Vegetation Fires and Pollution in Asia

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Vegetation Fires and Biomass Burning in South/Southeast Asia—An Overview
	1 Introduction
	2 Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling of Vegetation Fires
	3 GHG Emissions and Air Pollution
	4 Fire Prediction, Air Pollution Modeling, and Decision Support Systems (DSS)
	References
Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling of Vegetation Fires
Wildfire Monitoring Using Infrared Bands and Spatial Resolution Effects
	1 Introduction
	2 Analyzing the Effect of Spatial Resolution of Infrared Band on Fire Monitoring
		2.1 Principle of Fire Detection Using Infirared Channel
		2.2 Analysis on the Influence of Infrared Channels with Different Resolution on Fire Monitoring
	3 Case Study of Fire Monitoring Using Infrared Channels with Different Resolutions
		3.1 Fire Detection
		3.2 Evaluation of the Size of Sub-pixel Fire
		3.3 A Case Study of Straw-Burning Fire Monitoring
		3.4 A Case Study of Forest Fire Monitoring
	4 Conclusion
	References
Status and Drivers of Forest Fires in Myanmar
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Data and Methods
		3.1 Data
		3.2 Methods
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 National Level
		4.2 State Level
		4.3 Landscape Level
	5 Conclusion
	References
Vegetation Fires and Entropy Variations in Myanmar
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Datasets
		3.1 VIIRS Fires
		3.2 MODIS Burnt Areas
	4 Methodology
	5 Results and Discussion
	References
Crop Residue Burning and Forest Fire Emissions in Nepal
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Data and Methods
		3.1 Crop Residue Open Burning
		3.2 Forest Fire
		3.3 Approach
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Firewood Burning Dynamics by the Sri Lankan Households: Trends, Patterns, and Implications
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Data and Methods
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Policy Implications
	References
Burnt Area Signal Variations in Agriculture and Forested Landscapes of India—A Case Study Using Sentinel-1A/B Synthetic Aperture Radar
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Areas
	3 Datasets
		3.1 Sentinel-1A/B Datasets
	4 Methodology
	5 Results and Discussion
	References
Application of Interferometry SAR for Monitoring of Peatland Area—Case Studies in Indonesia
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
		2.1 Central Kalimantan Province
		2.2 Kampar Peninsula, Riau Province
	3 Data and Methods
		3.1 Data
		3.2 Satellite Data Used
		3.3 Approach
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 The Observation of Peatland Surface Height Variability
		4.2 Peatland Drought Analysis in ENSO year
		4.3 Peatland Surface Loss Due to Fires
		4.4 Observation of Peatland Fire Area Using SBAS DInSAR Analysis
		4.5 Peat Dome Analysis
		4.6 Peatland Subsidence Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
Active Fire Monitoring of Thailand and Upper ASEAN by Earth Observation Data: Benefits, Lessons Learned, and What Still Needs to Be Known
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 History of Active Fires Monitoring in Thailand and Upper ASEAN
	4 Description of Main Existing Fire Monitoring Systems and Sources Using in Upper ASEAN
		4.1 FIRMS NASA
		4.2 VIIRS NOAA-NESDIS
		4.3 VIIRS NightFires (VNF)
	5 Benefits, Lessons Learned, and What Still Needs to Be Known
		5.1 Benefits
		5.2 Troubles
		5.3 Lessons Learned
		5.4 What Still Needs to Be Known
	6 Conclusion
	References
Detecting Vegetation Regrowth After Fires in Small Watershed Settings Using Remotely Sensed Data and Local Community Participation Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Data and Methods
		3.1 Remotely Sensed Data Used in 2016
		3.2 Remotely Sensed Data Used in 2019
		3.3 Approach
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Community Participation
		4.2 Land Use and Land Use Changes
	5 Conclusion
	References
Long-Term Spatiotemporal Distribution of Fire Over Maritime Continent and Their Responses to Climate Anomalies
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Data and Methods
		3.1 Data
		3.2 Methods
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Spatiotemporal Distribution of Total Fire Hotspot in Maritime Continent
		4.2 Relationship of Total Hotspot to AOD
		4.3 Relationship of the Total Hotspot to Its Precipitation
		4.4 Relationship of the Total Hotspot to Climate Anomalies
	5 Conclusion
	References
Vegetation Fires in Laos—An Overview
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Datasets
		3.1 Active Fires
		3.2 MODIS Burned Areas
		3.3 Land Cover
		3.4 Temperature Condition Index (TCI)
	4 Methods
	5 Results and Discussion
	References
Vegetation Fires, Fire Radiative Power, and Intermediate Fire Occurrence-Intensity (IFOI) Hypothesis Testing in Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Data
	4 Methods
	5 Results and Discussion
	References
Analyzing Fire Behavior and Calibrating a Fire Growth Model in a Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest Area
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Fire in Dry and Deciduous Dipterocarp Forests
		1.2 Fire Behavior and the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction System
	2 Study Area
	3 Data and Methods
		3.1 Fire Experiments
		3.2 Active Fire, Fuel Map, and Fire Weather Data
		3.3 Experimental Calibration for a Deciduous Dipterocarp Forest Fuel Type
		3.4 Burned Area
		3.5 Model Setup
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Field Experiments
		4.2 Model Results
	5 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Air Pollution
Spatiotemporally Resolved Pollutant Emissions from Biomass Burning in Asia
	1 Introduction
	2 Biomass Consumption in Asia
	3 Emissions of Typical Air Pollutants from Biomass Burning
		3.1 Biomass Burning Emissions in 2014
		3.2 Historical Changes in Biomass Emissions from 1960 to 2014
		3.3 Temporal Changes in Sector Contributions
	4 Conclusions and Implications
	References
Twenty-Year (2000–2019) Variations of Aerosol Optical Depth Over Asia in Relation to Anthropogenic and Biomass Burning Emissions
	1 Introduction
	2 Dataset
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Light Absorption Properties of Biomass Burning Emissions in Bangladesh: Current State of Knowledge
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Data and Methods
		3.1 Analytical Methods
		3.2 Light Absorption Properties
		3.3 Absorption Emission Factor (AEF) Estimation
		3.4 Biomass Burning PM2.5 Contributions
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Chemical Characterization of Biomass Burning Emissions
		4.2 Absorption Coefficients of Brown Carbon (babs)
		4.3 Mass Absorption Efficiency (MAE)
		4.4 Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE)
		4.5 Absorption Emission Factors (AEFs)
		4.6 Biomass Burning Contribution of PM2.5
	5 Conclusions
	References
Remote Sensing of Greenhouse Gases and Aerosols from Agricultural Residue Burning Over Pakistan
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Datasets and Methodology
		3.1 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)
		3.2 Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)
		3.3 Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS)
		3.4 Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2)
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Particulate’s Emissions
		4.2 Gaseous Emissions
	5 Summary and Future Recommendations
	References
A Comparative Study of Energy, Emissions, and Economic Efficiency of Various Cookstoves in Nepal
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Nepalese Context
	2 Study Area
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Selection of Stoves
		3.2 Stove Testing Process
		3.3 Field Testing
	4 Energy Conversion Factor
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Estimation of Ultrafine Particulate Matter Emissions from Biomass Burning Using Satellite Imaging and Burn Severity
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Data and Methods
		3.1 Satellite Data
		3.2 Burn Severity
		3.3 Estimation of Ultrafine Particles (PM0.1) Emission
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Burn Severity in Thailand During the El Niño and La Niña Events
		4.2 Agriculture Residue Burning Areas in Thailand
		4.3 Emission of Fine and Ultrafine Particles from Agricultural Residue Burning and Forest Fires
		4.4 Effect of Biomass Burning on PM0.1 Concentration in SEA
	5 Conclusion
	References
Characteristics of Transboundary Haze and General Aerosol Over Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
	1 Introduction
	2 Data and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Measurements of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fire-Prone Peatlands in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, Using Ground-Based Instruments
	1 Introduction
	2 Location and Description of Study Areas
	3 Methods
		3.1 Column-Averaged Dry-Air Molar Mixing Ratio, XCO2
		3.2 CO2 Emission Data from Ground Soil
		3.3 Hotspot Data
		3.4 Doppler Radar Detection of Plume Trails of Large-Scale Fires
		3.5 Remote Monitoring of Soil Temperatures During the Underground Fire
	4 Results and Discussion
	References
Air Pollution Caused by Peatland Fires in Central Kalimantan
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Data and Methods
		3.1 Air Pollution and Weather Data
		3.2 Hotspot (Fire) Data and Satellite Imagery
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Source of Air Pollutants on Deep Peatland
		4.2 Fire Stages and GWL
		4.3 Air Pollution Situation in Deep Peatland
		4.4 Haze, Visibility, and Hotspot
	5 Conclusions
	References
Chemical Speciation of PM10 Emissions from Peat Burning Emission in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Description of Sampling Location
		2.2 PM10 Sampling Collection
		2.3 Chemical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Mass Concentrations
		3.2 Chemical Speciation
		3.3 Carbonaceous Particles
		3.4 Black Carbon
		3.5 Ions
		3.6 Concentrations of Metals
	4 Conclusions
	References
GHG Emissions’ Estimation from Peatland Fires in Indonesia—Review and Importance of Combustion Factor
	1 Introduction
	2 Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System (INCAS)
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Forest Fire Emissions in Equatorial Asia and Their Recent Delay Anomaly in the Dry Season
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Data and Methods
		3.1 Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Equatorial Asia’s Emissions
		3.2 Connection Between CO Emissions and Precipitation
		3.3 Emission Anomaly and the Impact of Precipitation
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Main Regions and Dominant Years of Emissions in Equatorial Asia
		4.2 The Connection Between Emissions and Precipitation
		4.3 The Anomaly of Forest Fire Emissions Since 2009
	5 Conclusion
	References
Air Pollution Modeling and Decision Support Systems
Impact of Vegetation Fires on Regional Aerosol Black Carbon Over South and East Asia
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Datasets and Methods
		3.1 MODIS
		3.2 AERONET
		3.3 MERRA-2 BC
		3.4 CAMS Reanalysis
		3.5 HYSPLIT-CWT/PSCF and Forward Trajectory
	4 Results
		4.1 Meteorology
		4.2 Regional Variation of AOD, BC, and Fire
		4.3 Regional Hotspots and Source Apportionment
	5 Conclusion
	References
Detection and Modeling of South Asian Biomass Burning Aerosols from Both Macro- and Micro-perspectives
	1 Introduction
	2 Data and Methods
		2.1 Satellite Dataset
		2.2 Biomass Burning Aerosols and HYSPLIT
		2.3 Laboratory Data and Simulation
	3 Results
		3.1 Influence Region and Aging Time of Biomass Burning Aerosols Originated from South Asia
		3.2 Evolution of BBA Chemical and Physical Properties During the Aging Process
		3.3 Evolution of BBA Optical Properties During the Aging Process
		3.4 The Influence of Combustion States and Biomass Sources on Mass Absorption Cross Sections
		3.5 Simulated Absorption Enhancement of BC-Containing Aerosols
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Remote Sensing of Agricultural Biomass Burning Aerosols, Gaseous Compounds, Long-Distance Transport, and Impact on Air Quality
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Region
	3 Methodology and Dataset
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Agricultural Crop Open Fires (ACOF) and Smoke in Spring 2015
		4.2 Emissions Impacts on Air Quality
		4.3 Trans-Pacific Transport of the Plumes to the US
		4.4 Agricultural Crop Open Fires Emissions and Ozone in Summer
	5 Conclusion
	References
Agricultural Fires in Northeast China: Characteristics, Impacts, and Challenges
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Data and Methods
		3.1 Data
		3.2 Satellite Data
		3.3 Approach
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Biomass Burning Around Harbin: Low-Efficiency Field Combustion of Crop Residues
		4.2 Model versus Observation Discrepancy Associated with Open Burning
		4.3 Biomass Burning and Brown Carbon: Climate Impacts
	5 Conclusion
	References
Air Pollution Modeling in Southeast Asia—An Overview
	1 Introduction
	2 Type of Air Pollution Modeling
		2.1 Dispersion Modeling
		2.2 Photochemical Modeling
		2.3 Receptor Modeling
	3 Review of Air Pollution Modeling Studies in Southeast Asia
	4 Case Study of Air Pollution Modeling
	5 Conclusion
	References
Trace Gases and Air Quality in Northwestern Vietnam During Recurrent Biomass Burning on the Indochina Peninsula Since 2014—Field Observations and Atmospheric Simulations
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Data and Methods
		3.1 Observations
		3.2 Simulations
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Long-Term Records of Trace Gases and Meteorological Parameters
		4.2 BB Pollution at PDI
		4.3 Simulations of CO Mixing Ratios at PDI
	5 Conclusions
	References
Southeast Asian Transboundary Haze in the Southern Philippines, 2019 and Meteorological Drivers
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Data and Methods
		3.1 Data
		3.2 Satellite Data
		3.3 Approach
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Wind Patterns and Wind Trajectory
		4.2 Impact of Indonesian Peatland Fire on the Air Quality in the Southern Philippines
	5 Conclusion
	References
An Operational Fire Danger Rating System for Thailand and Lower Mekong Region: Development, Utilization, and Experiences
	1 Introduction
	2 Data and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Utilization
	References
Fires Hotspot Forecasting in Indonesia Using Long Short-Term Memory Algorithm and MODIS Datasets
	1 Introduction
	2 Datasets and Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References