VANET: Challenges and Opportunities

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Authors
1 Introduction to VANET
	1.1 VANET Basics
		1.1.1 Introduction to Ad Hoc Network
			1.1.1.1 Ad Hoc Network Features
		1.1.2 Classifications of Ad Hoc Networks
		1.1.3 Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET)
		1.1.4 Differences between VANET and MANET
	1.2 VANET Scenarios
		1.2.1 Single-Lane One-Directional Vehicle Flow
		1.2.2 Two-Lane Two-Directional Vehicle Flow
		1.2.3 Multilane Multidirectional Vehicle Flow
	1.3 Need of VANET
	1.4 Components of VANET
		1.4.1 Vehicle with On-Board Unit (OBU)
		1.4.2 Road Side Unit (RSU)
		1.4.3 Trusted Authority Server (TAS)
		1.4.4 Event Data Recorder (EDR)
		1.4.5 Global Positioning System
		1.4.6 Radars and Sensors
		1.4.7 Computing Device
		1.4.8 Electronic License Plate
	1.5 Characteristics of VANET
		1.5.1 Infrastructureless
		1.5.2 Self-Organized
		1.5.3 Distributed Network
		1.5.4 Highly Dynamic Nodes
		1.5.5 Predictable Topology (Using Digital Map)
		1.5.6 Critical Latency Requirement
		1.5.7 No Power Constraint
	1.6 Summary
	References
2 Communication in VANET
	2.1 Types of Communication in VANET
		2.1.1 Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication
		2.1.2 Vehicle-to-RSU/Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication
		2.1.3 RSU-to-RSU Communication
		2.1.4 RSU-to-TA Communication
		2.1.5 TA-to-TA Communication
		2.1.6 Communication Ranges and Frequencies in VANET
		2.1.7 Communication Protocols in VANET
	2.2 Introduction to Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC)
		2.2.1 IEEE 1609.0 (WAVE Architecture)
		2.2.2 IEEE 1609.1 (Network Resources Management)
		2.2.3 IEEE 1609.2 (Security Services)
			2.2.3.1 Certificates and Certificate Authority Hierarchy
			2.2.3.2 Formats for Public Key, Signature, Certificate, and CRL
			2.2.3.3 Public Key Formats
			2.2.3.4 Certificate Format
		2.2.4 IEEE 802.11P (Physical Layer)
		2.2.5 IEEE 802.11P (MAC Layer)
		2.2.6 IEEE 1609.3 (Networking Services)
			2.2.6.1 Data Plane Services
			2.2.6.2 Management Plane Services
		2.2.7 IEEE 1609.4 (Multichannel Operations)
	References
3 Message Forwarding Strategies in VANET
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Types of Messages in VANET
		3.1.1 Service Messages
			3.1.1.1 Safety Messages
			3.1.1.2 Nonsafety Messages
		3.1.2 Control Messages
	3.3 Message Forwarding Strategies
		3.3.1 Basic Strategies for Message Forwarding in Network
		3.3.2 Requirements of VANET for Message Forwarding
		3.3.3 Challenges in VANET Message Forwarding
		3.3.4 Message Forwarding Strategies in VANET Used by Previous Researchers
	3.4 Message Packet Format
	3.5 Need of Priority-Based Message Forwarding
		3.5.1 Survey of Priority-Based Messages Schemes by Previous Researchers
	3.6 Proposed Priority Assigning Mechanism
	3.7 Result and Discussion
	3.8 Analysis of Priority-Based Message Delivery
	3.9 Conclusion
	References
4 Challenges in VANET
	4.1 Volatility
		4.1.1 Maintain Communication on Move
		4.1.2 Delivery of Message Should Be in Short Time
		4.1.3 High-Speed Routing
		4.1.4 Real-Time Selection of Alternative Communication Path
	4.2 Critical Time Latency of Messages Delivery
	4.3 Drastic Increment in Vehicles and Roads
		4.3.1 To Establish Required Infrastructure for New Roads
		4.3.2 Registration and Generation of Credentials for New Vehicles
		4.3.3 Slow Down the Performance of Network Due to the Increasing Number of Vehicles
	4.4 Diverse Networking Standards
	4.5 High Mobility of Nodes
		4.5.1 Frequent Disconnection of Nodes in the Network
		4.5.2 Frequently Changing Topology
		4.5.3 Data Retransmission If Communication Fails
		4.5.4 Low Packet Delivery Ratio
	4.6 Network Security
		4.6.1 VANET Security Requirements
		4.6.2 Problems in VANET Security
			4.6.2.1 Security Challenges
			4.6.2.2 Attacks
			4.6.2.3 Properties
		4.6.3 VANET Security Essential Parts
	4.7 Efficient Message Forwarding
	4.8 Mitigation Techniques to Address VANET Security
	References
5 Scope and Application of VANET
	5.1 Scope of VANET
		5.1.1 Road Traffic Management Services
		5.1.2 Commercial Application Services
		5.1.3 Road Safety Services
	5.2 Application of VANET
		5.2.1 Road Safety Applications
			5.2.1.1 Real-Time Traffic Monitoring
		5.2.2 Cooperative Message Exchange
		5.2.3 Broadcast Messaging for Events Notification
		5.2.4 Road Safety/Status Notifications
		5.2.5 Track Driver Offenses
	5.3 Traffic Management
		5.3.1 Priority-Based Messaging
		5.3.2 Rerouting Option Notifications
		5.3.3 Collision Avoidance Messages
		5.3.4 Lane Guidance
		5.3.5 Emergency Notifications
	5.4 User-Oriented Services
		5.4.1 Personalized Vehicle Settings
		5.4.2 Web Access
		5.4.3 Usage of Map
		5.4.4 Real-Time Audio/Video Streaming
		5.4.5 Advertisement
	5.5 Convenience Services
		5.5.1 Route Diversions
		5.5.2 E-toll Collections
		5.5.3 Notify about Parking
		5.5.4 Prediction Services
	5.6 Potential Projects on VANET
		5.6.1 “Wireless Traffic Service Platform for Linking Cars Project”
		5.6.2 “Providing Adaptive Ubiquitous Services in Vehicular Contexts”
		5.6.3 WiSafeCar “Wireless Traffic Safety Network Between Cars”
		5.6.4 CVIS “Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure Systems”
		5.6.5 SAFESPOT: Smart Vehicles on Smart Roads
	5.7 Tools and Simulation Platform for VANET
		5.7.1 System Modeling
		5.7.2 Foundations of Simulation
			5.7.2.1 Resources
			5.7.2.2 Activities and Events
			5.7.2.3 Global Variable
		5.7.3 VANET Simulation
			5.7.3.1 Event-Driven Simulation
		5.7.4 VANET-SIM
		5.7.5 Installation and Start
	References
6 Conclusions
	6.1 Vehicular Ad Hoc Network
	6.2 VANET and Intelligent Transportation System
	6.3 Future of VANET
		6.3.1 Developed Countries
		6.3.2 Developing Countries
	References
Index