Venta Belgarum: Prehistoric, Roman, and Post-roman Winchester

Cover
Pre-title
Title Page
Copyright information page
CONTRIBUTORS
GENERAL EDITOR\'S PREFACE
AUTHOR\'S PREFACE
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
	Fragment of an imperial inscription reading … ṆTO … found in Insula VIII. The letters, one Roman foot high (290 mm), are the largest known from Roman Britain (580 x 580 mm; photograph by John Crook; © Hampshire Cultural Trust/Winchester City Council). For
	PART 1
		Illus. 1.1 Winchester from the air in 2017, north to top, showing the line of the Roman town wall (later followed by the medieval city wall) in red (after Ottaway 2017, Fig. 1.3; © Hampshire GIS Consortium).
		Illus. 1.2 The location of Winchester in Britain. The boundary of the English county of Hampshire is marked with red dashes.
		Illus. 1.3 The locations of the main towns and peoples of Roman Britain (based on Mattingly 2007, Fig. 10, with revisions).
		Illus. 1.4   Sites excavated by the Winchester Excavations Committee, 1961–71 (1:6250). For a key to the site codes, see Table 1.1.
	PART 2
		Illus. 2.1 Winchester and the surrounding region: topography (1:500,000; WS 10, Illus. 2.1, with additions). The boundary of the county of Hampshire is marked with red dashes.
		Illus. 2.2 The Winchester area showing the main Iron Age and Roman features in relation to the topography. Geographical features mentioned in the main text: 1 Fulflood valley; 2 Sleeper’s Bottom; 3 West Hill; 4 Sleeper’s Hill; 5 St Giles’s Hill; 6 Winnall
		Illus. 2.3 Findspots of Palaeolithic stone tools in the Winchester area. Places mentioned in the main text are labelled.
		Illus. 2.4 Findspots of Mesolithic stone tools in the Winchester area.
		Illus. 2.5 Neolithic sites and finds in the Winchester area. Sites and findspots mentioned in the main text: 1 Longwood House; 2 Morestead Warren; 3 St Swithun’s School; 4 Winnall Down; 5 Barton Farm; 6 Burntwood Farm; 7 South Winchester Park and Ride; 8
		Illus. 2.6 Beaker and Early Bronze Age sites and finds in the Winchester area. Sites mentioned in the main text: 1 Twyford Down; 2 Easton Lane; 3 Easton Down; 4 Mews Lane; 5 Kings Worthy; 6 Barton Farm; 7 Rowlings Road.
		Illus. 2.7 Middle and Late Bronze Age sites and finds in the Winchester area. Sites mentioned in the main text: 1 Easton Lane; 2 Winnall Down; 3 Winnall Allotments; 4 Twyford Down; 5 South Winchester Park and Ride; 6 Tower Street.
		Illus. 2.8 Early Iron Age sites and finds in the Winchester area. Sites mentioned in the main text are labelled.
		Illus. 2.9 Iron Age Winchester.
		Illus. 2.10 The later Middle Iron Age Oram’s Arbour enclosure (1:4000). Numbered observations of the enclosure ditch are listed in the appendix on pp.  49–50.
		Illus. 2.11 Winchester (Venta Belgarum) and the surrounding region in the Roman period (1:500,000; based on data from the Ordnance Survey map of Roman Britain, fifth edition (2001) and Allen et al. 2015).
		Illus. 2.12 Roman Winchester by c. A.D. 90.
		Illus. 2.13 Roman Winchester: the insulae.
		Illus. 2.14 Roman Winchester by c.350, including all known observations of significant Roman buildings (1:6250). Not all buildings shown were necessarily standing c.350. For details, see Part 4, Gazetteer 3, below, pp. 510–64. For the Roman street numbers
		Illus. 2.15 Roman Winchester with its suburbs and cemeteries by c.350 (1:10,000). For a more detailed plan of the northern suburb and cemetery, see Illus. A.2.
		Illus. 2.16 Roman Winchester by c.350, showing areas of known buildings and other features in the context of the street plan: east–west streets 1–5; north–south streets A–H.
		Illus. 2.17 The late Roman cemetery at Lankhills as excavated in 1971, looking east-south-east. The dark strip across the middle is the ditch (F. 12) which marked the original eastern boundary of the cemetery. After c.350 burials extended eastwards over a
		Illus. 2.18 Winchester c.410–650. ACS, Assize Courts South 1963–5; BR, The Brooks, Middle Brook Street, 1987–8; BS, Lower Brook Street 1965–71; CG, Cathedral Green 1962–70; SLH, The Slaughter House, St George’s Street, 1957; SMCW, St Martin’s Close, Winna
		Illus. 2.19 Early Anglo-Saxon (fifth to seventh centuries) sites and finds in the Winchester area (excluding the walled area of Winchester, see Illus. 2.18). Sites mentioned in the main text: 1 St Martin’s Close, Winnall; 2 Francis Gardens, Abbotts Barton
		Illus. 2.20 Winchester and the Itchen Valley in the fifth to seventh centuries (excluding sites and finds from within the walled area of Winchester, cf. Illus. 2.18). Some closely situated isolated finds have been plotted with a single symbol, cf. Illus.
		Illus. 2.21 Winchester: the Roman street plan overlain by the Anglo-Saxon street-plan of the mid to late ninth century (1:6250). For information about the development of the Anglo-Saxon streets, see Biddle 2017b, 27–9, and Biddle 2020.
	PART 3
		Illus. 3.1 Key to the conventions used on sections in Part 3. On the sections for Castle Yard, Cathedral Car Park, Cathedral Green, Wolvesey, Lower Brook Street, and Assize Courts South, medieval and later layers have been left plain or omitted, allowing
		Illus. 3.2 Tower Street 1964, site plan, showing the line of the former western wall of the Roman town and medieval city, with the lines of the published sections in red (1:400).
		Illus. 3.3 Tower Street 1960, section west–east through the Roman defences (Cunliffe 1962, Fig. 3, re-scaled to 1:100; © Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society).
		Illus. 3.4 Tower Street 1964, general view, looking south-east from Sussex Street (cf. Illus. 1.4) across the wide hollow of the infilled and grassed-over medieval city ditch towards Trench V (in the shaded area below the tree, centre-left) and the west e
		Illus. 3.5 Tower Street 1964, plan of Trenches VII, VIII, X, XI, XIII, and XIV, showing later Middle Iron Age features (F.ph. 2), including a square setting of four post-pits (Post-holes 34, 36, 38, and 42) offset to the west within a circular gully and o
		Illus. 3.6 Tower Street 1964, Trenches VII, VIII, X, XI, XIII, and XIV, looking south-west, showing the later Middle Iron Age (F.ph. 2) square setting of four post-pits (Post-holes 34, 36, 38, and 42; marked out by three of the ranging rods) set within a
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		Illus. 3.9
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		Illus. 3.8
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		Illus. 3.7
		Illus. 3.7 (Pages 114-16) Tower Street 1964, Trench I/VI south face, section east–west through the Roman defences (1:50).
		Illus. 3.8 (Pages 114-16) Tower Street 1964, Trench II south face, section east–west through the Roman defences (1:50).
		Illus. 3.9 (Pages 117-19) Tower Street 1964, Trench III/IV south face, section east–west through the Roman defences (1:50).
		Illus. 3.11 Tower Street 1964, Trench III, the turf revetment to the rear of the chalk and flint layered foundation of Rampart I (F.ph. 4) (cf. Illus. 3.9), looking south. Ranging rod in feet (3289).
		Illus. 3.10 Tower Street 1964, Trench III, the turf-revetted and chalk and flint layered foundation of Rampart I (F.ph. 4) (cf. Illus. 3.9), looking south-west. Ranging rod in feet (3308).
		Illus. 3.12 Tower Street 1964, Trench III, Roman Ramparts I and II (F.ph. 4 and 5; cf. Illus. 3.9), looking south-east. The turf revetment to the rear of the layered chalk and flint foundation at the front of Rampart I is lower right. To the left, the bro
		Illus. 3.13 Tower Street 1964, Trench II, a preserved portion of the rear (east) face of the Roman town wall (F.ph. 7; cf. Illus. 3.8), looking south-west. The wall is set on the chalk and flint foundation at the front (west) of Roman Rampart I (F.ph. 4).
		Illus. 3.14 Tower Street 1964, Trench IX, west–east section through the front of the Roman defences. The mid to late ninth-century? gully (F.ph. 8, filled with Layer 8) is visible at the base of the Roman town wall (1:25).
		Illus. 3.15 Tower Street 1964, Trench IX, the front of the Roman defences, looking north. For explanation of visible features, see Illus. 3.14. Ranging rod in feet (C3147B).
		Illus. 3.16 Castle Avenue (CA), Castle Yard (CY), Assize Courts (ACN, ACS, and ACD), and Trafalgar House (TH), plan showing the course of the south ditch of the later Middle Iron Age Oram’s Arbour enclosure (for a complete plan, see Illus. 2.10), the earl
		Illus. 3.17 Castle Avenue (CA), Castle Yard (CY), Assize Courts (ACN, ACS, and ACD), and Trafalgar House (TH), plan showing the course of the south ditch of the later Middle Iron Age Oram’s Arbour enclosure and of the medieval defences of Winchester Castl
		Illus. 3.18 Castle Yard 1967–71, plan showing in red the lines of the five published sections. The site grid is in feet (1:300).
		Illus. 3.19 Castle Yard 1968, general view, looking north-west (cf. Illus. 3.18). The rear of the Roman town wall (Wall 13 with Wall 14; F.ph. 10) is visible at the top in the north-west corner of the excavated area (C9283).
		Illus. 3.20 Castle Yard, the Roman and medieval defences on public display (in 2018) at the north end of Castle Yard, looking north-west. Roman Wall 14 (F.ph. 10), the base of a stair to the wall-walk, projects to the rear of the Roman town wall (Wall 13;
		Illus. 3.21 Castle Yard 1970, Trench XR, section south–north on 578.66/586.50E. The Iron Age east–west ditch (F.ph. 2), visible beneath the east passage of the medieval sally port, is cut to the north by the Norman castle ditch (1:100). For the line of th
		Illus. 3.22 Castle Yard 1969, Trenches IX and XI, section south–north on 537.44/537.33E (Trench IX) and 535.66/524.20E (Trench XI), cutting through the Roman defences (F.ph. 7, 9, and 10), which seal the south ditch of the later Middle Iron Age Oram’s Arb
		Illus. 3.23 Castle Yard 1969, Trench XI, section through the Roman defences, looking south-west (cf. Illus. 3.22). The Late Iron Age north–south gully (F.ph. 3) and the south lip of the Iron Age east–west ditch (F.ph. 2, cf. F.ph. 5) are visible in the fo
		Illus. 3.24 Castle Yard 1969, Trench IX, section west–east on 251.33N. The Late Iron Age north–south gully (F.ph. 3) is overlain by the rear (south part) of Roman Rampart II (F.ph. 9), which is itself overlain by the eight successive surfaces of a late An
		Illus. 3.25 Castle Yard 1971, Trench XXIII, section south–north on 485.00/483.50E, through the front of the Roman defences. The mid to late ninth-century? gully (F. 18; F. ph. 12) is visible in front of the Roman town wall (1:50).
		Illus. 3.26 Castle Yard 1968, Trench XI (at the north end of the castle), looking north. The Roman town wall (Wall 13; F.ph. 10) and the contemporary rectangular projection to its rear for a stair to the wall-walk (Wall 14; F.ph. 10) can be seen in the ce
		Illus. 3.27 Castle Yard 1969, Trench XI, looking west, the rear (south) face of the Roman town wall (Wall 13; F.ph. 10) with its foundation trench cutting Rampart II (F.ph. 9) (C10265A).
		Illus. 3.28 Castle Yard 1969, Trench XI, looking north, the internal (south) face of the Roman town wall (Wall 13; F.ph. 10) with its thick chalk and flint foundation extending behind it. The wall’s foundation trench is cut through the Rampart II bank (F.
		Illus. 3.30 Castle Yard 1971, Trench XXIII, north part, looking south, the base of the external (north) face of the Roman town wall (Wall 13; F.ph. 10) overhung by the medieval refacing (Wall 11; F.ph. 38). The mid to late ninth-century? gully F. 18 (F.ph
		Illus. 3.29 Castle Yard 1971, Trench XXIII, looking north-west, the internal (south) face of the Roman town wall (Wall 13; F.ph. 10), showing the foundation trench of the wall cut into Rampart II (F.ph. 9) (C12181A).
		Illus. 3.31 Castle Yard 1971, Trench XXIII, looking south-west, the mid to late ninth-century? gully F. 18 (F.ph. 12) cut along the base of the external (north) face of the Roman wall (cf. Illus. 3.25). The base of the Roman wall (Wall 13; F.ph. 10) is ob
		Illus. 3.32 Castle Yard 1977, Trench XXIX, section south–north in front (north) of the town wall, cut by Winchester Museums Service in 1977 (cf. Illus. 3.33). The mid to late ninth-century? gully (F.ph. 12) is visible at the base of the Roman town wall (W
		Illus. 3.33 Castle Yard 1977, Trench XXIX, looking west, the south–north section in front (north) of the town wall, cut by Winchester Museums Service in 1977 (for an explanation of the visible features, see Illus. 3.32). The ranging rod is marked in 50 cm
		Illus. 3.34. South Gate 1971, plan showing the Roman defences in relation to the nearby modern roads (1:300).
		Illus. 3.35 South Gate 1971, the excavated area, looking west across the junction of St Cross Road-Southgate Street with St Swithun Street. The Roman town wall (Wall 1; F.ph. 7) and its north return (Wall 2; F.ph. 7) are visible in the foreground. The Ang
		Illus. 3.36 South Gate 1971, plan showing in red the lines of the four published sections (1:100).
		Illus. 3.37 (Pages 158-62) South Gate 1971, section east–west on 298 and 297.8N through the Roman defences (Rampart I, Rampart II, and Wall 2; F.ph. 3, 6, and 7) and across the line of the Roman north–south road running towards the south gate (Streets 1–9
		Illus. 3.37
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		Illus. 3.38
		Illus. 3.38 (Pages 164-6) South Gate 1971, section north–south on 121.3E, through the Roman road (Streets 1–7 and 9; F.ph. 2–7, 9, and 11), Anglo-Saxon Wall 3 (F.ph. 15) and its medieval refacings (Walls 6 and 8; both F.ph. 18), Anglo-Saxon ditch F. 14 (F
		Page 167                                                Page 168                                              Page 169
		Illus. 3.39 (Pages 167-9) South Gate 1971, section north–south on 125, 125.30, and 124.90E, through the north-east part of the Roman road, the chalk and gravel layered foundation (F. 18; F.ph. 6) for the front of Rampart II and the overlying fills of holl
		Illus. 3.39
		Illus. 3.40
		Illus. 3.40  (Pages 170-2) South Gate 1971, section north–south on 132.60 and 132.35E, cutting across the line of the Roman defences, including Rampart I (F.ph. 3), Rampart II (F.ph. 6), the Roman town wall (Wall 1; F.ph. 7) and its foundation trench, the
		Illus. 3.41 South Gate 1971, plan showing the five surviving post-holes of the timber six-post gate (F.ph. 3) and its contemporary street (Street 2). The later chalk and gravel foundation (F. 18; F.ph. 6) for the front of Rampart II is shown, as well as t
		Illus. 3.42 South Gate 1971, the post-pits of the Roman timber gate (F.ph. 3) cut to the left by the Anglo-Saxon blocking ditch (F. 14; F.ph. 14). Looking west along the line of the Roman town wall (Wall 1; F.ph. 7) and across its north return (Wall 2; F.
		Illus. 3.43 South Gate 1971, reconstruction drawing of the late first-century A.D. (c. A.D. 70) timber south gate and Rampart I (F.ph. 3).
		Illus. 3.44 South Gate 1971, looking east, Roman Rampart II (F.ph. 6) set on its layered chalk and gravel foundation (F. 18; F.ph. 6) and overlying Rampart I (F.ph. 3). Rampart II is cut by the foundation trench (F. 10) of the Roman town wall (Wall 1; F.p
		Illus. 3.45 South Gate 1971, looking south-east, the layered chalk and gravel footings (F. 18; F.ph. 6) of Roman Rampart II underlying the return of the Roman town wall (Wall 2; F.ph. 7) to the left and the rear of the Anglo-Saxon blocking wall (Wall 3; F
		Illus. 3.46 South Gate 1971, plan showing the Roman town wall (Wall 1; F.ph. 7) and its contemporary northern return (Wall 2) with their foundation trench (F. 10), cut back into the earlier Roman rampart. Hollow F. 19, which was formed during the clearanc
		Illus. 3.47 South Gate 1971, looking south-west, the interior angle of the Roman town wall (Wall 1; F.ph. 7) (left) and its north return (Wall 2; F.ph. 7) (right). Wall 1 rests on the layered chalk and gravel foundation (F. 18; F.ph. 6) of Roman Rampart I
		Illus. 3.48 South Gate 1971, reconstruction drawing of the late Roman south gate, showing the mid to late third-century town wall (F.ph. 7) and its north returns leading to a hypothetical double-arched stone gate. Possible fourth-century bastions (F.ph. 9
		Illus. 3.49 South Gate 1971, plan showing the Anglo-Saxon blocking ditch (F. 14; F.ph. 14) and its relationship to the Roman masonry defences. Fallen rubble from the Roman stone gate (which would have been located immediately to the north of the site) is
		Illus. 3.50 South Gate 1971, the articulated elements of a fallen arched opening still set in its original mortar (F. 1; centre), looking west. Its downward surface would have been the exposed vertical face of the arch, and the upper surface as found woul
		Illus. 3.51 South Gate 1971, plan showing the Anglo-Saxon blocking wall (Wall 3; F.ph. 15) and its relationship to the Roman masonry defences and to the Anglo-Saxon blocking ditch (F. 14; F.ph. 14). Two adult female skeletons (Burials 1 and 2; F.ph. 16) l
		Illus. 3.52 South Gate 1971, looking north-west, the front (south) face of Anglo-Saxon blocking wall Wall 3 (F.ph. 15) overlying Anglo-Saxon blocking ditch F. 14 (F.ph. 14) (C12077A).
		Illus. 3.53 South Gate 1971, looking north-east, Anglo-Saxon Burials 1 (right) and 2 (left) (F.ph. 16) lying in front (south) of Wall 3, the Anglo-Saxon blocking wall (F.ph. 15) (C12054B).
		Illus. 3.54 South Gate 1971, plan showing the thick late Anglo-Saxon and medieval reinforcings (Walls 4, 5, 6, and 7/8; F.ph. 18 and 20) of the Anglo-Saxon wall (Wall 3; F.ph. 15) blocking the opening in the Roman town wall (Walls 1 and 2). The position o
		Illus. 3.55 South Gate 1971, the thick late Anglo-Saxon and medieval reinforcings (Walls 4, 5, 6, and 7/8; F.ph. 18 and 20) of the Anglo-Saxon wall (Wall 3; F.ph. 15) blocking the opening in the Roman town wall (Walls 1 and 2), looking north-west across t
		Illus. 3.56 Cathedral Car Park 1961, Sherriff and Ward’s 1960, and St Maurice’s Church 1958–60, plan of Roman buildings in Insulae I (S. W), II (S. E.), VIII (N. W.), and IX (N. E.), including the streets defining these insulae (1:500). Published I Interi
		Illus. 3.57 Cathedral Car Park 1961, plan of Roman buildings and north–south street, including the east range of the Roman forum in Insula I (Roman Building I.1) and the courtyard house in Insula II (Roman Building II.1) (cf. Illus. 3.56, Building 1 (S.W.
		Illus. 3.58 Cathedral Car Park 1961, general view, looking south-west across the site of the eleventh-century west range of Building A (F.ph. 35), with eleventh-century latrine Pits 15 and 16 in flint-walled sunken ‘rooms’ in the background. Roman Well 2
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		Illus. 3.59 (Pages 198-203) Cathedral Car Park 1961, section east–west along the south face of Trenches VIII and IX, cutting across the Roman north–south street and street-side ditches, and the east range of the forum (Building I.1), Rooms 1, 5, 6 (?court
		Illus. 3.60 Cathedral Car Park 1961, Trench IX, looking west at Roman Walls D (F.ph. 2), F (F.ph. 3–4), and G (F.ph. 4–5) of the east range of the forum (Building I.1), visible in the upper half of the photograph (cf. Illus. 3.57). Wall F (under the rod)
		Illus. 3.61 Cathedral Car Park 1961, Trench IX extension, looking north-west at the junction of Wall C and Wall D (straight-jointed against Wall C; both F.ph. 2) of the east range of the forum (Building I.1), visible to centre-left (cf. Illus. 3.57). The
		Illus. 3.62 Cathedral Car Park 1961, Trench VIII, Roman Building II.1, looking south-east at traces of a fragmentary mosaic panel in the red tessellated floor of the corridor (Room 1). The west wall of the corridor at this point (visible in the foreground
		Illus. 3.63 Cathedral Car Park 1961, Trench VIII, Roman Building II.1, looking east, detail of the mosaic panel in the red tessellated floor of the corridor (Room 1). Foot scale in inches (C29A). See also Illus. 7.55.
		Illus. 3.64 Cathedral Car Park 1961, Trench X, Roman Building II.1, looking west, chalk-lined Well 2 in the north part of the courtyard, filled during the late third century (F.ph. 18). The slots for the well’s wooden superstructure are visible on its eas
		Illus. 3.65 Cathedral Car Park 1961, Trench VIII, looking south-east, the latest surface of the Roman north–south street and west ditch (F.ph. 13), overlain by post-Roman cobbling (F.ph. 6); cut by Pit 4 (F.ph. 28) and Anglo-Saxon grave cuts (F.ph. 32) (c
		Illus. 3.66 Cathedral Green 1969, looking east from the air during the last excavation season (no photograph number).
		Illus. 3.67 Cathedral Green 1962–9, trench layout and sequence of excavation, showing the site grid, with the National Grid lines E482 and N293 superimposed (1:500).
		Illus. 3.68 Cathedral Green 1962–9, plan of the Roman buildings and other major features including an east–west Roman street, with the south range of the forum (Building I.1) in Insula I to the north and traces of a building or buildings in Insula IV to t
		Illus. 3.69 Cathedral Green 1969, Trench XXXIX, section south–north on 729.50/730.88E through the Roman east–west street (cf. Illus. 3.68). The street is overlain and cut by Anglo-Saxon graves (1:25).
		Illus. 3.70 Cathedral Green 1969, Trench XXXIX, looking north-west, a section through the Roman east–west street and down to natural tufa (chalk brash) (cf. Illus. 3.69). The street is overlain and cut by Anglo-Saxon graves (C10572C).
		Illus. 3.71 Cathedral Green, Re-opening 1969, section north–south on 782 and 777.18/776.1E, cutting through the south wall of the forum precinct (W. 202; F.ph. 7), the north ditch of the Roman east–west street (re-cut on several occasions), and the north
		Illus. 3.72 Cathedral Green, Re-opening 1969, section east–west on 499/499.40N, cutting across late and post-Roman cobblings (F. 89 and F. 90, both F.ph. 14; F. 85, F.ph. 15; and F. 96, F.ph. 17), which seal the north ditch of the Roman east–west street (
		Illus. 3.73 Cathedral Green 1966–8, Trench XXVI–VII, section south–north on 764/765.08E, cutting through the tessellated floor and overlying decay or destruction levels of the forum’s added south wing (Room 11; F.ph. 7). This floor seals a thick sequence
		Illus. 3.74 Cathedral Green 1965, Trench XXI, north end, looking north. In the foreground, two ?pre-forum or forum (Building I.1) construction beam-slots (F. 142; F.ph. 3), crossing at right angles to the forum wall, with a round post-hole (PH. 65) at the
		Illus. 3.75
		Illus. 3.75 (Pages 248-52) Cathedral Green 1963, Trenches VII and VIII, section south–north along their west face on 780.55/783.45E, cutting across Walls C, B, and A (labelled as W. 13, W. 14, and W. 20 respectively), and Rooms 2 and 1 of the south range
		Illus. 3.76 Cathedral Green 1963, Trench VI, section south–north along the west face on 786.05/787.20E, cutting across Walls D and C (labelled as W. 8 and W. 13 respectively), and Room 5, of the south range of the forum (Building I.1) (1:25).
		Illus. 3.77 Cathedral Green 1963, Trench V, section south–north along the west face on 778/779.44E, cutting across Roman Walls E and D (labelled as W. 10 and W. 8 respectively) and Room 7 of the south range of the forum (Building I.1) (1:25).
		Illus. 3.78 Cathedral Green 1965, Trenches XXI and XXII, section south–north on 789E, cutting across Walls E and D (labelled as W. 33 and W. 30 respectively), and Room 8, of the south range of the forum (Building I.1) (1:25).
		Illus. 3.79 Cathedral Green 1963, Trench VII, looking north, towards Trench VIII. The north end of the first tessellated floor (F. 20; F.ph. 4) in Room 2 of the south range of the forum (Building I.1) is running up over a chalky-clay step which itself sea
		Illus. 3.80 Cathedral Green 1963, Trench VIII, looking south, towards Trench VII. In the foreground one of the original east–west walls (Wall B; F.ph. 4; cf. Illus. 3.79) of the south range of the forum (Building I.1) is overlain to the right by a late Ro
		Illus. 3.81 Cathedral Green 1963, Trench VII, south end, looking south-east, Wall C (F.ph. 4) of the south range of the forum (Building I.1). The scar of a pier, which appears to have been completely removed during the Norman robbing of New Minster, can b
		Illus. 3.83 Cathedral Green 1963, Trench VI, south end, looking towards the south-east corner of Room 5 of the south range of the forum (Building I.1) and showing the junction of east–west Wall D and north–south Wall 12 (F.ph. 4). A tile pier lies on top
		Illus. 3.82 Cathedral Green 1963, Trench VI, north end, looking east, Wall C (F.ph. 4) of the south range of the forum (Building I.1). The tile base of a pier on top of the wall projects from the east section (C2118A).
		Illus. 3.84 Cathedral Green 1963, Trench V, north end, looking north-east, Wall D (F.ph. 4) of the south range of the forum (Building I.1). The ranging rod rests on the mortar bedding for a pier which had been set on the wall but had been robbed (F.ph. 18
		Illus. 3.85 Cathedral Green 1965, Trench XXI, north end, looking west. To the right is the top of Wall D (F.ph. 4) of the south range of the forum (Building I.1), with an offset pier on top built of flints, tile, and green sandstone blocks, which here had
		Illus. 3.86 Cathedral Green 1964, Trench XA, north–south section along the east face on 777.15/776.83E. The outer face of Wall E (labelled as W. 21), the south wall of the south range of the forum (Building I.1), can be seen below W. 128, the south wall o
		Illus. 3.87 Cathedral Green 1964, Trench XA, looking north, the south face of the outer wall of the south range of the forum (Wall E; F.ph. 4), below the south wall of the nave of New Minster (Wall 128). The Roman wall comprises a course of very large gre
		Illus. 3.88
		Cathedral Green 1965, Trench XXI and XXII baulk, looking north-east, the south wall of the south range of the forum (Wall E; F.ph. 4) beneath the south wall of the south transept of New Minster. The Roman wall of mortared flints has a flat mortar top (bel
		Illus. 3.89 Cathedral Green 1968, Trenches XXVI–VII, XXIX, and XXX, looking north at the Roman building with tessellated floor (Room 11; F.ph. 7) added to the south side of the forum (Building I.1) in the late second or early third century, along the east
		Illus. 3.90 Cathedral Green 1968, Trench XXVI–VII, Roman building with tessellated floor (Room 11; F.ph. 7), looking south. The south wall of the nave of New Minster is visible in the foreground. The foundation of the north-west corner of Old Minster’s se
		Illus. 3.91 Cathedral Green 1968, Trench XXVI–VII, Roman building with tessellated floor (Room 11; F.ph. 7), looking south-east, showing the projecting tile course on the exterior face of the west wall with red plaster rendering above (C9146A).
		Illus. 3.92 Cathedral Green 1968, Trench XXVI–VII, Roman building with tessellated floor (Room 11; F.ph. 7), looking north-west, showing the projecting tile course on the interior face of the west wall, rendered with white plaster above a quarter-round fi
		Illus. 3.93 Cathedral Green 1968, Trench XXVI–VII, Roman building with tessellated floor (Room 11; F.ph. 7), looking south-west, showing the mortared tile interior of the south-west corner. Narrow construction trenches can be seen in front of the walls, c
		Illus. 3.94 Cathedral Green, Re-opening 1969, looking west at the surviving oolitic limestone slabs of the floor of the seventh-century east porticus of Old Minster (F.ph. 20) which here seal post-Roman cobbling (F. 96; F.ph. 17) and the south wall of the
		Illus. 3.95 Cathedral Green, Re-opening 1969, looking south, the inner face of the south wall of the forum precinct (Wall 202; F.ph. 7). The wall has a plastered face above a single tile course. A mortar-mixing pit in the foreground, (F. 82; F.ph. 8) appr
		Illus. 3.96 Cathedral Green 1963, Trench VIII, north end, looking west, limestone flagstones (F. 23; F.ph. 14) forming the late Roman surface of the central courtyard of the forum (Building I.1). The flagstone with ripples is probably Horsham Stone; the t
		Illus. 3.97 Cathedral Green 1962–9, plan showing in blue the post-Roman but pre-Old Minster features (F.ph. 16–19), superimposed on the plan of the south range of the Roman forum (Building I.1) and the adjacent east–west street in black (cf. Illus. 3.68).
		Illus. 3.98 Cathedral Green, Re-openings 1965 (left) and 1969 (right), looking north, post-Roman cobbling and other features (F.ph. 17) on top of the Roman east–west street. To the north of the cobbling, the south wall of the forum precinct (F.ph. 7) runs
		Illus. 3.99 Cathedral Green 1970, trench layout and site grid with National Grid line N293 superimposed. For the Cathedral Green trenches of 1962–9, see Illus. 3.67 (1:500).
		Illus. 3.100 Cathedral Green 1970, Roman Building II.4, with the predicted line of the Roman north–south street between Insulae I and II (for this street further north, see Cathedral Car Park 1961, Illus. 3.56 and 3.57). The coordinates are those of the 1
		Illus. 3.101 Wolvesey (1996), looking east from the air at the remains of the medieval palace (centre) with the south-east corner of the city wall and the River Itchen beyond. An earth bank of Roman origin survives inside the entire visible length of the
		Illus. 3.102 Wolvesey 1963–71, plan of the medieval palace, showing the numbered rooms (1–63, referred to elsewhere in this volume as trenches) and in colour the underlying Roman stone buildings (1:500).
		Illus. 3.103 Wolvesey 1963–71, plan of the mid or late second- to mid fourth-century stone buildings to either side of a Roman north–south street (1:400).
		Illus. 3.104 Wolvesey 1971, Roman Building XII.1, original site plan (WP 71 GS/1/5/A5/3) of  Trenches 14, 40, 41, and 50, showing part of the mid second- to mid fourth-century stone house with a small apse on the north side of a corridor and plain tessell
		Illus. 3.105 Wolvesey 1971, Roman Building XXVIII.2.2, original site plan (WP 71 GS/1/5/F5/3) of Trenches 17 and 19, showing part of the mid second- to mid fourth-century stone house, including part of its eastern corridor (Room 15) and courtyard (origina
		Illus. 3.106 Wolvesey 1963–4, 1967, and 1971, Trenches 7–8, 15, and 50, plan of Roman north–south street, showing observed metalling in grey-beige and partial plans of the adjacent buildings in Insula XII (to west) and Insula XXVIII (to east) (1:250). The
		Illus. 3.107 Wolvesey 1971, Trench 50, section west–east on 130.50/129.70N (coordinates in feet) from west to east across the east wall (W. 13; F.ph. 49) of Roman Building XII.1; the Roman north–south street (F.ph. 46–8; the base of the street was not rea
		Illus. 3.108 Wolvesey 1971, Trench 50, section west–east on 145N (coordinates in feet), cutting across parts of Roman Buildings XXVIII.2.1 (F.ph. 24 and 26), XXVIII.2.2 (F.ph. 27, 30, and 31), and XXVIII.2.3 (F.ph. 33), on the east side of the Roman north
		Illus. 3.109 Wolvesey 1971, Trench 50, the surface of the Roman north–south street (below the scale, centre), looking north over the north part of the courtyard of the medieval palace. To the west (left) of the street are the east wall and tessellated pav
		Illus. 3.110 Wolvesey 1969–71, Trenches 14, 40–2, and 50, Roman Building XII.1, plan of mid second- to mid fourth-century stone building, showing numbered rooms, observed walls, foundations, and tessellated floors (1:250).
		Illus. 3.111 Wolvesey 1969, Trench 42, Roman Building XII.1, looking north-east at the walls (F.ph. 49) and tessellated floor (F.ph. 51) of the corridor (Room 1) below the north end of the West hall of the medieval palace, see Illus. 3.102 (C10507A).
		Illus. 3.113 Wolvesey 1971, Trench 41, Roman Building XII.1, looking north-east at the tessellated pavement (F.ph. 51) of the apse (F.ph. 49) in the corridor (Room 2) below Room 41 of the West hall of the medieval palace (C12263A).
		Illus. 3.112 Wolvesey 1971, Trenches 14, 40–1, and 50, Roman Building XII.1, looking west at the walls and tessellated floors of Rooms 2–5 (F.ph. 49 and 51) below the north-east part of the West hall and north-west part of the courtyard of the medieval pa
		Illus. 3.114 Wolvesey 1971, Trench 40, Roman Building XII.1, looking north-east at the tessellated floor (F.ph. 51), walls (F.ph. 49), and doorway (F.ph. 49) in Room 4, with the tessellation of the corridor, Room 2, just visible to the north, below Room 4
		Illus. 3.115 Wolvesey 1967, Trench 12, Roman Building XXVIII.1A.0, the late first-century A.D. timber building, showing numbered rooms, observed beam-slots, foundations, and chalk floors (blue stipple) (1:250).
		Illus. 3.116 Wolvesey 1964 and 1967–8, Trenches 9, 11–12, and 18, Roman Building XXVIII.1A.1, the late first- to mid second-century timber building, showing numbered rooms, observed beam-slots, chalk floors (blue stipple), opus signinum or mortar floors (
		Illus. 3.117 Wolvesey 1967, Trench 12, Roman Building XXVIII.1A.1, looking east at the unopened tile cist (F. 33; F.ph. 6–10) of a late first- to mid second-century infant burial, to the east of the timber building (C8168B).
		Illus. 3.118 Wolvesey 1967, Trench 12, Roman Building XXVIII.1A.1, looking west at the infant burial in a tile cist (F. 33; F.ph. 6–10) of the late first- to mid second-century, to the east of the timber building (C8215A).
		Illus. 3.119 Wolvesey 1964 and 1967–8, Trenches 9–12 and 18, Roman Building XXVIII.1A.2, the mid second- to mid fourth-century stone building, with the late second- to mid fourth-century stone Building XXVIII.1B to the east, showing numbered rooms, observ
		Illus. 3.120 Wolvesey 1967, Trenches 11 and 12, Roman Building XXVIII.1A.2 (F.ph. 11) and the west end of Building XXVIII.1B (F.ph. 16), running at an angle below Rooms 11 and 12 of the medieval palace. Vertical photograph: north to the top. The area has
		Illus. 3.121 Wolvesey 1968, Trench 18, Roman Building XXVIII.1B (F.ph. 16, with Wall 42 added in F.ph. 17), looking west over Room 18 of the medieval palace, with the walls of the north-east part of Building XXVIII.2.2 (Walls 45 and 46; F.ph. 27) visible
		Illus. 3.122 Wolvesey 1964, Trenches 9–12, looking south-east, with a late Roman chalk-lined well (F. 13; F.ph. 14) in the foreground (Trench 9) and the narrow walls of Roman Building XXVIII.1A.2 (F.ph. 11) visible upper centre (Trench 12) in the midst of
		Illus. 3.123 Wolvesey 1971, Trenches 17, 19, and 50, Roman Building XXVIII.2.1, plan of late first- to mid second-century timber building, showing numbered rooms, observed beam-slots, chalk floors (blue stipple), and chalk cobbled yards to north and south
		Illus. 3.124 Wolvesey 1971, Trench 17, section west–east on 140N (coordinates in feet), across Roman Buildings XXVIII.2.0 (F.ph. 21–3),  XXVIII. 2.1 (F.ph. 24 and 26), and  XXVIII. 2.2 (F.ph. 27 and 31), with overlying layers of very late Roman or post-Ro
		Illus. 3.125 Wolvesey 1971, Trench 17, section west–east on 110N (coordinates in feet), across parts of the successive Roman Buildings  XXVIII. 2.1 (F.ph. 24 and 26) and  XXVIII. 2.2 (F.ph. 27 and 29), with overlying rubble of Building  XXVIII. 2.2 (F.ph.
		Illus. 3.126 Wolvesey 1971, Trench 50, Roman Building  XXVIII. 2.1 (F.ph. 24), looking west at the beam-slots and chalk floors defining Rooms 2 and 4–6 of the timber building below the courtyard of the medieval palace (no photograph number).
		Illus. 3.127 Wolvesey 1971, Trench 19, Roman Building XXVIII.2.1, looking north at a chalk-lined well (F. 2653; F.ph. 24) in the eastern verandah, below Room 19 of the medieval hall (C12460A).
		Illus. 3.128 Wolvesey 1963–71, Trenches 8, 10, 15–19, 22, 48, and 50, Roman Building XXVIII.2.2, plan of mid second- to mid fourth-century stone building with numbered rooms, observed walls and foundations, tessellated floors (orange-pink), and tiled entr
		Illus. 3.129 Wolvesey 1971, Trenches 17, 19, and 50, Roman Building XXVIII.2.2, looking east at the walls and tessellated floors of the north–south aisled block (F.ph. 27, with later reconstructions in F.ph. 29). The courtyard of the building lies beyond,
		Illus. 3.130 Wolvesey 1971, Trench 19, section west–east on 127N (coordinates in feet), across a mid to late second-century well in the courtyard of Roman Building  XXVIII. 2.2 (F. 2622, F.ph. 27; filled in the mid fourth century, F.ph 31). The overlying
		Illus. 3.131 Wolvesey 1971, Trench 19, Roman Building XXVIII.2.2, looking north at the chalk-lined well (F. 2622; F.ph. 27) in the courtyard, below the foundations of the west wall (Wall 14) of Room 19 of the medieval East Hall (C12397A).
		Illus. 3.132 Wolvesey 1971, Trench 50, Roman Building XXVIII.2.3, plan of stone building constructed in the mid to ?late fourth century, showing numbered rooms and observed foundations (1:250).
		Illus. 3.133 Wolvesey 1971, Trench 50, Roman Building XXVIII.2.3 (F.ph. 32 and 33), looking north at the chalk foundations of the building on the east side of the Roman north–south street (below scale). The west wall (Wall 55; F.ph. 27) of Room 10 of earl
		Illus. 3.134 Wolvesey 1971, Trench 50, Roman Building XXVIII.2.3, looking west at an oven of tiles and mortared chalk blocks (F. 2586; F.ph. 34) in the south-west corner of Room 2 (C12345B).
		Illus. 3.135 Wolvesey 1971, Trenches 28–9, 47–50, and 52, Roman Building XXVIII.3 as initially constructed in the mid second century (F.ph. 38), showing numbered rooms, observed and robbed walls and foundations, tessellated floors (orange-pink), and morta
		Illus. 3.136 Wolvesey 1971, Trenches 28–9, 47–50, and 52, Roman Building XXVIII.3, plan as reconstructed in the late third to early fourth century (F.ph. 41), showing numbered rooms, observed and robbed walls and foundations, chalk floors (blue stipple),
		Illus. 3.137 Wolvesey 1971, Trenches 17, 19, 28–9, 47–50, and 52, Roman Building XXVIII.3, looking south over the south part of the East hall of the medieval palace, with the south end of Building  XXVIII. 2.2 (e.g. Room 20) visible in the foreground (mon
		Illus. 3.138 Wolvesey 1971, Trench 48, Roman Building XXVIII.3, looking south at a fourth-century oven of broken tiles and stones (F. 2618; F.ph. 42–3) in Room 8, built against the south wall (C12492).
		Illus. 3.139 Wolvesey 1964, 1967–71, the latest Roman buildings in black, with very late to post-Roman features in pink (F.ph. 14–15, 19–20, 34, 45, and 54–5) (1:400).
		Illus. 3.140 Wolvesey 1963–71, Anglo-Saxon field ditches with the wider southern enclosure ditch of the palace of the later Anglo-Saxon bishops to the north in a darker tone (1:400).
		Illus. 3.141 Lower Brook Street 1965–71, the trenches (Trench IV to the west, Trench V/VI to the east) in relation to the modern streets, showing the line of the Roman north–south street (F.ph. 53–5), the site of the Romano-Celtic temple (F.ph. 53), and t
		Illus. 3.142 Lower Brook Street 1971, looking east across St Pancras’ church (Trench IV) with the walls of the Romano-Celtic temple (F.ph. 53) and late Roman workshop (F.ph. 54–5) beyond (Trench V/VI) (no photograph number).
		Illus. 3.143 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trenches IV and V/VI, the main Roman buildings and features, with the lines of the published sections in red (1:200).
		Illus. 3.144 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trenches IV and V/VI, the site in Final phase 51 (mid first century A.D.), showing the ditches of the possible early Roman fort (1:200).
		Illus. 3.145 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V, section south–north on 26.50E across the mid first-century A.D. ?fort ditch (F. 942; F.ph. 51), the overlying late first-century timber buildings (Features 847 and 851; F.ph. 52), and the successive metallin
		Illus. 3.146 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V, section south–north on 26.50E, looking west (as Illus. 3.145). The Roman sequence is sealed by thick dark medieval layers (C12566A).
		Pages 366-71
		(above) Illus. 3.147 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V, section west–east on 106N (1:25). For the line of the section, see Illus. 3.143.
		(below) Illus. 3.148 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V, section west–east on 119N, across the north part of the late Roman workshop (F.ph. 54–5) and the Roman north–south street to its east (F.ph. 53–5) (1:25). For the line of the section, see Illus. 3.14
		Illus. 3.149 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V/VI, the site in Final phase 52, showing the slots and post-holes of timber buildings of the late first century A.D., with associated pits, ditch or gully F. 901, and a fallen plaster wall (Layer 2304; shown i
		Illus. 3.150 Lower Brook Street, 1971, Trench V, looking north, the infilled beam-slots of Flavian timber buildings (F.ph. 52), overlying the mid first-century A.D. ?fort ditch (F.ph. 51) and cut by the south wall of the late Roman workshop (F.ph. 54) and
		Illus. 3.151 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V, looking south at the herringbone keying on a plaster wall (Layer 2304; F.ph. 52; cf. Illus. 3.149), fallen from a late first-century A.D. timber building sealed beneath the Roman north–south street (F.ph. 53
		Illus. 3.152 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V/VI, the site in Final phase 53, the Romano-Celtic temple (late first to ?mid fourth centuries) lying on the west side of a north–south street, with pits to the west and south and a water-pipe on the east side
		Illus. 3.153 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench VI, the original site plan (BS 71.VI.8.23) showing the walls of the Romano-Celtic temple (F.ph. 53) (original at 1:20, not to scale here).
		Illus. 3.154 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench VI, section west–east on 127N, across the Romano-Celtic temple (F.ph. 53) and the overlying late Roman east–west path (F.ph. 54) (1:25). For the line of the section, see Illus. 3.143.
		Illus. 3.155 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V/VI, the Romano-Celtic temple (F.ph. 53), looking west. The late Roman workshop (F.ph. 54–5) is under excavation to upper left (C12578A).
		Illus. 3.156 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trenches IV and V/VI, the site in Final phase 54 (?mid fourth century). The temple (F.ph. 53) has been demolished and replaced to the south by a masonry workshop with ovens and hearths in Room 7 and a metalled courtya
		Illus. 3.157 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V, section south–north on 35.40E, across the east end of the corridor of the late Roman workshop (F.ph. 54–5) (1:25). For the line of the section, see Illus. 3.143.
		Illus. 3.158 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench IV, section north–south on 13.80E, through the north wall of the late Roman workshop (Wall XII; F.ph. 54) at its west end and showing the tenth-century robber-trench of the wall (1:25). For the line of the sect
		Illus. 3.159 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V, the late Roman workshop (F.ph. 54–5) looking north with the metalled courtyard to its south (F.ph. 54). The chalk-lined fourth-century well (Pit 217; F.ph. 55) is visible in the courtyard (C12276B).
		Illus. 3.160 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V, the late Roman workshop (F.ph. 54), the tile-built south-east quoin looking north-west. The limestone blocks represent a repair, probably of seventh-century date (Date group 1) (C12568A).
		Illus. 3.161 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V, a section through the south wall of the late Roman workshop (F.ph. 54), looking east (Wall III; F.ph. 54). The wall of mortared large flints is set on a thick foundation of rammed chalk with some chalk lumps
		Illus. 3.162 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V, the late Roman workshop, looking west, with ovens and hearths (F.ph. 54–5) in the east part of Room 7 (C12574A).
		Illus. 3.163 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V, the late Roman workshop (F.ph. 54), looking east, with oven F. 833 and collapsed arch in the east part of Room 7 (C12546).
		Illus. 3.164 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trenches IV and V/VI, the site in Final phase 55 (mid to late fourth century). The workshop is reconstructed, with Walls VI and XIII sub-dividing former Room 7 into three new rooms (Rooms 1, 2, and 4). Industrial acti
		Illus. 3.165 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V/VI, the site in Final phase 56 (fifth to ?mid seventh centuries). Horticultural activity, evidenced by east–west oyster-filled slots and north–south soil-filled gullies, occurred along the west margin of the
		Illus. 3.166 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V, looking north at a pattern of silt-filled north–south slots crossing east–west oyster-filled slots at right angles (F.ph. 56), centred on coordinates 40E/102N. These probably represent horticultural activity
		Illus. 3.167 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V,  looking west, gullies of the fifth to ?mid seventh centuries (Features 718, 719, 721, 722, 726, and 730; F.ph. 56), visible centre and lower centre (for a plan, see Illus. 3.165), cutting the surface of the
		Illus. 3.168 Lower Brook Street 1971, Trench V, the late eighth- to early ninth-century stone building (the ‘bower’), looking north (Date group 4). The walls incorporated a great deal of reused Roman building material, including large ashlar blocks and co
		Illus. 3.169 Assize Courts North (ACN) and Assize Courts South (ACS), the trenches in relation to modern streets and buildings and the south ditch of the later Middle Iron Age Oram’s Arbour enclosure (cf. Illus. 2.10) (1:600). The lines of the four publis
		Illus. 3.170 Assize Courts North 1963, general view of the south-west part of the site, looking west across Trenches D2 and D3 and parts of Trenches D4 and C3. The Great Hall of the castle is visible in the left background. The large ‘trench’ (E3) visible
		Illus. 3.171 Assize Courts North 1963, Trench A3, Roman tessellated pavement (F.ph. 4) and stone roof slabs from the collapsed Roman building (F.ph. 4) (1:50).
		Illus. 3.172 Assize Courts North 1963, Trench A3, Roman tessellated pavement (F.ph. 4), looking north-west (C2032B).
		Illus. 3.173 Assize Courts North 1970, Trench I, the south ditch of the Oram’s Arbour Iron Age enclosure, looking north-west towards the buildings on the west side of Castle Hill (cf. Illus. 3.16). The Iron Age ditch shows in the lower centre-ground as a
		Illus. 3.174 Assize Courts North 1970, Trench I, east section of the south ditch of the Oram’s Arbour Iron Age enclosure (1:25). For the line of the section, see Illus. 3.169.
		Illus. 3.175 Assize Courts North 1971, Trench IV, east section of the south ditch of the Oram’s Arbour Iron Age enclosure (1:25). For the line of the section, see Illus. 3.169.
		Illus. 3.176 Assize Courts North 1971, Trench V, east section of the south ditch of the Oram’s Arbour Iron Age enclosure (1:25). For the line of the section, see Illus. 3.169.
		Illus. 3.177 Assize Courts North 1971, Trench IV/V, the south ditch of the Oram’s Arbour Iron Age enclosure, looking south-east (cf. Illus. 3.176) (C12231A).
		Illus. 3.178 Assize Courts South 1963, general view of the south-west part of the site (cf. Illus. 3.16, 3.17, and 3.169), looking north-west towards the Great Hall of the castle, showing Trenches AIII–VII and part of Trench AII (2099A).
		Illus. 3.179 Assize Courts South 1963, the site in Final phase 1, first to mid second centuries A.D. (1:100).
		Illus. 3.180 Assize Courts South 1963, the site in Final phase 2, mid or late second to fourth centuries (1:100). The cobblings shown along the edges of Trenches II, III, AII–V were recorded only in section.
		Illus. 3.181 (Pages 438-41) Assize Courts South 1963, Trenches II, IV, and AIV, section north–south, showing the Roman east–west street (F.ph. 2) and a cobbled area to its north (F.ph. 2 and 4), sealed by a thick layer of post-Roman dark earth (F.ph. 5) (
		Illus. 3.182 Assize Courts South 1963, the site in Final phase 4, late fourth to fifth centuries (1:100). Cobblings shown along the edges of Trenches II,  V/VII were recorded only in section.
		Illus. 3.183 Assize Courts South 1963, Trench AIII, late or post-Roman post-holes (F.ph. 4) alongside the Roman east–west street, looking north-west (F.ph. 2) (2110).
		Illus. 3.184 Ashley Terrace 1964, Trenches I and II across the north ditch of the Oram’s Arbour Iron Age enclosure, with the lines of the two published sections in red (1:1000).
		Illus. 3.185 Ashley Terrace 1964, Trench I, section south–north across the north ditch of the Oram’s Arbour Iron Age enclosure (1:50).
		Illus. 3.186 Ashley Terrace 1964, Trench I, the filling of the north ditch of the Oram’s Arbour Iron Age enclosure, looking east. Ranging rod in feet (C3000A).
		Illus. 3.187 Ashley Terrace 1964, Trench II, section south–north across the north ditch of the Oram’s Arbour Iron Age enclosure (1:50).
		Illus. 3.188 Oram’s Arbour 1965, Trench I, looking north-west along the west side of the Arbour towards the bank formed by Victorian scarping and levelling (F.ph. 14) (C4116). Cf. Illus. 3.195.
		Illus. 3.189 Oram’s Arbour 1965, Trenches II and III, Early Iron Age gullies and other features (1:100). For the location of the trenches, see Illus. 2.10.
		Illus. 3.190 Oram’s Arbour 1966–7, Trenches V–XV, the western entrance into the Oram’s Arbour enclosure of the later Middle Iron Age and other Iron Age features (F.ph. 2 and 3) (1:200). For the location of the trenches, see Illus. 2.10.
		Illus. 3.191 Oram’s Arbour 1967, Trenches VIII–XV, looking north-west towards the western entrance into the Oram’s Arbour enclosure of the later Middle Iron Age (F.ph. 3). The north ditch of the entrance can be seen to the right and the east side of the s
		Illus. 3.192 Oram’s Arbour 1967, Trench X north-west face, section south-west to north-east, showing the thick Iron Age and Roman fills (F.ph. 3–4) of the north ditch of the Iron Age enclosure entrance overlain, about two-thirds of the way up the section,
		Illus. 3.193 Oram’s Arbour 1967, Trench X, the north ditch of the Iron Age enclosure entrance, looking north-west. For explanation of the visible layers and features, see Illus. 3.192. Ranging rod in feet (C8338).
		Illus. 3.194 Oram’s Arbour 1966, Trench V, looking south-west into the curve of the Iron Age enclosure ditch (F.ph. 3) at the medieval bank (F.ph. 10) above the rod, and at the modern filling (F.ph. 14) of the medieval ditch at upper right. The possible l
		Illus. 3.195 Oram’s Arbour 1965, Trench I north face, section west–east, showing the primary ditch of the Iron Age enclosure (F.ph. 3) and its medieval recut (F.ph. 10). In 1852–3 the ditch was completely infilled and the ground to the east of the ditch p
		Illus. 3.196 Oram’s Arbour 1967, Trench X, section located c.4 m to the south-east of the trench’s north-west section (cf. Illus. 3.192 and 3.193), looking south-east, showing the great depth of the large flint fill (F.ph. 4) of the north ditch of the Iro
		Illus. 3.197 Oram’s Arbour 1966–7, Trenches V–XV, showing Roman features at the Iron Age enclosure entrance (1:200).
		Illus. 3.198 Oram’s Arbour 1967, Trenches VIII–XII, looking north-west, the flint cobbles of the late Roman road (F.ph. 5), spreading over the roadside gully (F.ph. 5) to the north and running over the outer (south-west) side of the largely infilled north
		Illus. 3.199 Oram’s Arbour 1967, Trench X, looking north-west towards the metalling of the north-east side of the late Roman road (F.ph. 5) running here over the outer (south-west) side of the largely infilled north ditch of the Iron Age enclosure entranc
		Illus. 3.200 Oram’s Arbour 1966, Trench VI south face, section west–east (reversed), showing the late Roman road? (F.ph. 5) cut by the late Roman blocking gully (F.ph. 5A) and overlain by the medieval bank (F.ph. 10); the modern fill (F.ph. 14) of the med
		Illus. 3.201 Oram’s Arbour 1966, Trench VI, looking south-west, showing the late Roman blocking gully (F.ph. 5A) running across the centre of the trench and the possible Iron Age pit F. 2 (F.ph. 2) in the foreground. The medieval bank (F.ph. 10) can be se
		Illus. 3.202 Oram’s Arbour 1967, Trench X, late Roman Burial 4, a child of about seven years, supine, head to north (F.ph. 7) (C8159A).
		Illus. 3.203 Oram’s Arbour 1966–7, Trenches V–XV, the medieval bank and ditch (F.ph. 10) (1:200). For the preceding stage, see Illus. 3.197.
		Illus. 3.204 Oram’s Arbour in 1750, showing the line of the City Ditch (see F.ph. 10). Detail from William Godson, Map of Winchester, engraved 1750, showing ‘The Foot Path from Week’ crossing the City Ditch c.70 m north of the point where a Roman road (la
		Illus. 3.205 Winnall Railway Cutting 1971, the location of the late Roman burials excavated in 1971 (1:5000).
		Illus. 3.206 Winnall Railway Cutting 1971, general view, looking south. The cathedral (c.1.2 km to the south-west) can be seen in the centre background.
		Illus. 3.207 Winnall Railway Cutting 1971, the late Roman gully and graves (1:100).
		Illus. 3.208 Winnall Railway Cutting 1971, looking west over the south part of the site, showing late Roman Graves 1–4 (F.ph. 2–3) cutting a rectangular gully (F.ph. 1). Other features include the post-holes of the modern fence marking the east boundary o
		Illus. 3.209 Winnall Railway Cutting 1971, late Roman Grave 3, prone, head to north (C12290B).
		Illus. 3.210 Winnall Railway Cutting 1971, late Roman Grave 4, head to north, a grey-ware flagon by the left arm (C12289B).
	PART 4
		Illus. 4.1 The Roman defences of Venta Belgarum, Observations 1–60 listed in Part 4, Gazetteer 1, pp. 481–95 (1:6250).
		Illus. 4.2 Wolvesey (2018), looking north-east across the playing fields of The Pilgrims’ School towards the inner face of the southern part of the city’s eastern defences. An earth bank of Roman origin is clearly visible inside the line of the medieval c
		Illus. 4.3 Castle Avenue 1930–1, looking south-west along the external (north) face of a 14 metre-long stretch of the town wall on the north side of the south-west salient, revealed and destroyed during the construction of offices on the west side of Cast
		Illus. 4.4 Castle Avenue 1930–1, the internal (south) face of the Roman town wall on the north side of the south-west salient revealed and destroyed during the construction of offices on the west side of Castle Avenue, looking west-south-west. The pole he
		Illus. 4.5 Roman Winchester, Observations 1–38 of the main streets listed in Part 4, Gazetteer 2, pp. 498–504: east–west Streets S1–S5 and north–south Streets SA–SH (1:6250).
		Illus. 4.6 Roman Winchester, Observations O1–O15 of other possible Roman streets, tracks, or metallings, listed in Part 4, Gazetteer 2, pp. 505–9 (1:6250).
		Illus. 4.7 Roman Winchester, plan showing the location of detailed Plans A–F (Illus. 4.8, 4.16–4.17, 4.20, 4.22, and 4.24) (1:6250).
		Illus. 4.8 Roman Winchester, Plan A (central), showing numbered observations listed in Part 4, Gazetteer 3 of Roman buildings and other significant remains in the central part of the walled area (1:2500).
		Illus. 4.9 Roman Winchester, Insula V, painting of the mosaic found beneath the south end of Little Minster Street in 1878 (Part 4, Gazetteer 3, No. 26) (© Stephen Cosh).
		Illus. 4.10 Roman Winchester, Insula V, possible reconstructions a and b of the mosaic found beneath the south end of Little Minster Street in 1878 (Part 4, Gazetteer 3, No. 26) (© Stephen Cosh).
		Illus. 4.11 Roman Winchester, Insula VI, photograph of a Roman wall with Anglo-Saxon or later work above found in 1933 during the construction of an extension to the rear of the Cadena Café, on the north side of The Square (32 The Square, later 31a–b). Ph
		Illus. 4.12 Roman Winchester, Insula VIII, Roman Building VIII.2, looking south over the central and southern parts of a mosaic found on the west side of the junction of St George’s Street and Upper Brook Street in 1957 (Part 4, Gazetteer 3, No. 56) (© Ha
		Illus. 4.13 Roman Winchester, Insula VIII, Roman Building VIII.2, painting of a mosaic found on the west side of the junction of St George’s Street and Upper Brook Street in 1954 and 1957 (Part 4, Gazetteer 3, Nos 55–6) (© Stephen Cosh).
		Illus. 4.14 Roman Winchester, Insula VIII, Roman Building VIII.2, painted wall plaster found below the building in 1958 during construction at the rear of Woolworth’s, to the south-west of the junction of Upper Brook Street and St George’s Street (Part 4,
		Illus. 4.15 Roman Winchester, Insula VIII, Roman Building VIII.1, looking north over the excavation in 1953, including a corridor with a mosaic floor, to the north-west of the junction of Middle Brook Street and St George’s Street (Part 4, Gazetteer 3, No
		Illus. 4.16 Roman Winchester, Plan B (south-east), showing numbered observations of Roman buildings and other significant remains in the south-east part of the walled area, listed in Part 4, Gazetteer 3 (1:2500).
		Illus. 4.17 Roman Winchester, Plan C (south), showing numbered observations of Roman buildings and other significant remains in the south part of the walled area, listed in Part 4, Gazetteer 3 (1:2500).
		Illus. 4.18 Roman Winchester, Insula XVI, part of the mosaic found in the garden of 7 Dome Alley, Cathedral Close, in 1880, now set in the porch of the Deanery (Part 4, Gazetteer 3, No. 81) (© John Crook).
		Illus. 4.19 Roman Winchester, Insula XVI, painting of the mosaic found in the garden of 7 Dome Alley, Cathedral Close, in 1880 (Part 4, Gazetteer 3, No. 81) (© Stephen Cosh).
		Illus. 4.20 Roman Winchester, Plan D (south-west), showing numbered observations of Roman buildings and other significant remains in the south-west part of the walled area, listed in Part 4, Gazetteer 3 (1:2500).
		Illus. 4.21 Roman Winchester, Insula XIX, plan made by Thomas Stopher in 1894 showing Roman foundations discovered during construction of printing offices at the rear of 57 High Street, with a mosaic found in contemporary drainage works in St Clement Stre
		Illus. 4.22 Roman Winchester, Plan E (north-west), showing numbered observations of Roman buildings and other significant remains in the north-west part of the walled area of Winchester, listed in Part 4, Gazetteer 3 (1:2500).
		Illus. 4.23 Roman Winchester, Insula XXIII, Roman Building XXIII.1, painting of mosaic found on the site of The Brooks Shopping Centre in 1987–8 (Part 4, Gazetteer 3, No. 111) (© Stephen Cosh).
		Illus. 4.24 Roman Winchester, Plan F (north-east), showing numbered observations of Roman buildings and other significant remains in the north-east part of the walled area of Winchester, listed in Part 4, Gazetteer 3 (1:2500).
		Wooden statuette of a matron of Venta displaying the key and folded cloth as attributes of her status, found at Lower Brook Street in Insula XXIV (H: 180 mm; photograph by John Crook; © Winchester Excavations Committee). For discussion, see below, 634, pp
	PART  5
		Illus. 5.1 Key to the catalogue entries in the finds reports.
	PART 6
		Illus. 6.1  Ancient Mediterranean coins reportedly found in or near Winchester. Massalia (1); Syracuse (2–3); Macedon (4), Epirus (5–7) (1:1; © Celtic Coin Index, 1; Hampshire Cultural Trust/Winchester City Council, 2–3 and 5–7; and Rob de Ruiter, 4).
		Illus.  6.2  Ptolemaic coins reportedly found in or near Winchester (1:1; © Hampshire Cultural Trust/Winchester City Council).
		Illus.  6.3  Roman coins from Alexandria reportedly found in or near Winchester (1:1; © Hampshire Cultural Trust/Winchester City Council).
		Illus.  6.4  Coins found at Nursling (Hants.) in 1880 (1:1; © Hampshire Cultural Trust/Winchester City Council).
		Illus.  6.5  Distribution of Late Iron Age coins in the Winchester area. Forty coins with the vague provenances, ‘Winchester’, ‘near Winchester’, or ‘Winchester area’, have not been plotted.
		Illus.  6.6  Late Iron Age coins found in the excavations of 1961–71 (1:1).
		Illus.  6.7  Late Iron Age coin pellet mould from Cathedral Green (1:1).
		Illus.  6.8  Bronze Age pottery from Oram’s Arbour (37) and Tower Street (38) (1:4).
		Illus.  6.9  Iron Age pottery from Oram’s Arbour, Final phases 2 (39), 3 (40), and 4 (41–5) (1:4).
		Illus.  6.10  Iron Age pottery from Tower Street, Final phase 2 (1:4).
		Illus.  6.11  Iron Age pottery from Tower Street, Final phases 2 (71–7) and 3 (78–9 and 82) (1:4).
		Illus. 6.12  Iron Age pottery from Assize Courts North 1970–1, Final phase 2 (1:4).
		Illus. 6.13  Iron Age pottery from Assize Courts North 1970–1, Final phase 3 (1:4).
		Illus. 6.14  Iron Age pottery from Assize Courts North 1970–1, Final phases 4 (96–104) and 5 (105) (1:4).
		Illus. 6.15  Iron Age pottery from Assize Courts North 1970–1, Final phase 6 (1:4).
		Illus. 6.16  Iron Age pottery from Assize Courts North 1970–1, residual in Roman fills of the Iron Age ditch, Final phases 7–11 (1:4).
		Illus. 6.17  Late Iron Age pottery from Castle Yard, Final phase 3 (1:4).
		Illus. 6.18  Worked flint arrowheads from Castle Yard (146) and Tower Street (149) (1:1).
		Illus. 6.19  Nutcracker stone from Lower Brook Street (1:2).
		Illus. 6.20  Quern (Lower Greensand) from a post-pit of the later Middle Iron Age at Tower Street (1:4).
		Illus. 6.21  Decorated copper-alloy ring found during the underpinning of the cathedral in 1910 (1:1; Smith 1912, Fig. 15).
	PART 7
		Illus. 7.1  Histogram of the total coins (n = 1749) from Winchester divided up into chronological periods. For the date of each period, see Table 7.1.
		Illus. 7.2  The average coin distribution of 140 British sites added up period by period.
		Illus. 7.3  The coin distribution for Winchester added up period by period.
		Illus. 7.4  The Winchester coin distribution compared with the British average coin distribution.
		Illus. 7.5  The Winchester coin distribution minus the British average. When the line heads down coin loss at Winchester is below average; when it heads up coin loss at Winchester is above average.
		Illus. 7.6  Coin distributions at four civitas capitals, minus the British average. When a line heads down coin loss is below the British average; when it heads up coin loss is above average.
		Illus. 7.7  Coins from the different sites at Winchester, minus the British average: Assize Courts (AC), Lower Brook Street (BS), Cathedral Car Park (CACP), Cathedral Green (CG), Wolvesey Palace (WP), and others. When a line heads down coin loss is below
		Illus. 7.8  Barbarous radiates (1:1).
		Illus. 7.9  Barbarous radiates (1:1).
		Illus. 7.10  Gold-plated silver coin fragment (4:1).
		Illus. 7.11  Samian stamps: date distribution at four Winchester sites, chosen as having sufficient stamps for statistical significance: Lower Brook Street (BS), Wolvesey Palace (WP), Cathedral Car Park (CACP), and Cathedral Green (CG). Calculations made
		Illus. 7.13  Samian stamps: the date distribution of the stamps identified at Winchester and two other Romano-British towns, and the overall distribution for the province of Britannia. Although the curves for each are similar, Winchester appears to have f
		Illus. 7.12  Samian stamps: pie-chart showing the major kiln-sites which provided the stamps found at Winchester: La Graufesenque (Aveyron, France), c. A.D. 35–120; Lezoux 1 (Puy-de-Dôme, France), c. A.D. 50–100; Les Martres-de-Veyre (Puy-de-Dôme, France)
		Illus. 7.14  Decorated samian: South Gaulish, Forms 29 (324, 327, 330, and 332–3) and 30 (325 and 331); Central Gaulish (Lezoux), Form 29 (329) (1:2).
		Illus. 7.15  Decorated samian: South Gaulish, Form 37 (340–3 and 349); Central Gaulish (Lezoux), Form 37 (353) (1:2).
		Illus. 7.16  Decorated samian: South Gaulish, Form 37 (1:2).
		Illus. 7.17  Decorated samian: South Gaulish, Form 37 (1:2).
		Illus. 7.18  Decorated samian: South Gaulish, Form 29 (1:2).
		Illus. 7.19  Decorated samian: South Gaulish, Form 37 (359 and 361); Central Gaulish (Les Martres-de-Veyre), Form 37 (362–3 and 365–6) (1:2).
		Illus. 7.20  Decorated samian: Central Gaulish, Forms 37 (369, 382, 385–6, 390–4 and 396–7) and 64 (380–1) (1:2).
		Illus. 7.21  Decorated samian: Central Gaulish, all Form 37 (1:2).
		Illus. 7.22  Decorated samian: Central Gaulish, Forms 30 (425–6) and 37 (418, 421, 427–9, 431, 433, 436–7); East Gaulish (Rheinzabern), Form 37 (438) (1:2).
		Illus. 7.23  Incised ceramic jar copying the samian form Déchelette 72 (1:2).
		Illus. 7.24  Argonne ware bowl fragment, a variant of Chenet Form 320 (1:2).
		Illus. 7.25  The main amphora types mentioned in the text: olive oil, wine, and fish sauce. These examples illustrate the general types found at Winchester, but the exact vessels depicted were found elsewhere (1:20; drawings by Penny Copeland, originally
		Illus. 7.26  The main amphora types mentioned in the text: other products and later Roman types. These examples illustrate the general types found at Winchester, but the exact vessels depicted were found elsewhere (1:20; drawings by Penny Copeland, origin
		Illus. 7.27  Amphora stamps from Winchester (1:2; drawn by César Carreras).
		Illus. 7.28  Stamped mortaria (1:4).
		Illus. 7.29  Mortaria stamps (1:1).
		Illus. 7.30  Smith’s tools. Iron (1:2).
		Illus. 7.31  Bone spindle (491) and spindle whorls in shale (492–3), wood (502), burnt clay (503), and glass (504) (1:1).
		Illus. 7.32  Bone weaving tool (505) and burnt clay loomweights (506–7) (1:2).
		Illus. 7.33  Freestone types from Roman Winchester. Thin-section photomicrographs of three key types.
		Plain polarised light, field of view 4.8 mm: a) Portland, Whit Bed, thin section of stone from Dewlish Villa (Dorset), ref. no. DEW1; b) Bath stone, thin-section taken from 512, a fragment of column moulding from Lower Brook Street, Winchester (Insula XXI
		Illus. 7.34  The sources of architectural stones (1–11) and native ornamental stones or ‘marbles’ (12–14) used at Roman Winchester.
		1, Carstone: Lockerley/Michelmersh, Hampshire; 2, Bembridge limestone: Isle of Wight; 3, chalk and flint: near Winchester; 4, Malmstone (Upper Greensand): near Selborne, Hampshire; 5, green sandstone (Hythe Beds): near Midhurst, Sussex; 6, Horsham Stone:
		Illus. 7.35  The sources of exotic ornamental stones (‘marbles’) used at Roman Winchester.
		1, red porphyry: Gebel Dokhan, Egypt; 2, green porphyry: near Sparta, Greece; 3, Campan Vert and Campan Rouge: Campan Valley, Hautes-Pyrénées, France; 4, Thasos marble: Isle of Thasos, Greece; 5, Carrara marble: Tuscany, Italy.
		Illus. 7.36  Column drum (Portland limestone) decorated with imbricated leaves from Lower Brook Street (Insula XXIV) (1:8). See Illus.  7.37.
		Illus. 7.37  Column drum 510 (Portland limestone) decorated with imbricated leaves as found reused in the north-west quoin of a late eighth- or early ninth-century building at Lower Brook Street in 1971, looking south (C12433A). See Illus.  7.36.
		Illus. 7.38  Fluted column shaft and base (Bath stone), two fragments, from Lower Brook Street (Insula XXIV) (1:4).
		Illus. 7.40  Moulding (Bath stone) from Wolvesey Palace (Insula XXVIII) (1:4).
		Illus. 7.39  Column capital fragment (green sandstone) from the site of the Roman forum (Building I.1) at Cathedral Green (Insula I) (1:4).
		Illus. 7.41  Stone mouldings from the collapsed Roman south gate (drawings 1:8; photograph 1:4).
		Illus. 7.42  Corner moulding (green sandstone) from the collapsed Roman south gate (drawing 1:8; photograph 1:4).
		Illus. 7.43  Coping stone (Bembridge limestone) from Cathedral Car Park (Insula II, reused in Roman Building II.2) (1:10).
		Illus. 7.44  Decorated table top (green sandstone) from Lower Brook Street (Insula XXIV) (drawing 1:4; photograph 1:2).
		Illus. 7.45  Portland limestone block with lewis-hole from the site of the forum (Building I.1) at Cathedral Green; later reused as an engaged half-column (1:8).
		Illus. 7.46  Purbeck limestone roof slabs from Wolvesey Palace (Insula XXVIII) (1:6).
		Illus. 7.47  Ornamental stone: red porphyry (1:1; photograph by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.48  Ornamental stone: green porphyry (1:1; photographs by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.49  Ornamental stone: Campan Vert (1:1; photographs by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.50  Ornamental stone: Campan Vert (1:1; photographs by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.51  Ornamental stone: Campan Vert (1:1; photographs by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.52  Ornamental stone: Campan Vert (1:1; photograph by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.53  Ornamental stone: Campan Rouge (1:1; photographs by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.54  Ornamental stone: white marble (1:1; photographs by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.55  Cathedral Car Park 1961, Trench VIII, Roman Building II.1: the mosaic panel in the red tessellated floor of the corridor (Room 1) (drawn by Stephen Cosh). See also Illus.  3.57 and 3.63.
		Illus. 7.56  Cathedral Green 1968, Trench XXVI–VII: painted wall plaster (Areas A–H) fallen from the walls of a south wing (Room 11) of the forum (Building I.1) (1:100). See Illus.  7.57–7.66. For a plan of the site, see Illus.  3.68.
		Illus. 7.57  Wall-painting from a south wing of the forum (Building I.1): reconstruction of architectural decoration (a; b and c, probably from the same design as a, are shown in mirror image), Area H (1:4).
		Illus. 7.58  Wall-painting from a south wing of the forum (Building I.1): architectural decoration, Area H.
		Illus. 7.59  Wall-painting from a south wing of the forum (Building I.1): foliate rod, Area H (1:4).
		Illus. 7.60  Wall-painting from a south wing of the forum (Building I.1): foliate design, probably leaf-scroll, Area H (1:4).
		Illus. 7.61  Wall-painting from a south wing of the forum (Building I.1): foliate design and other material from Area H.
		Illus. 7.62  Wall-painting from a south wing of the forum (Building I.1): material found with Illus.  7.60, Area H (1:4).
		Illus. 7.63  Wall-painting from a south wing of the forum (Building I.1): motifs painted on a dark brown ground, Area G (1:4).
		Illus. 7.64  Wall-painting from a south wing of the forum (Building I.1): fragments of candelabra and swag design, Area E (1:2).
		Illus. 7.65  Wall-painting from a south wing of the forum (Building I.1): fragment of dado and design of roundels, etc., Area A (1:4).
		Illus. 7.66  Wall-painting from a south wing of the forum (Building I.1): white design on red ground, Area A (1:4).
		Illus. 7.67  Structural ironwork: double-spiked loops (588–93), pin (594), nails (595–8), and washer (600) (1:2).
		Illus. 7.68  Structural ironwork: door furniture (1:2).
		Illus. 7.69  Water-pipe junctions. Iron (1:3).
		Illus. 7.70  Mason’s tools. Iron (1:2).
		Illus. 7.71  Agricultural tools. Iron (1:2).
		Illus. 7.72  Inscribed malmstone altar dedicated by a beneficiarius consularis, found at Jewry Street, Winchester, in 1854 (Insula XX) (330 x 510 mm; © the Trustees of the British Museum).
		Illus. 7.73  Fragment of an Antonine imperial building-inscription in Portland limestone, found at Middle Brook Street, Winchester, in 1957, reused in a fourth-century oven in Roman Building VIII.1 (580 x 580 mm, with letters 290 mm high; © Hampshire Cult
		Illus. 7.74  Plan of a fourth-century oven in one of the rooms of Roman Building VIII.1, showing the location of a fragment of an Antonine imperial building-inscription (615) reused in the structure of the oven (1:50; after an unpublished illustration in
		Illus. 7.75  Antonine building-inscription in Bath stone, reused as a building stone upside down in the south nave aisle wall of Winchester Cathedral (Insula IV) (370 x 235 mm; © John Crook; inverted so the inscription is the correct way up).
		Illus. 7.76  Large eye in Bath stone, cut from a relief or sculpture, from the site of the Roman forum (Building I.1) at Cathedral Green (1:2).
		Illus. 7.77  Fragment of drapery in Purbeck marble from the site of the Roman forum (Building I.1) at Cathedral Green (drawing 1:2; photograph 1:1).
		Illus. 7.78  Possible relief carving in chalk from Lower Brook Street (Insula XXIV) (1:2).
		Illus. 7.79  A marble head of a youth in the collections of Winchester Cathedral, probably found somewhere in the Cathedral Close, Winchester, prior to 1959 (1:1; photograph by John Crook).
		Illus. 7.80  Copper-alloy head from a statuette of Jupiter found in digging the railway cutting west of Winchester in 1837 (H from tip of beard to top of crown: 85 mm); © The Trustees of the British Museum.
		Illus. 7.81  Copper-alloy figurine of Mercury found at 11 Cathedral Close, Winchester (Insula IV), in 1880 (1:1; photograph by John Crook).
		Illus. 7.82  Statuette of Omphale (present whereabouts unknown) found in digging the railway cutting west of Winchester in 1837 (H: c.123 mm; drawn by W. J. Bracewell and engraved by J. Mills for The Gentleman’s Magazine, 10 (October 1838), No. 3 on pl. o
		Illus. 7.83  A copper-alloy head, probably of Germanicus, on display in Winchester City Museum and said to be ‘from Winchester’ (1:1; photograph by Grahame Soffe; © Hampshire Cultural Trust/Winchester City Council).
		Illus. 7.84  Fragment of a copper-alloy cornucopia from a statuette from the site of the Roman forum (Building I.1) at Cathedral Green (1:1).
		Illus. 7.85  Cast copper-alloy fragments from statuary (1:1).
		Illus. 7.86  Wooden statuette of a matron of Venta displaying the key and folded cloth as attributes of her status, found at Lower Brook Street (Insula XXIV) (H: 180 mm; for a colour photo, see frontispiece, Vol. 2).
		Illus. 7.87  Wooden statuette of a matron of Venta displaying the key and folded cloth as attributes of her status, found at Lower Brook Street (Insula XXIV) (1:2).
		Illus. 7.88  Ceramic figurines (1:2).
		Illus. 7.89  Anatomical amulet or votive of cast copper alloy found in the Roman defences (Rampart II) at Castle Yard (1:1).
		Illus. 7.90  Shoes. Leather (1:2).
		Illus. 7.91  Shoes. Leather (1:2).
		Illus. 7.92  Shoe material: iron hobnails (1:1).
		Illus. 7.93  Shoe material: iron boot-plates (1:2).
		Illus. 7.94  Late Roman belt fittings. 693–7 and 699–702, copper alloy; 698, iron (1:1).
		Illus. 7.95  Glass beads: Iron Age/Roman types (1:1).
		Illus. 7.96  Glass beads: Roman types (1:1).
		Illus. 7.97  Roman melon beads. Faience or frit (1:1).
		Illus. 7.98  Copper-alloy bracelets: Types A and B (1:1).
		Illus. 7.99  Copper-alloy bracelets: Types C and D (1:1).
		Illus. 7.100  Copper-alloy bracelets: Types C and D (1:1).
		Illus. 7.101  Copper-alloy bracelets: Types D and E (1:1).
		Illus. 7.102  Copper-alloy bracelets: Types F–H (1:1).
		Illus. 7.103  Copper-alloy bracelets: Type J (1:1).
		Illus. 7.104  Copper-alloy bracelets: fragment (862) and possible Roman bracelet (864) (1:1).
		Illus. 7.105  Shale bracelets: Type A (1:1).
		Illus. 7.106  Shale bracelets: Type B (1:1).
		Illus. 7.107  Shale bracelets: Type C (1:1).
		Illus. 7.108  Brooches: Nauheim Derivative type. Copper alloy (1:1).
		Illus. 7.109  Brooches: Nauheim Derivative type (934–5 and 938), Nauheim/Langton Down type hybrid (940), Langton Down type (941), early plate brooch (942), and Aucissa type (944). Copper alloy, except 938, iron (1:1).
		Illus. 7.110  Brooches: Hod Hill (945–9) and Strip Bow (950–1) types. Copper alloy (946–8, tinned or silvered) (1:1).
		Illus. 7.111  Brooches: hinged brooches (952–3), one-piece Colchester type (954–5), and Dolphin type (956–7). Copper alloy, except 952–3, iron (1:1).
		Illus. 7.112  Brooches: two-piece Colchester type (958–60) and Hull’s Type 121 (961–4). Copper alloy (1:1).
		Illus. 7.113  Brooches: Hull’s Type 138 (965), Trumpet type (966–8), and Knee type (970–1). Copper alloy (968 with enamel and an applied silver strip; 968 and 971, tinned or silvered) (1:1).
		Illus. 7.114  Brooches: Divided Bow (972–3) and Cross-bow (974) types. Copper alloy (972–3, tinned or silvered; 974, gilt) (1:1).
		Illus. 7.115  Enamelled copper-alloy plate brooches (975–8; 977 with millefiori) and an originally gilded, circular copper-alloy brooch containing a glass intaglio (979; cf. Illus.  7.120) (1:1).
		Illus. 7.116  Penannular brooches (980–2) and fragment of a possible Strip Bow brooch (998). Copper alloy (1:1).
		Illus. 7.117  Finger-rings in silver (1024–5) and copper alloy (1027–38; 1027–9 with enamel ornament; 1030 with glass inset) and a silver coin mounted for use as a piece of jewellery (1026) (1:1; photograph of 1026 by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.118  Finger-rings in iron (1039), shale (1040–2), and glass (1043), and plain glass settings from finger-rings (1044–6) (1:1).
		Illus. 7.119  Intaglios: cornelian ringstone (1047) and engraved finger-rings in silver (1048) and copper alloy (1049) (drawings of 1048–9, 1:1, with detail of 1048, 2:1; photographs of 1047 and 1049 by Dr Claudia Wagner, Beazley Archive, Oxford).
		Illus. 7.120  Intaglios: ringstones in glass (1050–1) and cornelian (1052–3), and a glass intaglio set in an originally gilded, circular copper-alloy brooch (979; cf. Illus.  7.115) (photographs by Dr Claudia Wagner, Beazley Archive, Oxford).
		Illus. 7.121  Bone pendant (1:1).
		Illus. 7.122  Miscellaneous jewellery and fasteners: earrings (1055–6), pieces of chain (1057–8 and 1060–2), and fasteners (1063–6). Copper alloy (1:1).
		Illus. 7.123  Bone and antler hair pins: Type A1 (1:1).
		Illus. 7.124  Bone and antler hair pins: Type A2 (1:1).
		Illus. 7.125  Bone and antler hair pins: Type A3 (1105–8) and other pins of Type A (1109–12) (1:1).
		Illus. 7.126  Bone and antler hair pins: Type B1 (1:1).
		Illus. 7.127  Bone and antler hair pins: Type B2 (1:1).
		Illus. 7.128  Bone and antler hair pins: Type B3 (1:1).
		Illus. 7.129  Bone and antler hair pins: Type B4 (1:1).
		Illus. 7.130  Bone and antler hair pins: miscellaneous Type B pins (1:1).
		Illus. 7.131  Metal pins with spherical or knob-shaped heads (1175–80) and with faceted heads (1182–4). Copper alloy, except 1183, silver (1:1).
		Illus. 7.132  Metal pins with complex heads. Copper alloy, except 1190, ?base silver (1:1).
		Illus. 7.133  Pins in jet (1201) and glass (1202–4) (1:1).
		Illus. 7.134  Double-sided boxwood combs (1:1).
		Illus. 7.135  Toilet equipment: nail cleaners (1207–8 and 1210) and ligulae (1212–14). Copper alloy (1:1).
		Illus. 7.136  Toilet equipment: spoons/scoops (1215–18), probes (1219–21), possible medical instruments (1222–3), implement of unknown function (1224), and manicure set (1226). Copper alloy, except 1217, ivory; and 1221, bone (1:1).
		Illus. 7.137  Toilet equipment: tweezers (1230, 1232–3, 1235, 1239, and 1242) and razor handle (1256). Copper alloy (1256 with an iron blade and rivets), except 1242, iron (1:1).
		Illus. 7.138  Bone counters: Types 1 and 2 (1:1).
		Illus. 7.139  Bone counters: Types 3 and 4 and miscellaneous bone discs (1:1).
		Illus. 7.140  Counters of glass (1288–92) and stone (1297–9, 1301, and 1304) (1:1).
		Illus. 7.141  Pottery counters (1:1).
		Illus. 7.142  Pottery counters from a fourth-century pit at Lower Brook Street (Insula XXIV) (1:1).
		Illus. 7.143  Pottery counters (1:1).
		Illus. 7.144 Fragment of a composite die. Bone (1:1).
		Illus. 7.145 Writing equipment: styli in bone (1350 and 1354) and iron (1351, 1353, and 1357) (1:1).
		Illus. 7.146  Styli or sewing awl needles (1358–60) and a pin or possible stylus (1361). Iron (1361, ?tinned or silvered with a copper-alloy moulding below the top (1:1).
		Illus. 7.147  Spatula handle with a bust of Minerva. Copper alloy (1:1).
		Illus. 7.148  Seal boxes. Copper alloy (1:1).
		Illus. 7.149  Graffiti on samian (1:2).
		Illus. 7.150  Graffiti on fine ware (1375–81) and on an amphora (1382) (1:2).
		Illus. 7.151  Graffiti on coarse ware (1:2).
		Illus. 7.152  Graffiti on coarse ware (1:2).
		Illus. 7.153  Sewing equipment: needles. Copper alloy (1411–12) and bone (1413–16) (1:1).
		Illus. 7.154  Fish hooks. Copper alloy (1:1).
		Illus. 7.155  Spoons. Bone (1:1).
		Illus. 7.156  Spoons. Copper alloy (1428, tinned) (1:1).
		Illus. 7.157  Spoons. Copper alloy, except 1437–8, pewter; and 1439, silver (1:1).
		Illus. 7.158  Iron knives (1440–5; 1442 with its bone handle), a copper-alloy hilt plate (1447), and bone or antler knife handles (1448–51) (1:2).
		Illus. 7.159  Stone hones (1:2).
		Illus. 7.160  Vessel or mortar of Purbeck limestone (1:2).
		Illus. 7.161  Weights. Lead (1476 with copper-alloy inlays; 1477 with central iron element; and 1478 with copper-alloy sheath), except 1474, copper alloy (1:1).
		Illus. 7.162  Balance arm. Copper alloy (1:1).
		Illus. 7.163  Folding foot rule. Copper alloy (1:2).
		Illus. 7.164  Copper-alloy vessel fragments (1:1, reconstruction of 1482, 1:4).
		Illus. 7.165  Copper-alloy jug found in 1964 in a Flavian burial at Grange Road, south of Winchester (H: 152 mm; photograph by John Crook).
		Illus. 7.166  Copper-alloy jug found in 1836–7 when the railway cutting was excavated on the west side of Winchester (H: 145 mm; © the Trustees of the British Museum).
		Illus. 7.167  Copper-alloy jug handle with silver inlay and silvering, found in 1836–7 when the railway cutting was excavated on the west side of Winchester (L: 148 mm; © the Trustees of the British Museum).
		Illus. 7.168  Copper-alloy jug handle found in 1836–7 when the railway cutting was excavated on the west side of Winchester (W across curving projections: 98 mm; © the Trustees of the British Museum).
		Illus. 7.169  Non-blown glass vessels: polychrome (1491–2), monochrome (1493–4), and colourless (1495 and 1497) (drawings 1:2; photograph, 1:1, by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.170  Non-blown glass vessels: pillar moulded bowls (drawings 1:2; photographs, 1:1, by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.171  Mould-blown glass vessels: first century A.D. (1502) and later Roman (1507–10) (drawings 1:2; photographs, 1:1, by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.172  Mould-blown glass vessel: late Roman truncated conical beaker (drawing 1:2; photograph, 1:1, by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.173  Blown glass vessels: polychrome (drawings 1:2; photographs, 1:1, by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.174  Blown glass vessels: monochrome, decorated with figured and geometric patterns (drawings 1:2; photographs, 1:1, by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.175  Blown glass vessels: monochrome, decorated with raised and facet-cut designs (1:2).
		Illus. 7.176  Blown glass vessels: monochrome, with linear cutting (1:2).
		Illus. 7.177  Blown glass vessels: monochrome, with linear cutting (1553–6), indented decoration (1557–8), and indented and trailed decoration (1559) (1:2).
		Illus. 7.178  Blown glass vessels: monochrome, with trailed and ribbed decoration (1:2).
		Illus. 7.179  Blown glass vessels: monochrome, undecorated cups and bowls (1:2).
		Illus. 7.180  Blown glass vessels: monochrome, undecorated bowls (1599–1602 and 1604–5) and jars (1606–10) (1:2).
		Illus. 7.181  Blown glass vessels: monochrome, undecorated jugs (drawings 1:2; photograph, 1:1, by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.182  Blown glass vessels: monochrome, undecorated dolphin-handled flasks and bottles (1625–7) and unguent bottles (1629–33) (drawings 1:2; photograph, 1:1, by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.183  Blue/green glass bottles (1:2).
		Illus. 7.184  Blue/green glass bottles (1639–41 and 1643–4) and bottle with horizontal corrugation (1645) (drawings 1:2; photographs, 1:2, by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 7.185  Shale vessels (1647–9, 1651–2, and 1654–5) and tray fragments (1656–7) (1:2).
		Illus. 7.186  Iron bucket fittings: handles with a solid circular or square section (1:3).
		Illus. 7.187  Iron bucket fittings: handles with a rectangular section (1:3).
		Illus. 7.188  Iron bucket fittings: handle mounts (1670–5), possible handle mounts (1678–9), and a binding band (1680) (1:3).
		Illus. 7.189  Shale furniture fragments (1:2).
		Illus. 7.191  Copper-alloy binding, probably from a box or casket (1:1).
		Illus. 7.190  Fragment of jet inlay (1:1).
		Illus. 7.192  Bone hinge from a box or door (1:1).
		Illus. 7.193  Veneer. Bone, except 1687, antler (1:1).
		Illus. 7.194  Fragment of a mould-made volute-lamp of Loeschcke Type I or IV. Ceramic (1:2).
		Illus. 7.195  Fragment of the ?handle-guard of a lamp with palmette motif. Ceramic (1:1).
		Illus. 7.196  Iron lever-lock padlock 1697 from Lower Brook Street (Insula XXIV). A, rear of the lock with a link of a chain; B, front and side of the lock with key and rivet head; C, broken side showing the key.
		Illus. 7.197  Iron lever-lock padlock 1697. X-rays showing the interior of the lock. A, top view (cf. the operation of the lock, Illus.  7.199, 1); B, side view.
		Illus. 7.198  Iron lever-lock padlock 1697 (1:2).
		Illus. 7.199  The operation of the iron lever-lock padlock 1697. 1, plan of interior, with features A–N; 2A, the section of the key; 2B, the bolt and key; 3A–C, the bolt being moved by the key.
		Illus. 7.200  Copper-alloy lock-bolts from tumbler locks (1700–2) and hasp from a lock fitting (1703) (1:2).
		Illus. 7.201  Keys: a tumbler lock slide key (1704) and L-shaped tumbler lock keys (1705–10). Iron (1:2).
		Illus. 7.202  Keys: a T-shaped tumbler lock key (1711), a handle from a T- or L-shaped lift-key (1712); four lever lock keys (1713–16), including one ring-key (1714); and a barb-spring padlock key (1717). Iron, except 1714–15, copper alloy (1:2, except 17
		Illus. 7.203  Horse equipment: copper-alloy harness fittings (1:1, except 1720, 1:2).
		Illus. 7.204  Horse equipment: iron link from a snaffle-bit (1:2).
		Illus. 7.205  Horse equipment: antler cheek piece (1:2).
		Illus. 7.206  Horseshoe (1724) and hipposandal wings (1725–6, 1730, and 1733). Iron (1:2).
		Illus. 7.207  Hipposandal heels. Iron (1:2).
		Illus. 7.208  Military equipment: buckle from lorica segmentata (1738); stud (1739); strap-end (1740); and belt plates (1741–2). Copper alloy (1741, tinned) (1:1).
		Illus. 7.209  Military equipment: scabbard fittings. Iron and copper alloy (1:2).
		Illus. 7.210  Claudio-Neronian strap-terminal from Roman military cavalry harness, found in the area of the south-western defences of Venta at Castle Avenue in 1930. Copper alloy (c.1:1; photograph from the Sydney Ward-Evans collection in the Winchester R
		Illus. 7.211  Iron knife inlaid with copper alloy found in 1938 below Eastgate Street (i.e. immediately inside the line of the Roman defences, probably in Insula XXVI) (1:1; © Hampshire Cultural Trust/Winchester City Council, WINCM:PWCM 104).
		Illus. 7.212  Copper-alloy tacks: Types 1–4 (1:1).
		Illus. 7.213  Copper-alloy tacks: Types 5–8 and unclassified (1:1).
		Illus. 7.214  Studs and rivets: decorative studs (1786–92); plain studs (1794–5 and 1797); a strip with three eyelets for rivets (1798); functional rivets (1800–1); and an ornamental nail (1805). Copper alloy (1786 with enamel; 1787, tinned; 1794–5 with l
		Illus. 7.215  Copper-alloy chains and links (1806–8), terminals (1809 and 1811–12), and a ring (1816) (1:1).
		Illus. 7.216  Miscellaneous copper-alloy objects (1:1).
		Illus. 7.217  Iron chain links (1830–4) and rings (1835, 1838, 1840–2, 1844–5) (1:2).
		Illus. 7.218  Miscellaneous bone (1850 and 1852) and antler (1851) objects (1:1, except 1851, 1:2).
	PART 8
		Illus. 8.1  Byzantine coins (1:1; © Hampshire Cultural Trust/Winchester City Council, 1860).
		Illus. 8.2  Early Anglo-Saxon pottery: carinated bowls (1:2).
		Illus. 8.3  Early Anglo-Saxon pottery: globular bowls (1867–70), biconical bowl (1871), S-shaped profiles (1872–3), and incurving rim (1876) (1:4).
		Illus. 8.4  Early Anglo-Saxon pottery: stamped (1884–5) and decorated (1886 and 1891) sherds (1:2).
		Illus. 8.5  Early Anglo-Saxon beads. 1894, glass; 1895, amethyst (1:1).
		Illus. 8.6  Pierced coins, ?pendants (1:1; photographs of 1896–7 by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 8.7  Single-sided composite triangular comb, antler, with iron rivets.
		Illus. 8.8  Single-sided composite triangular comb, antler, with iron rivets (upper drawing 1:1; lower drawing 1:2).
		Illus. 8.9  Fragment of an early medieval glass claw beaker (2:1, reconstruction 1:1; photograph by Ian Cartwright).
		Illus. 8.10  Fragments of possible early medieval glass vessels (1:2).
		Illus. 8.11  Fragments of possible early medieval glass vessels (2:1; photographs by John Crook).
		Illus. 8.12  Early Anglo-Saxon weapons: spearhead or arrowhead (1745); and spearhead (1746). Iron (1:2).
	APPENDIX
		Illus. A.1  Lankhills, plan of the late Roman cemetery, showing the trenches of 1967–72, 2000–5, and 2007–8 (after Ottaway 2017, Fig. 3.34, using detailed plans from WS 3.ii; Wessex Archaeology 2009b; Booth et al. 2010). The 1967–72 trench is superimposed
		Illus. A.2  Roman Winchester, plan showing observations of the northern cemetery and suburb (based on Ottaway 2017, Fig. 3.25 and Qualmann and Rees 2012, Fig. 96, with revisions). Major excavations producing burials: 1 Lankhills 1967–72, 2000–5, and 2007–
LIST OF TABLES
	PART 1
		TABLE 1.1
			Sites excavated by the Winchester Excavations Committee 1961–71
	PART 3
		TABLE 3.1
			Cathedral Green 1962–9, main observations of the Roman east–west street from west to east
	PART  5
		TABLE 5.1
			The finds published in this volume: numbers and percentages by site
		TABLE 5.2
			Catalogued prehistoric objects from the Winchester Excavations Committee excavations of 1961–71: numbers and percentages by context date and site
		TABLE 5.3
			Catalogued Roman objects from the Winchester Excavations Committee excavations of 1961–71: numbers and percentages by context date and site(for the site codes, see Tables 1.1 and 5.1; for site locations, see Illus. 1.4)
		TABLE 5.4
			Selected categories of Roman objects from the Winchester Excavations Committee excavations of 1961–71: numbers and percentages by site
		TABLE 5.5
			Selected categories of Roman objects from the Winchester Excavations Committee excavations of 1961–71: numbers and percentages by context date
		TABLE 5.6
			Roman coins from the Winchester Excavations Committee excavations of 1961–71: numbers and percentages by context date and site
		TABLE 5.7
			Roman coins from the Winchester Excavations Committee excavations of 1961–71: numbers and percentages by context date or date of issue in centuries
	PART 6
		Part of the Iron Age pottery sequence at Owslebury (Hants.)1
			TABLE 6.1
	PART 7
		TABLE 7.1
			(for the site codes, see Tables 1.1 and 5.1; for site locations, see Illus. 1.4)1
				Roman coins from the excavated sites, ordered by period of issue and by site
		TABLE 7.2
			Amphorae from the excavated sites, by sherd count (SC) and by weight (Wt) in grams
				(for the site codes, see Tables 1.1 and 5.1; for site locations, see Illus. 1.4)
		TABLE 7.3
			Amphorae found at non-Winchester Excavations Committee sites in Winchester prior to 1971: overall totals by sherd count (SC), weight (Wt) in grams, and estimated vessel equivalent (EVE)
		TABLE 7.4
			Crucibles from Cathedral Car Park: results of X-ray fluorescence analysis: ++ = strong signal; - = detected; ? ++ = very weak or doubtful signal; = not detected
		TABLE 7.5
			Roman lead waste from the excavated sites: weight (Wt in grams) distribution by century1
		TABLE 7.6
			Roman lead waste from the excavated sites: type of lead waste, number of pieces, and weight (Wt) in grams
		TABLE 7.6 (cont.)
		TABLE 7.7
			Stone figures: petrography and provenance
		TABLE 7.8
			Stone counters: petrography and provenance
		TABLE 7.8 (cont.)
		TABLE 7.9
			Hones: petrography and provenance
		TABLE 7.9 (cont.)
		TABLE 7.10
			Querns: petrography and provenance
		TABLE 7.11
			Architectural stonework: petrography and provenance (see Illus. 7.34)
				(for the site codes, see Tables 1.1 and 5.1; for site locations, see Illus. 1.4)
		TABLE 7.11 (cont.)
		TABLE 7.11 (cont.)
		TABLE 7.12
			Exotic ornamental stone (‘marble’): petrography and provenance (see Illus. 7.35)
				(for the site codes, see Tables 1.1 and 5.1; for site locations, see Illus. 1.4)
		TABLE 7.12 (cont.)
		TABLE 7.13
			(for the site codes, see Tables 1.1 and 5.1; for site locations, see Illus. 1.4)
				Native ornamental stone (‘marble’): petrography and provenance (see Illus. 7.34)
		TABLE 7.13 (cont.)
		TABLE 7.14
			(large red ceramic tesserae omitted)
				Tesserae recorded from excavated sites, 1961–71, by size
		TABLE 7.15
			(large red ceramic tesserae omitted)
				Number of tesserae from Lower Brook Street (BS) by size, date group, and colour
		TABLE 7.16
			(large red ceramic tesserae omitted)
				Number of tesserae from Cathedral Green (CG) by size, date group, and colour
		TABLE 7.17
			(large red ceramic tesserae omitted)
				Number of tesserae from Wolvesey Palace (WP) by size, date group, and colour
		TABLE 7.18
			(large red tesserae omitted)
				Tesserae recorded from the lesser excavated sites, 1961–71, by site, size, colour, and context date
		TABLE 7.19
			Window glass: number of fragments of matt/glossy (MG) and blown window glass from sites excavated 1961–71, by site, type, and context date (for the site codes, see Tables 1.1 and 5.1; for site locations, see Illus. 1.4)
		TABLE 7.20
			(for the site codes, see Tables 1.1 and 5.1; for site locations, see Illus. 1.4)
				Painted wall plaster in the occupation and destruction layers of Roman buildings excavated 1961–71
		TABLE 7.21
			Iron boot-plates from the excavated sites, 1961–71
		TABLE 7.22
			Bracelets from Winchester ordered by material and context date
		TABLE 7.23
			Bracelets: distribution by material
				(for the site codes, see Tables 1.1 and 5.1; for site locations, see Illus. 1.4)
		TABLE 7.24
			Copper-alloy bracelets: distribution by type
				(for the site codes, see Tables 1.1 and 5.1; for site locations, see Illus. 1.4)
		TABLE 7.25
			Bone counters: average diameters (D) of Types 1–4 from Winchester and Roman Britain as a whole
		TABLE 7.26
			Sets of bone counters from secure contexts in Roman Britain, ordered by type and context date.
				The number of counters of each type (where known) is given in brackets
		TABLE 7.27
			Vessel glass: minimum number of catalogued vessels by site and form in use during the 1st century A.D. (for the site codes, see Tables 1.1 and 5.1; for site locations, see Illus. 1.4)
		TABLE 7.28
			(for the site codes, see Tables 1.1 and 5.1; for site locations, see Illus. 1.4)
				Vessel glass: summary by site of non-blown vessel fragments (minimum numbers in brackets)
		TABLE 7.29
			Vessel glass from Wolvesey Palace: minimum numbers (Min. no.) of common 1st- to early 2nd-century A.D. blown vessel forms
		TABLE 7.30
			Vessel glass from Lower Brook Street: minimum numbers (Min. no.) of common 1st- to early 2nd-century A.D. blown vessel forms
		TABLE 7.31
			Vessel glass: minimum numbers of main 2nd- to 3rd-century colourless cup forms by site (for the site codes, see Tables 1.1 and 5.1; for site locations, see Illus. 1.4)
		TABLE 7.32
			Vessel glass: main 2nd- to 3rd-century jar, jug, and flask forms by site (for the site codes, see Tables 1.1 and 5.1; for site locations, see Illus. 1.4)
		TABLE 7.33
			Vessel glass: 4th-century decorated tablewares (minimum vessel numbers)
		TABLE 7.34
			Vessel glass: blue/green bottle fragments from all sites where bottle fragments were found (for the site codes, see Tables 1.1 and 5.1; for site locations, see Illus. 1.4)
	APPENDIX
		TABLE A.1
			Lankhills 2000–5, Oxford Archaeology’s supposed ‘Pannonian’ graves
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF REFERENCES
VOLUME 1 EXCAVATIONS
	PART 1 INTRODUCTION
		GENERAL INTRODUCTION
		PREVIOUS WORK
		THE WINCHESTER EXCAVATIONS COMMITTEE EXCAVATIONS OF 1961–71
			I. THE SITES
			II. METHODS OF EXCAVATION AND RECORDING
			III. POST-EXCAVATION ANALYSIS: PHASING
			IV. THE PHASING RECORDS
	PART 2 GENERAL DISCUSSIONS
		GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL SETTING OF WINCHESTER
		PREHISTORY OF THE WINCHESTER AREA
		ROMAN WINCHESTER
			I. THE PRE-FLAVIAN PERIOD: A.D. 43–68
			II. LATE FIRST TO EARLY SECOND CENTURIES
			III. MID SECOND TO MID THIRD CENTURIES
			IV. LATE ROMAN WINCHESTER: MID THIRD TO MID FOURTH CENTURIES
			V. END OF THE ROMAN PERIOD: MID FOURTH TO EARLY FIFTH CENTURIES
		POST-ROMAN AND EARLY ANGLO-SAXON WINCHESTER
	PART 3 SITE REPORTS
		ON THE DEFENCES
			I. TOWER STREET 1964 (TS)
			II. CASTLE YARD 1967–71 (CY)
			III. SOUTH GATE 1971 (SG)
		INSIDE THE WALLS
			I. CATHEDRAL CAR PARK 1961 (CACP)
			II. CATHEDRAL GREEN 1962–9 (CG)
			III. CATHEDRAL GREEN 1970 (CG)
			IV. WOLVESEY PALACE 1963–71 (WP)
			V. LOWER BROOK STREET 1965–71 (BS)
			VI. ASSIZE COURTS NORTH 1963 (ACN 1963)
			VII. ASSIZE COURTS NORTH 1970–1 (ACN 1970–1)
			VIII. ASSIZE COURTS SOUTH 1963–5 (ACS)
		OUTSIDE THE WALLS
			I. ASHLEY TERRACE 1964 (AST)
			II. ORAM’S ARBOUR 1965–7 (OA)
			III. WINNALL RAILWAY CUTTING 1971 (WC)
	PART 4 ROMAN WINCHESTER: GAZETTEERS
		GAZETTEER OF DEFENCES
		GAZETTEER OF STREETS WITHIN THE WALLED AREA
		GAZETTEER OF BUILDINGS WITHIN THE WALLED AREA
VOLUME 2 FINDS
	Pre-title
	Title Page
	PART 5 FINDS: INTRODUCTION
		GENERAL INTRODUCTION
		RECORDING OF FINDS ON SITE AND IN THE FINDS SHED
		POST-EXCAVATION FINDS PROCESSING
		THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE OBJECTS
		CONTEXT DATES AND RESIDUALITY
	PART 6 PREHISTORIC FINDS
		COINS
			I. PTOLEMAIC AND OTHER MEDITERRANEAN COINS
			II. IRON AGE COINS
			III. LATE IRON AGE COIN PELLET MOULD
		POTTERY
			I. PREHISTORIC POTTERY
			II. BRIQUETAGE
		OTHER OBJECTS
			I. WORKED FLINT
			II. NUTCRACKER STONE
			III. QUERNS
			IV. A DECORATED RING FOUND DURING THE UNDERPINNING OF  THE CATHEDRAL IN 1910
	PART 7 ROMAN FINDS
		COINS
			I. ROMAN COINS
			II. BARBAROUS RADIATES
			III. GOLD-PLATED SILVER COIN FRAGMENT
		POTTERY
			I. INTRODUCTORY COMMENT
			II. THE SAMIAN WARE: A SUMMARY
			III. SAMIAN STAMP CATALOGUE
			IV. DECORATED SAMIAN
			V. INCISED COPY OF SAMIAN FORM DÉCHELETTE 72
			VI. IMPORTED LATE ROMAN FINE WARES
			VII. AMPHORAE
			VIII. STAMPED MORTARIA
		INDUSTRIES AND THEIR TOOLS
			I. METAL WORKING
			II. TEXTILE MANUFACTURE
			III. BONE AND ANTLER WORKING by FRANCIS M. MORRIS
			IV. STONE OBJECTS: PETROGRAPHY AND PROVENANCE
			V.  THE BUILDING INDUSTRY
			VI. AGRICULTURAL TOOLS
		INSCRIPTIONS, STATUARY, AND RELIGIOUS OBJECTS
			I. INSCRIPTIONS
			II. STONE FIGURES
			III. FIGURAL BRONZES
			IV. CAST COPPER-ALLOY FRAGMENTS FROM STATUARY
			V. WOODEN STATUETTE
			CERAMIC FIGURINES
			VI. CERAMIC FIGURINES
			VII. ANATOMICAL AMULET OR VOTIVE OF CAST COPPER ALLOY
		PERSONAL POSSESSIONS
			I. SHOES
			II. LATE ROMAN BELT FITTINGS
			III. JEWELLERY
			IV. HAIR ARTICLES
			V. TOILET EQUIPMENT
			VI. GAMING EQUIPMENT
			VII. WRITING EQUIPMENT AND SEAL BOXES
			VIII. GRAFFITI
		EQUIPMENT AND FURNISHINGS
			I. SEWING EQUIPMENT
			II. KITCHEN AND OTHER DOMESTIC IMPLEMENTS
			III. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
			IV.   VESSELS
			V. FURNITURE
			VI. LOCKS AND KEYS
		HORSE EQUIPMENT
			I. COPPER-ALLOY HARNESS FITTINGS
			II. LINK FROM A SNAFFLE-BIT
			III. ANTLER CHEEK-PIECE
			IV. HORSESHOE AND HIPPOSANDALS
		MILITARY EQUIPMENT
			I. DISCUSSION
			II. MILITARY EQUIPMENT FROM THE EXCAVATIONS OF 1961–71
			III. CLAUDIO-NERONIAN STRAP-TERMINAL FROM ROMAN MILITARY CAVALRY HARNESS, FOUND AT CASTLE AVENUE IN 1930
			IV. AN INLAID KNIFE FOUND IN EASTGATE STREET IN 1938
		MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS
			I. COPPER-ALLOY TACKS
			II. COPPER-ALLOY STUDS AND RIVETS
			III. COPPER-ALLOY CHAINS, LINKS, TERMINALS, AND RINGS
			IV. OTHER MISCELLANEOUS COPPER-ALLOY OBJECTS
			V. IRON CHAIN AND RINGS
			VI. MISCELLANEOUS BONE AND ANTLER OBJECTS
			VII. MISCELLANEOUS SHALE OBJECTS
	PART 8 POST-ROMAN AND EARLY ANGLO-SAXON FINDS
		BYZANTINE COINS OF THE SIXTH AND SEVENTH CENTURIES
		EARLY ANGLO-SAXON POTTERY
		OTHER OBJECTS
			I. EARLY ANGLO-SAXON BEADS
			II. PIERCED COINS, ?PENDANTS
			III. SINGLE-SIDED COMPOSITE TRIANGULAR COMB
			IV. EARLY MEDIEVAL VESSEL GLASS
			V. EARLY ANGLO-SAXON WEAPONS
	FINDS CONCORDANCES
		CONCORDANCE 1
		CONCORDANCE 2
		CONCORDANCE 3
	APPENDIX LANKHILLS RECONSIDERED
		INTRODUCTION
		TOPOGRAPHY AND CHRONOLOGY
			I. THE 1967–72 EXCAVATION
			II. SUBSEQUENT DISCOVERIES
			III. MODERN DAMAGE
			IV. CHRONOLOGY
		PEOPLE WHO ARRIVED c.350
			I. THE 1967–72 EXCAVATION
			II. ISOTOPE EVIDENCE
			III. SUBSEQUENT DISCOVERIES
		OTHER ASPECTS
			I. INTRODUCTION
			II. CREMATIONS
			III. GRAVES WITH BELTS AT THE FEET
			IV. LH 347
			V. PEOPLE WHO ARRIVED c.390
		CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS
INDEX
WINCHESTER STUDIES