Vehicular Networks

1420085719......Page 1
Vehicular Networks: Techniques, Standards, and Applications......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
About the Editors......Page 11
List of Contributors......Page 14
Contents......Page 17
1.1.1 What Are Vehicular Networks?......Page 18
1.1.2 Vehicular Network Architectures......Page 19
1.2 Special Characteristics of Vehicular Networks......Page 21
1.3 Vehicular Network Potential Applications and Services......Page 22
1.4 Technical Challenges......Page 23
1.4.2 Routing and Dissemination......Page 24
1.4.3 Security......Page 25
1.4.5 Application Distribution......Page 26
1.5.1 Main Actors......Page 27
1.5.2.1 IEEE......Page 29
1.5.2.3 ETSI......Page 30
1.5.3 Related Projects......Page 31
1.5.3.1 Recent Projects......Page 32
1.6 Conclusions......Page 34
References......Page 35
Contents......Page 37
2.1.1 On-Board Equipment......Page 38
2.1.3 Data Dissemination......Page 39
2.1.4 Network Access Technologies......Page 41
2.1.5 Communication Architectures......Page 42
2.2 Public Safety Applications......Page 44
2.2.1 Cooperative Collision Avoidance......Page 45
2.2.2.2 Abiding EWM......Page 46
2.3 Vehicular Traffic Coordination......Page 47
2.4.1 Traffic Monitoring......Page 49
2.4.2 Intersection Assistance......Page 50
2.5 Comfort Applications......Page 51
2.6 Conclusions......Page 52
References......Page 53
Contents......Page 56
3.1 Introduction......Page 57
3.2 DSRC Spectrum and Applications for Vehicular Networks......Page 58
3.3 IEEE Standards for MAC Protocols for Vehicular Networks......Page 60
3.4.1 A Cluster-Based Multichannel MAC Protocol for Vehicular Networks......Page 63
3.4.2 A Distributed MAC Protocol for Safety Message Dissemination in Vehicular Networks......Page 67
3.5 A Priority-Based Secure MAC Protocol for Vehicular Networks......Page 71
3.5.2 Secure Protocol......Page 72
3.5.3 Performance Analysis......Page 74
3.6 Conclusions......Page 76
References......Page 77
Contents......Page 78
4.1 Introduction......Page 79
4.2 Enabling Technologies for Vehicular Communication Networks......Page 81
4.2.1 Global Navigation Satellite System......Page 82
4.2.2 Cellular Systems: From Second Generation to Third Generation and Further Evolutions......Page 83
4.2.3 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks......Page 88
4.2.4 Wireless Local Area Networks......Page 90
4.2.5 Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 92
4.2.6 Heterogeneous Networks for Infomobility Services......Page 97
4.3.1 Introduction to the Platform SHINE......Page 98
4.3.2 Structure of SHINE......Page 99
4.4.1 Emergency Warning through GPRS......Page 103
4.4.2 MBMS over UMTS for Infomobility......Page 107
4.4.2.3 Traffic......Page 111
4.4.2.5 Radio Interface......Page 112
4.4.2.7 Performance Indexes......Page 113
4.4.2.8 Numerical Results......Page 114
References......Page 117
Contents......Page 123
5.1 Challenges and Requirements for Routing Protocols in VANETs......Page 125
5.2 Classification of Routing Protocols for VANETs......Page 128
5.3.1 Connectivity-Aware Routing......Page 129
5.3.2 Greedy Perimeter Coordinator Routing......Page 132
5.4 Map-Based Solutions......Page 138
5.4.1 Geographic Source Routing......Page 139
5.4.2 Spatially Aware Routing......Page 140
5.5.1 MoVe......Page 141
5.5.2 GeOpps......Page 143
5.6.1 Anchor-based Street- and Traffic-Aware Routing......Page 145
5.6.2 Vehicle-Assisted Data Delivery......Page 147
5.6.3 Mobility-Centric Data Dissemination Algorithm......Page 150
5.6.4 Static Node-Assisted Adaptive Routing Protocol......Page 151
5.7 Open Issues and Research Opportunities......Page 152
References......Page 154
Contents......Page 156
6.1 Introduction......Page 157
6.2.1 Topological Routing Protocols......Page 158
6.2.2 Geographical Routing Protocols......Page 159
6.2.4 Movement-Based Routing Protocols......Page 160
6.3 A Use-Case Analysis of the Protocols......Page 161
6.3.1 VANET Applications and Services......Page 162
6.3.2 Requirements of the Applications Regarding Routing......Page 163
6.3.3 Toward a Use-Case Taxonomy......Page 165
6.4.1 A New Approach for Routing in VANET......Page 169
6.4.2 Conditional Transmissions......Page 171
6.4.3 Implementation......Page 174
6.5.1 Simulation Methodology......Page 176
6.5.2 Simulation Results and Performances Analysis......Page 180
6.5.3 Conclusions on the Simulations......Page 185
6.6 Conclusions......Page 187
References......Page 188
Contents......Page 193
7.1.1 Scope and Motivation......Page 194
7.2.1 The Scalability Problem—Two Contrasting Scenarios......Page 195
7.2.2 Requirements and System Constraints......Page 196
7.3 State-of-the Art Algorithms and Strategies for Information Dissemination in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks......Page 199
7.3.1 Intelligent Flooding Mechanisms......Page 200
7.3.2 Traffic Differentiation, Quality of Service, and Utility Optimization......Page 204
7.4.1 Network Utility Maximization in Common Networks......Page 210
7.4.2 Network Utility Maximization in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks......Page 213
7.4.3 Quantification of Traffic Information Utility......Page 217
7.4.4 Intervehicle Contention for the Shared Medium......Page 225
7.5 Conclusions......Page 226
References......Page 230
Contents......Page 233
8.1 Context and Motivations......Page 234
8.2.1.1 End-to-End Approaches......Page 236
8.2.1.2 Hop-by-Hop Approaches......Page 237
8.2.2 Discussions......Page 240
8.3.1 802.11p Multichanneling......Page 241
8.3.1.2 Service Channel......Page 242
8.3.2.1 Static Factor from Application Class......Page 243
8.3.2.2 Dynamic Factor from Network Context......Page 244
8.3.3.2 Dynamic Scheduling......Page 246
8.3.4 Message Transmission......Page 247
8.3.5 Priority-Scheduled Transmissions Algorithm......Page 248
8.4.1.1 Temporized Automata......Page 250
8.4.1.3 Simulations and Results......Page 251
8.4.2 Implementation and Real Measurements......Page 255
References......Page 257
Contents......Page 259
9.1 The Ad Hoc IP Address Autoconfiguration Problem......Page 261
9.1.1 Main Limitations of Conventional IP Address Autoconfiguration Mechanisms......Page 262
9.1.2.1 IP Addressing Architectural Model......Page 263
9.1.2.2 Scenarios Addressed by the AUTOCONF WG......Page 264
9.1.2.3 The AUTOCONF WG---Work in Progress......Page 265
9.1.3.1 Node or Network Requirements......Page 266
9.1.3.3 Performance Requirements......Page 267
9.1.4 Analysis of the IP Address Autoconfiguration Solution Space......Page 268
9.1.4.1 Which Entities Are Involved?......Page 269
9.1.4.2 What Type of IP Delegation: Addresses or Prefixes?......Page 270
9.1.4.3 How Are IP Addresses Obtained?......Page 271
9.1.4.4 How Is an IP Address Uniqueness Guaranteed?......Page 272
9.1.4.5 How Is Signaling Performed?......Page 275
9.1.4.7 Are Existing Protocols Modified?......Page 276
9.2 IP Address Autoconfiguration in Vehicular Networks......Page 277
9.2.1 Solution Requirements......Page 278
9.2.2.1 Vehicular Address Configuration......Page 279
9.2.2.2 Geographically Scoped Stateless Address Configuration......Page 281
9.3 Conclusions......Page 285
References......Page 286
Contents......Page 288
10.1 Why Network Mobility: The Network Mobility Problem......Page 289
10.2 NEMO Basic Support Protocol......Page 290
10.3.1 Problem Description......Page 295
10.4 NEMO in the Vehicular Scenario......Page 298
10.4.1 Requirements Analysis......Page 299
10.4.2 Vehicular Ad Hoc Route Optimization Solution for NEMO......Page 301
10.4.2.2 Creation of a Secure Ad Hoc Route......Page 302
10.4.2.3 Optimized Routing Using the VANET......Page 309
10.4.3.1 Geographic Routing in VANET......Page 311
10.4.3.2 Application of NEMO in VANETs with Geographic Routing......Page 312
References......Page 314
Contents......Page 319
11.1 Introduction......Page 320
11.2 MANEMO Wireless Fringe Stub......Page 321
11.3.1 Supporting Flexible Path Selection......Page 322
11.3.2 Avoiding Redundant Tunnels and Paths......Page 323
11.3.4 Supporting Movement Transparency......Page 324
11.3.7 Supporting Local Routing......Page 325
11.4.2 Disaster and Public Safety Network......Page 326
11.4.3 Scenario Analysis......Page 327
11.5.1 The NEMO Basic Support Protocol......Page 328
11.5.2 MANEMO Topologies......Page 329
11.5.3 Addressing Architecture......Page 331
11.6.1 MANEMO Solution Requirements......Page 333
11.6.2 Solution Classification......Page 335
11.6.4 Network in Node Advertisement......Page 336
11.6.6 MANET and AUTOCONF Solutions......Page 337
References......Page 338
Contents......Page 340
12.1 Introduction on Vehicular Networks Security......Page 341
12.2.1 Attack Classification......Page 343
12.2.2 Attack Examples......Page 344
12.3 Security Challenges......Page 347
12.4 Security Requirements......Page 350
12.5.1 Standardization and Deployment Efforts......Page 352
12.5.2 Literature Review......Page 353
12.5.2.1 ITS-Services Security......Page 354
12.5.2.2 ITS and Non-ITS Service Security......Page 355
12.6 Conclusions......Page 358
References......Page 360
Contents......Page 363
13.1.1 Principle of Confidence for Redundant and Distributed Data......Page 364
13.2.1 Knowledge Representation......Page 365
13.2.2 Information Fusion......Page 366
13.3.1 Level of Information......Page 367
13.3.2 Spatial and Temporal References......Page 368
13.3.3 Confidence Attributes......Page 369
13.4.1 Temporal Persistence......Page 370
13.4.2 Spatial Propagation......Page 371
13.5 Preliminary Results......Page 373
13.5.1 Spatial Extension......Page 374
13.5.3 Temporal Discounting......Page 379
References......Page 383
Contents......Page 385
14.1 Introduction......Page 386
14.2 Scenarios and Requirements......Page 388
14.3 Basic Geocast......Page 389
14.4.1 Architecture Framework for Geocast......Page 393
14.4.2 Radio Control......Page 395
14.4.3 Periodic Broadcasting......Page 398
14.4.4 Multihop Communication......Page 399
14.4.6 Security......Page 403
14.4.6.1 Cryptographic Protection......Page 404
14.4.6.3 Rate Limitation......Page 406
14.4.7 Privacy......Page 407
14.4.8 Internet Integration......Page 409
References......Page 412
Contents......Page 416
15.1 Introduction......Page 417
15.2 Market Development......Page 418
15.2.2 Global Drivers......Page 419
15.2.3 Future Market Development......Page 420
15.3.1 Technological Challenges......Page 421
15.3.1.1 Architecture......Page 422
15.3.1.2 Algorithms......Page 423
15.3.1.4 Technology Life Cycle......Page 424
15.3.2.2 Pricing......Page 425
15.3.3 Costs......Page 426
15.4.1 Content-Driven Deployment......Page 427
15.4.2 Technology-Driven Deployment......Page 430
15.4.3 Political-Driven Deployment......Page 431
15.5 Preconditions and Dependencies......Page 432
15.5.2 Road Operators......Page 433
15.5.5 Governments and Public Authorities......Page 434
15.5.6 Service and Content Providers......Page 435
15.6.2 Content and Technology......Page 436
15.6.4 Back-End Architecture......Page 438
15.7 Conclusions......Page 439
References......Page 440