Key Points Lymphocyte Structure Lymphocyte Populations Lymphocyte Surface Molecules Antigen Receptor Complex Molecules That Regulate Lymphocyte Function Cytokine Receptors Antibody Receptors Complement Receptors Adherence Molecules Integrins Selectins Immunoglobulin Superfamily CD58 and CD2 Other Major Surface Molecules WC1 Changes in Immunophenotype Species Differences Horses Bovine Sheep Pigs Dogs and Cats Lymphocyte Mitogens Sources of Additional Information 14 Helper T Cells and Their Response to Antigen p Chapter Outline Key Points Immunoglobulin Superfamily T Cell Antigen Receptor Antigen-Binding Component Signal Transduction Component CD3 Complex CD4 and CD8 Co-stimulators Co-stimulatory Receptors CD40-CD154 Signaling CD28-CD80/CD86 Signaling Co-stimulatory Cytokines Adherence Molecules Immunological Synapse Formation Signal Transduction Overall Considerations Superantigens Helper T Cell Subpopulations Th1 Cells Interferon-γ Interleukin-2 Th2 Cells Interleukin-4 Th0 Cells Th17 Cells Species Differences γ/δ T Cells Memory T Cells Sources of Additional Information 15 B Cells and Their Response to Antigen p Chapter Outline Key Points B Cell Antigen Receptors Antigen-Binding Component Light Chains Heavy Chains Variable Regions Constant Regions Hinge Region Signal Transducing Component Co-stimulation of B Cells Antigen Presentation by B Cells Cytokine Secretion CD40 and CD154 CD21/CD19 Complex Toll-like Receptors and Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns B Cell Response Differential Signaling Cellular Responses Plasma Cells Memory B Cells Germinal Centers B Cell Subpopulations Myelomas Polyclonal Gammopathies Hybridomas Sources of Additional Information 16 Antibodies: p Chapter Outline Key Points Immunoglobulins Immunoglobulin Classes Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulin M Immunoglobulin A Immunoglobulin E Immunoglobulin D Three-Dimensional Structure of Immunoglobulins Immunoglobulin Variants Subclasses Allotypes Idiotypes Production of Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains Class Switch Recombination B Cell Antigen Receptors and Soluble Immunoglobulins Immunoglobulins of Domestic Mammals Horses Cattle Sheep Pigs Dogs and Cats Primates Other Mammals Sources of Additional Information 17 How Antigen-Binding Receptors Are Made p Chapter Outline Key Points Receptor-Antigen Binding Antigen Receptor Genes Immunoglobulin/B Cell Receptor Diversity Gene Recombination IGL Locus IGK Locus IGH Locus Generation of Junctional Diversity Gene Rearrangement Base Deletion Base Insertion Receptor Editing Somatic Mutation Gene Conversion Receptor Assembly Potential Immunoglobulin Diversity Species Differences Horses Cattle Sheep Pigs Rabbits Humans and Mice Intestinal Bacteria and Expansion of the B Cell Repertoire T Cell Receptor Diversity T Cell Receptor Gene Structure α Chain β Chain δ Chain γ Chain Generation of T Cell Receptor V-Region Diversity Gene Rearrangement Base Insertion and Deletion Somatic Mutation Where Does This Happen? T Cell Receptor Diversity γ/δ T Cell Diversity Sources of Additional Information 18 T Cell Function and the Destruction of Cell-Associated Invaders p Chapter Outline Key Points Endogenous Antigens Apoptosis Cell Cooperation Cytotoxic T Cell Responses Perforin Pathway Adhesion Phase Lethal Hit CD95 Pathway Cytotoxic T Cell Subsets Other Mechanisms of Cellular Cytotoxicity Macrophage Activation Classical Macrophage Activation Alternative Macrophage Activation Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions Effector T Cell Memory Sources of Additional Information 19 The Third Lymphocyte Population: p Chapter Outline Key Points Natural Killer Cells Morphology Origins and Location Target Cell Recognition Receptors KIR receptors Ly49 Receptors NKG2 receptors Fc Receptors Effector Mechanisms Function Memory NK cells Regulation Species Differences Horses Cattle Sheep Pigs Dogs Cats Natural Killer T Cells Sources of Additional Information 20 Regulation of Adaptive Immunity p Chapter Outline Key Points Tolerance T Cell Tolerance Central T Cell Tolerance Negative Selection. Receptor Editing. Peripheral T Cell Tolerance Clonal Anergy. B Cell Tolerance Peripheral B Cell Tolerance Duration of Tolerance Control of Immune Responses Antigen Regulation of Immune Responses Antigen Processing and Immune Regulation Antibody Regulation of Immune Responses Inhibitory Receptors Regulatory Cells Regulatory T Cells Interleukin-10. Transforming Growth Factor-β. Regulation by the Innate Immune System Th17 Cells Interleukin-17 Regulatory Macrophages Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Tolerance Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Natural Suppressor Cells When Do Regulatory Cells Work? Regulation of Apoptosis Neural Regulation of Immunity Stress Autonomic Nervous System Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortical Axis Neuropeptides and Lymphocytes Sources of Additional Information 21 Immunity in the Fetus and Newborn p Chapter Outline Key Points Development of the Immune System Specific Animal Immune Systems Foal Calf Lamb Piglet Puppy Kitten Chick The Immune System and Intrauterine Infection Immune Response of Newborn Mammals Role of the Intestinal Microflora Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity Transfer of Immunity from Mother to Offspring Secretion and Composition of Colostrum and Milk Absorption of Colostrum Failure of Passive Transfer Production Failure Ingestion Failure Absorption Failure Diagnosis of Failure of Passive Transfer Management of Failure of Passive Transfer Cell-Mediated Immunity and Colostrum Development of Adaptive Immunity in Neonatal Mammals Local Immunity Systemic Immunity Vaccination of Young Animals Passive Immunity in the Chick Sources of Additional Information 22 Immunity at Body Surfaces p Chapter Outline Key Points The Body’s Microflora The Superorganism Controlling the Microflora Exclusion of Commensals Suppression of Inflammation Benefits of the Microflora Exclusion of Pathogens Development of Lymphoid Organs Regulation of B Cell Function Regulation of T Cell Function Dysbiosis and the Hygiene Hypothesis Mucosal Lymphoid Tissues Inductive Sites Effector Sites B Cells T Cells Adaptive Protective Mechanisms Immune Exclusion Immunoglobulin A Immunoglobulin M Immune Elimination Immunoglobulin E Immunoglobulin G Immunity on Specific Surfaces Immunity in the Gastrointestinal Tract Immunity to Food Intestinal Inflammatory Disease Immunity in the Respiratory Tract Immunity in the Urogenital Tract Immunity on the Skin Immunity in the Mammary Gland Vaccination on Body Surfaces Sources of Additional Information 23 Vaccines and Their Production p Chapter Outline Key Points Types of Immunization Procedures Passive Immunization Active Immunization Living and Killed Vaccines Inactivation Attenuation Modern Vaccine Technology Antigens Generated by Gene Cloning (Category I) Genetically Attenuated Organisms (Category II) Live Recombinant Organisms (Category III) Polynucleotide Vaccines (Category IV) Prime-Boost Strategies Reverse Vaccinology Adjuvants Depot Adjuvants Particulate Adjuvants Immunostimulatory Adjuvants Combined Adjuvants Sources of Additional Information 24 The Use of Vaccines p Chapter Outline Key Points Administration of Vaccines Multiple-Antigen Vaccines Vaccination Schedules Initial Series Revaccination and Duration of Immunity Vaccination Strategies Vaccine Assessment Failures in Vaccination Incorrect Administration Failure to Respond Correct Administration and Response Adverse Consequences of Vaccination “Normal� Toxicity Inappropriate Responses Errors in Manufacture or Administration Vaccine-Associated Autoimmune Disease Vaccine-Induced Osteodystrophy Injection Site–Associated Sarcomas Adverse Effect Principles Production, Presentation, and Control of Vaccines Sources of Additional Information 25 Immunity to Bacteria and Fungi p Chapter Outline Key Points Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity Immunity to Toxigenic Bacteria Immunity to Invasive Bacteria Heat-Shock Protein Response Immunity to Intracellular Bacteria Modification of Bacterial Disease by Immune Responses Evasion of the Immune Response Evasion of Innate Immunity Evasion of Adaptive Immunity Some Antibacterial Vaccines Toxoids Bacterins Living Bacterial Vaccines Adverse Consequences of the Immune Responses Serology of Bacterial Infections Immunity to Fungal Infections Sources of Additional Information 26 Immunity to Viruses p Chapter Outline Key Points Virus Structure and Antigens Pathogenesis of Virus Infections Innate Immunity Pattern-Recognition Receptors: Antiviral Sensors Interferons Antiviral Activities Adaptive Immunity Antibody-Mediated Immunity Cell-Mediated Immunity Evasion of the Immune Response By Viruses Negative Cytokine Regulation Alterations in Antigen Processing Pathways Evasion of Natural Killer Cells Alterations in the B Cell System Alterations in the T Cell System Viral Evasion Through Latency Inhibition of Apoptosis Adverse Consequences of Immunity to Viruses Antibody-Dependent Enhancement Some Selected Viral Diseases Aleutian Disease of Mink Feline Infectious Peritonitis Equine Infectious Anemia Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Canine Distemper Some Antiviral Vaccines Serology of Viral Diseases Tests to Detect and Identify Viruses Tests to Detect and Identify Antiviral Antibodies Sources of Additional Information 27 Immunity to Parasites p Chapter Outline Key Points Immunity to Protozoa Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity Leishmaniasis Evasion of the Immune Response Adverse Consequences Vaccination Immunity to Helminths Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity Humoral Immunity Immunity to Tissue Helminths Eosinophils and Parasite Destruction Immunity to Adult Helminths Variations Among Worms Cell-Mediated Immunity Evasion of the Immune Response Evasion of Innate Responses Evasion of Acquired Responses Vaccination Immunity to Arthropods Demodectic Mange Flea Bite Dermatitis Tick Infestation Hypoderma Infestation Sources of Additional Information 28 Type I Hypersensitivity p Chapter Outline Key Points Induction of Type I Hypersensitivity Immunoglobulin E Immunoglobulin E Production Immunoglobulin E Receptors Mast Cells Structure and Location Life History Response of Mast Cells to Antigen Mast Cell–Derived Mediators Interleukin-33 Regulation of Mast Cell Degranulation Regulation of the Response to Mast Cell Mediators Mast Cells in Infections Late-Phase Reaction Basophils Eosinophils Eosinophil Activation Eosinophil Degranulation and Mediators Other Cells Clinical Type I Hypersensitivity Allergic Anaphylaxis Specific Allergic Conditions Hygiene Hypothesis Milk Allergy Food Allergy Allergic Inhalant Dermatitis and Atopic Dermatitis Allergies to Vaccines and Drugs Allergies to Parasites Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex Diagnosis of Type I Hypersensitivity Treatment of Type I Hypersensitivity Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy Sources of Additional Information 29 Red Cell Antigens and Type II Hypersensitivity p Chapter Outline Key Points Blood Groups Blood Transfusion and Incompatible Transfusions Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Blood Groups, Blood Transfusion, and Hemolytic Disease in Domestic Animals Horses Serological Testing Cattle Serological Testing Bovine neonatal pancytopenia Sheep Serological Testing Pigs Serological Testing Dogs Serological Testing Cats Serological Testing Humans Parentage Testing Hemophagocytic Syndrome Type II Hypersensitivity Reactions to Drugs Type II Hypersensitivity in Infectious Diseases Sources of Additional Information 30 Immune Complexes and Type III Hypersensitivity p Chapter Outline Key Points Classification of Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions Local Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions Blue Eye Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Equine Respiratory Disease Staphylococcal Hypersensitivity Generalized Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions Serum Sickness Glomerulonephritis Type I Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Type II Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Type III Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Clinical Features of Glomerulonephritis Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy Swine Glomerulopathy Dirofilariasis Finnish-Landrace Glomerulopathy Canine Glomerulopathy Other Immune Complex–Mediated Lesions Purpura Hemorrhagica Dietary Hypersensitivity Polyarthritis Drug Hypersensitivities Sources of Additional Information 31 Type IV Hypersensitivity: p Chapter Outline p Key Points The Tuberculin Reaction Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity Tuberculin Reactions in Cattle Tuberculin Reactions in Other Animals Johnin Reactions Other Skin Tests Pathological Consequences of Type IV Hypersensitivity Tubercle Formation Allergic Contact Dermatitis Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Measurement of Cell-Mediated Immunity In Vivo Techniques In Vitro Techniques Sources of Additional Information 32 Organ Graft Rejection p Chapter Outline p Key Points Grafting of Organs Allograft Rejection Histocompatibility Antigens Renal Allografts Clinical Allograft Rejection Pathogenesis of Allograft Rejection Innate Mechanisms Adaptive Mechanisms Graft Destruction Prevention of Allograft Rejection Skin Allografts Liver Allografts Cardiac Allografts Corneal Allografts Bone Allografts Bone Marrow Allografts Graft-Versus-Host Disease Xenografts Allografts and the Reproductive System Sperm Pregnancy Sources of Additional Information 33 Resistance to Tumors p Chapter Outline p Key Points Tumors as Allografts Tumor Antigens Immunity to Tumors Inflammation and Tumors Cellular Defenses Natural Killer Cells Cytotoxic T Cells Macrophage-Mediated Immunity Antibody-Mediated Immunity Failure of Immunity to Tumor Cells Immunosuppression CD95 Ligand Expression Regulatory Cells Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Blocking Antibodies Tumor Cell Selection Tumor Immunotherapy Active Immunotherapy Passive Immunotherapy Cytokine Therapy T Cell Therapy Antibody Therapy Immunoprevention Some Specific Tumors Injection Site–Associated Sarcomas Transmissible Venereal Sarcoma Devil Facial Tumor Disease Papillomas Equine Sarcoids Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma Swine Melanoma Lymphoid Tumors Bovine Lymphosarcoma Lymphomas in Other Species Avian Lymphoid Tumors Sources of Additional Information 34 Autoimmunity: p Chapter Outline p Key Points Induction of Autoimmunity Normal Immune Responses Antigens Hidden in Cells or Tissues (Cryptic Antigens) Antigens Generated by Molecular Changes Receptor Editing Abnormal Immune Responses Failure of Regulatory Control Infection-Induced Autoimmunity Molecular Mimicry Epitope Spreading Bystander Activation Microchimerism Predisposing Factors Genetic Predisposition Breed Predispositions Intestinal Microflora Mechanisms of Tissue Damage in Autoimmunity Type I Hypersensitivity Type II Hypersensitivity Type III Hypersensitivity Type IV Hypersensitivity Sources of Additional Information 35 Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases p Chapter Outline p Key Points Autoimmune Endocrine Disease Lymphocytic Thyroiditis Hyperthyroidism Lymphocytic Parathyroiditis Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Atrophic Lymphocytic Pancreatitis Autoimmune Adrenalitis Autoimmune Neurological Disease Equine Polyneuritis Canine Polyneuritis Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis Degenerative Myelopathy Cerebellar Degeneration Autoimmune Eye Disease Equine Recurrent Uveitis Uveodermatological Syndrome Autoimmune Reproductive Diseases Autoimmune Skin Diseases Hair Follicle Diseases Alopecia Areata Blistering Diseases Skin Basement Membrane Diseases Bullous Pemphigoid Linear Immunoglobulin A Dermatosis Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita Relapsing Polychondritis Autoimmune Nephritis Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia Diagnosis Immune Suppression of Hematopoiesis Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia Autoimmune Muscle Disease Myasthenia Gravis Polymyositis Autoimmune Masticatory Myositis Canine Cardiomyopathy Chronic Active Hepatitis Sources of Additional Information 36 Systemic Immunological Diseases p Chapter Outline p Key Points Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Pathogenesis Equine Lupus Canine Lupus Feline Lupus Diagnosis Treatment Discoid Lupus Erythematosus Sjögren’s Syndrome Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Chronic Superficial Keratitis Autoimmune Polyarthritis Erosive Polyarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Nonerosive Polyarthritis Equine Polyarthritis/Polysynovitis Canine Polyarthritis Lupus Polyarthritis Polyarthritis with Polymyositis Idiopathic Polyarthritis Feline Polyarthritis Cruciate Ligament Rupture Dermatomyositis Immune Vasculitis Sources of Additional Information 37 Primary Immunodeficiencies p Chapter Outline p Key Points Inherited Defects in Innate Immunity Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome Pelger-Huët Anomaly Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Canine Cyclical Neutropenia Other Examples of Defective Neutrophil Function Inherited Defects in the Adaptive Immune System Immunodeficiencies of Horses Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Molecular Basis of Equine Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Immunoglobulin Deficiencies Common Variable Immunodeficiency Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome Incidence of Immunodeficiencies Immunodeficiencies of Cattle Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Selective Immunoglobulin G2 Deficiency Hereditary Parakeratosis Other Immunodeficiencies Immunodeficiencies of Dogs Combined Immunodeficiencies Immunoglobulin Deficiencies T Cell Deficiencies Uncharacterized Immunodeficiencies Immunodeficiencies of Cats Hypotrichosis with Thymic Aplasia Immunodeficiencies of Mice Nude Mice Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Mice Moth-Eaten Mice X-Linked Immunodeficiency Immunodeficiencies of Humans T Cell Deficiencies B Cell Deficiencies Immunodeficiencies of Chickens Sources of Additional Information 38 Secondary Immunological Defects p Chapter Outline p Key Points Virus-Induced Immunosuppression Retrovirus Infections in Primates Type D Simian Retroviruses Retrovirus Infections in Cats Feline Leukemia FOCMA Transmission Pathogenesis Tumors Immunosuppression T Cell Defects B Cell Defects FeLV-AIDS Immunity Diagnosis Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission Pathogenesis Immunosuppression Immunity and Diagnosis Treatment Retrovirus Infections in Cattle Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus Retrovirus Infections in Dogs Circovirus Infections Juvenile Llama Immunodeficiency Syndrome Other Causes of Secondary Immunodeficiency Microbial and Parasite Infections Toxin-Induced Immunosuppression Malnutrition and Immunity Adipose Tissue Exercise and Immunity Posttraumatic Immune Deficiency Age and Immunity Innate Immunity Lymphoid Organs B Cell Responses T Cell Responses Other Secondary Immunodeficiencies Sources of Additional Information 39 Drugs and Other Agents That Affect the Immune System p Chapter Outline p Key Points Suppression of the Immune System Nonspecific Immunosuppression Radiation Corticosteroids Cytotoxic Drugs Alkylating Agents Folic Acid Antagonists DNA Synthesis Inhibitors Selective Immunosuppression Calcineurin Inhibitors Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors Leflunomide Depletion of Lymphocytes Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy Stimulation of the Immune System Bacteria and Bacterial Products Complex Carbohydrates Immunoenhancing Drugs Vitamins Cytokines Sources of Additional Information 40 Evolution of the Immune System p Chapter Outline p Key Points Immunity in Invertebrates Physical Barriers Innate Immunity Phagocytosis Prophenoloxidase (proPO)-Activating System Antimicrobial Peptides RNA Interference Adaptive Immunity Graft Rejection Immunity in Vertebrates Immunity in Cyclostomes Immunological “Big Bang� Immunity in Jawed Fish Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity Immunoglobulins Cell-Mediated Immunity Immunity in Amphibians Urodele Amphibians Anuran Amphibians Immunity in Reptiles Immunity in Birds Avian Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules Immunoglobulin Classes Immunoglobulin Y Immunoglobulin M Immunoglobulin A Generation of Antibody Diversity Immunity in Monotremes and Marsupials Mammalian Phylogeny Fever Sources of Additional Information 41 Immunodiagnostic Techniques p Chapter Outline p Key Points Reagents Used in Serological Tests Serum Antiglobulins Monoclonal Antibodies Specific Antibodies Primary Binding Tests Radioimmunoassays Radioimmunoassays for Antibody Radioimmunoassays for Antigen Immunofluorescence Assays Direct Fluorescent Antibody Tests Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Tests Particle Concentration Fluorescence Immunoassays Immunoenzyme Assays Microwell Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Tests Western Blotting Immunohistochemistry Disposable Immunoassay Devices Immunofiltration Immunochromatography Antibody Labels The Flow Cytometer Secondary Binding Tests Precipitation Tests Immunodiffusion Radial Immunodiffusion Immunoelectrophoresis and Related Techniques Titration of Antibodies Agglutination Antiglobulin Tests Passive Agglutination Viral Hemagglutination and Its Inhibition Complement Fixation Cytotoxicity Tests Assays in Living Systems Neutralization Tests Protection Tests Molecular Methods Diagnostic Applications of Immunological Tests Sources of Additional Information Appendices Appendix 1 Annotated List of Selected CD Molecules Appendix 2 Some Selected Cytokines Glossary Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Abbreviations
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