Vascular Complications of Surgery and Intervention: A Practical Guide

Introduction
Contents
Contributors
Part I: General Principles
	1: Regional Vascular Anatomy
		Embryologic Development of Vascular Tree
		Head and Neck
			Intracranial
				Arteries
				Veins/Sinuses
			Extracranial
				Arteries
				Veins
			Normal Variants
		Chest
			Veins
			Normal Variants
		Abdomen and Pelvis
			Abdominal Aorta
			Veins
			Normal Variants
		Upper Extremities
			Arteries
			Veins
			Normal Variants
		Lower Extremities
			Arteries
			Veins
			Normal Variants
		References
	2: Impact of Hemorrhage, Thrombosis, and Ischemia
		Introduction
		Hemorrhage
		Thromboembolic Disease
		Ischemic Injury
		Conclusion
		References
	3: Principles of Vascular Imaging
		Introduction
		Imaging Modalities and Protocols
			CT Angiography (CTA)
			Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)
			Conventional Angiography
		Noninvasive Hemodynamic Testing
		Ultrasonography
		Radiograph
		Nuclear Medicine
		Summary of Recommendations
		References
Part II: Perioperative
	4: Perioperative Venous Thromboembolism
		Introduction
			Risk Factors and Epidemiology of VTE
		Pathophysiology
		Deep Vein Thrombosis
			Lower Extremity
			Upper Extremity
			Pulmonary Embolism
		Prophylaxis
		Treatment
		Future Investigation
		Summary
		References
	5: Postoperative Spinal Cord Ischemia and Stroke
		Introduction
		Spinal Cord Ischemia
			Intraoperative Prevention
			Postoperative Management
			SCI Treatment Protocol
			Modified SCI Prevention Protocol
			Recovery
		Stroke
			Cerebral Protection Strategies
			Intraoperative Monitoring Strategies
			Intraoperative Stroke
			Postoperative Stroke
		Conclusion
		References
	6: Arterial Thromboembolic Complications
		Scope
		Regions
		Presentations
		Imaging
		Treatment
		Surveillance
		Summary
		References
	7: Vascular Injuries in Children
		Introduction
			Differences in Adult and Pediatric Trauma
			Epidemiology
			Extremity Injury
			Carotid Injury
			Aortic Injury
			Anticoagulation
			Outcomes
		Conclusion
		References
Part III: Operation and Intervention
	8: Principles of Vascular Access and Complications
		Introduction
		General Principles
		Ultrasound Technique
			Equipment
			Scanning
			Access Technique
				Access Site Selection
				Preparation
				Cannulation
				Summary
		Vascular Access Types
			Arterial Access
			Venous Access
				Peripheral Venous Access
				Central Venous Access
			Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC)
			Central Venous Catheters
		Decannulation
		Mitigating Complications
		Conclusion
		References
	9: Procedural Checklist/Situational Awareness
		Procedural Checklist/Situational Awareness
		My First Checklist. Why I Made My Checklist and Why Every Surgeon Should Too!
		Successful Checklist Implementation
		Cultural Shift
		Planning, Staffing, and Checklist
		Entering the Operating Room
		Case Scenarios
			Did you Give the Heparin?
			Where’s the Shunt?
		Conclusion
		References
	10: Management of Iatrogenic Abdominal Vascular Injuries
		Introduction
		Incidence
		Injury Recognition
		Risk Factors
		Management
		Exploratory Laparotomy for Vascular Control and Repair
		Vascular Exposures During Damage Control Laparotomies
		Special Considerations for Injuries to Specific Vessels
			Aortoiliac Injuries
			Iliocaval Venous Injuries
			Mesenteric Arterial Injuries
			Renal Vascular Injuries
		Summary
		References
	11: Inadvertent Ischemia Occurring with Abdominal Surgery
		Introduction
		Chapter Overview
		Common Operations Prone to Vascular Injury
			Case 1: The Unassuming Cholecystectomy
			Case 2: The Right Colectomy
			Case 3: This Is Not Looking So Good…5–6 Days Later
		Summary
		References
	12: Vascular Injury During Spine Surgery
		Preoperative Considerations
		Potential Complications
		Special Circumstances
		Technical Considerations
			Instrumentation
			Exposure
			Repair
		References
	13: Vascular Complications Associated with the Cardiac Patient
		Introduction
		Preoperative Evaluation
		Postoperative Vascular Complications After Common Cardiac Operations
			Vascular Complications Related to Vascular Access and Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring
			Stroke
			Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
			Lower Extremity Ischemia
		Vascular Complications Related to Mechanical Circulatory Support
		Vascular Complications Related to Transcatheter Valves
		References
	14: Vascular Insult of the Operated Extremity
		Patterns of Vascular Insults with Blunt Orthopedic Injuries
			Introduction
			Injury Patterns
				Axillary Artery Injury with Humeral Neck Fractures and Anterior Shoulder Dislocation
				Brachial Artery Injury with Humeral Diaphysis Fracture and Elbow Dislocation
				Femoral Artery Injury with Femoral Neck Fracture and Hip Dislocation
				Popliteal and Tibial Arterial Injuries with Supracondylar Femur Fractures, Proximal Tibial Fractures, and Posterior Knee Dislocations
				Who Should Operate First, Vascular or Orthopedic Surgery?
		Common Elective Surgical Procedures with a Higher Risk for Vascular Insult
		Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of Aorta
			Acute Compartment Syndrome (ACS)
				Lower Leg Compartment Syndrome
				Forearm Compartment Syndrome
		Conclusion
		References
	15: Interventional Alternatives for Vascular Injury
		Introduction
		Technologies
			Access
			Catheters/Wires
			Sheaths
			Balloons/Stents/Coils
		Applications
		Techniques
			Summary
			Access
			Vessel Selection
			Sheath Insertion
			Balloon Delivery and Inflation
			Device Removal
		Organizational Framework
			Patient Needs
			Provider Strengths
			Institutional Resources
			The Ideal
			Horizon Technologies
		Summary
		References
Part IV: Delayed
	16: Dreaded Late Complications: Infection, Blowout, Pseudoaneurysm, Fistula
		Introduction
		Infection (Surgical Site Infection, Prosthetic Graft Infection)
			Incidence
			Pathophysiology
			Microbiology
			Clinical Presentation
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Prevention
			Conclusion
		Late Anastomotic Complication: Pseudoaneurysm, Anastomotic Aneurysm, and Blowout
			Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Conclusion
		Aortoenteric Fistula
			Incidence
			Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Conclusions
		Lymphocele/Lymphatic Fistula/Chylous Ascites
			Etiology
			Incidence
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Conclusion
		Conclusion
		References
			Reference A
	17: Considerations for Surgery in Hostile Zones
		Introduction
		Case Example
		General Considerations
		Oncologic Considerations
		Sarcoma
		RCC
		Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
		Other Considerations/Benefits
		References
	18: Medical and Legal Implications of Failure to Rescue
		Crew Resource Management
		Resilience
		High Reliable Organizations (HRO)
		Implementation of the OODA Loop
		Closing the Loop
		Conclusion
		References
Index