UV-Visible Photocatalysis for Clean Energy Production and Pollution Remediation: Materials, Reaction Mechanisms, and Applications

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Contents
UV-Visible Photocatalysis for Clean Energy Production andPollution Remediation: Materials, Reaction Mechanisms,and Applications – A Preface
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction
	1.1 Challenges and Objectives in the Use of Solar Energy
	1.2 Brief History of the Progress in Photocatalysts and Photocatalytic Reactions
	1.3 Brief Introduction of the Chapters
	1.4 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
Part I Fundamentals of Photocatalysis
	Chapter 2 Visible‐Light Active Photocatalysts in Pollutant Degradation/Conversion with Simultaneous Hydrogen Production
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Principles of Simultaneous Photocatalysis
			2.2.1 Dual‐Functional vs. Conventional Photocatalysts
			2.2.2 Reaction Efficiency Evaluation
		2.3 Cooperation Photocatalysts for Organic Pollutant Degradation/Conversion and H2 Fuel Production
			2.3.1 Photocatalyst Design
			2.3.2 Organic Substrate Type
			2.3.3 Reaction Conditions
		2.4 Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 3 Selective Oxidation of Alcohols Using Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Heptazine‐Based Graphitic Carbon Nitrides
		3.3 Mechanism of Alcohols Oxidation by Carbon Nitrides
		3.4 Improving Selectivity of Alcohols Oxidation
			3.4.1 Optimizing Reaction Time and Conversion of Alcohol
			3.4.2 Substituting O2 by Other Oxidants
			3.4.3 Combining Carbon Nitride Photocatalyst with H2 Evolving Catalyst
			3.4.4 Employing Photo‐Chargeable Ionic Carbon Nitrides Under Anaerobic Conditions
		3.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4 Application of S‐Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalyst
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Hydrogen Evolution
		4.3 Carbon Dioxide Reduction
		4.4 Pollutant Degradation
		4.5 Hydrogen Peroxide Production
		4.6 Disinfection and Sterilization
		4.7 Organic Synthesis
		4.8 Conclusion and Outlook
		References
	Chapter 5 The Role of the Defects on the Photocatalytic Reactions on ZnO
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Types of Surface Defects and Their Electrical Structure
			5.2.1 Oxygen Vacancies
			5.2.2 Zinc Vacancies
			5.2.3 Interstitial Oxygen and Zinc
		5.3 Controllable Preparation and Characterization of Surface Vacancy Defects
			5.3.1 Controllable Preparation of Surface Vacancy Defects
				5.3.1.1 Formation of Vacancy Defects via Annealing at Different Conditions
				5.3.1.2 Formation of Vacancy Defects via Metal and Nonmetal Doping
				5.3.1.3 Formation of ZnO with Vacancy Defects via High‐Energy Electrons and Light Irradiation
			5.3.2 Characterization of Surface Vacancy Defects
				5.3.2.1 Raman Spectroscopy
				5.3.2.2 X‐ray Photoelectron (XPS) Spectroscopy
				5.3.2.3 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy
				5.3.2.4 Photoluminescence (PL) Spectra
		5.4 Mechanism of Surface Defects on Photocatalytic Reaction Behavior
			5.4.1 Roles of Defects in Gas Adsorption
			5.4.2 Defects Function as a Double‐Edged Sword in Regulating Photocatalytic Performance
			5.4.3 Defect Engineering Regulates Photocorrosion of ZnO
				5.4.3.1 Relationship Between Defects and Photocorrosion
				5.4.3.2 Constructing an Electron Channel Through Electron Transfer upon the Adsorption of Molecules and Its Role in Inhibiting Photocorrosion of ZnO
		5.5 Conclusions and Prospects
		References
Part II Photocatalytic Splitting of Water to Produce Hydrogen
	Chapter 6 Strategies for Promoting Overall Water Splitting with Particulate Photocatalysts via Single‐Step Visible‐Light Photoexcitation
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 SrTiO3:Al/Rh/Cr2O3/CoOOH: A Model Particulate OWS Photocatalyst
		6.3 Current Strategies Promoting OWS with Visible‐Light‐Activated Particulate Photocatalysts
			6.3.1 Defect Control of the Semiconductor Material
				6.3.1.1 New Precursor Designs
				6.3.1.2 Aliovalent Doping
			6.3.2 Dual‐Cocatalyst Loading
			6.3.3 Surface Nanolayer Coating
		6.4 Concluding Remarks
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 7 Integration of Redox Cocatalysts for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Fundamentals of Dual Cocatalysts
			7.2.1 Classification of Cocatalysts on the Basis of the Functional Mechanism
			7.2.2 The Advantages of the Design of Dual Cocatalysts
			7.2.3 The Effect of Redox Cocatalyst Parameters on Photocatalysis
			7.2.4 Design Principles of Dual Cocatalysts
		7.3 Recent Advances in the Configuration of Dual Redox Cocatalysts/Photocatalyst
			7.3.1 Random Distribution
			7.3.2 Spatially Separated Distribution
				7.3.2.1 Tip/Side Distribution
				7.3.2.2 York‐Shell Distribution
				7.3.2.3 Facet‐Dependent Distribution
				7.3.2.4 Center/Edge Distribution
		7.4 Major Types of Photocatalytic Water Splitting
		7.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 8 Polymeric Carbon Nitride‐based Materials in Aqueous Suspensions for Water Photo‐splitting and Photo‐reforming of Biomass Aqueous Solutions to Generate H2
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 g‐C3N4‐based Photocatalysts for H2 Production
		8.3 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 9 Organic Supramolecular Materials for Photocatalytic Splitting of Water to Produce Hydrogen
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Organic Supramolecular Photocatalysts for Water Splitting
			9.2.1 PDI‐based Supramolecular Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production
			9.2.2 Porphyrin‐based Supramolecular Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production
		9.3 Conclusion and Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 10 Visible Light‐responsive TiO2 Thin‐film Photocatalysts for the Separate Evolution of H2 and O2 from Water
		10.1 Introduction
			10.1.1 Fabrication of Visible Light‐responsive TiO2 Thin Films
			10.1.2 Characteristics of the Visible Light‐Responsive TiO2 Thin Films Fabricated by RF–MS Deposition Method
				10.1.2.1 Effect of the Distance Between the Target and Substrate (DT–S) and Substrate Temperature (TS)
				10.1.2.2 Effect of the Pressure of Sputtering Ar Gas
				10.1.2.3 Effect of Surface Treatments on the TiO2 Thin Films
		10.2 Photoelectrochemical Properties of TiO2 Thin Films Fabricated by RF–MS Method
			10.2.1 Setup the Reactor for Separate Evolution of H2 and O2 in the Photocatalytic Splitting of H2O
		10.3 Separate Evolution of Pure H2 and O2 Using a Visible Light‐responsive TiO2 Thin‐film Photocatalyst Fabricated by RF–MS Deposition Method and the Factors Affecting the Efficiency
		10.4 Toward Greener Pathway: Integration of the Reaction System of the Photocatalytic Splitting of Water with an Artificial Plant Factory
		10.5 Conclusion and Perspective
		References
	Chapter 11 Development of Highly Efficient CdS‐Based Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production: Structural Modification, Durability, and Mechanism
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 CdS‐Based Photocatalysis
			11.2.1 Construction of p–n type BixOy/CdS Heterostructure
			11.2.2 Construction of CdS@h‐BN Heterostructure on rGO Nanosheets
			11.2.3 N‐doped CdS Nanocatalyst
			11.2.4 Pd Single‐Atom Decorated CdS Nanocatalyst
		11.3 Summary and Prospect
		References
	Chapter 12 Theoretical Studies on Photocatalytic H2 Production from H2O
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 3D Photocatalysts
			12.2.1 Band Structure Engineering
			12.2.2 Carrier Separation
		12.3 2D Photocatalysts
			12.3.1 Band Structure Engineering
			12.3.2 Carrier Separation
		12.4 Summary and Perspectives
		Acknowledgments
		References
Part III Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 and Fixation of N2
	Chapter 13 Progress in Development of Cocatalysts for the Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 Using H2O as an Electron Donor
		13.1 Background
			13.1.1 Photocatalysis
			13.1.2 Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 using H2O as an Electron Donor
		13.2 Cocatalysts Matter: Highly Selective Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 Using H2O as the Electron Donor
			13.2.1 Metal Cocatalysts
				13.2.1.1 Comparison of Pt, Pd, Au, Cu, Zn, and Ag
				13.2.1.2 Ag Nanoparticles
			13.2.2 Factors influencing the Performance of Ag Nanoparticles as Cocatalysts
				13.2.2.1 Additives
				13.2.2.2 Photocatalyst Surface Properties
				13.2.2.3 Sizes, Location, and Morphologies of Ag Nanoparticles
			13.2.3 Dual Cocatalysts Based on Ag Nanoparticles
		13.3 Nonmetal Cocatalysts
		13.4 Conclusion and Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 14 Preparation, Characterization, and Photocatalysts\' Application of Silicas/Silicates with Nanospaces Containing Single‐site Ti‐oxo Species
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Materials Variation of Single‐site Ti‐oxo Species in Nanospace Materials
			14.2.1 Characterization of Ti‐oxo Species
			14.2.2 Ti‐Containing Zeolites and Mesoporous Silicas/Silicates
			14.2.3 Molecular Cluster of Ti Single‐Site in Silica‐Based Materials
			14.2.4 Other Ti‐Containing Nanospace Materials
		14.3 Applications
			14.3.1 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with H2O
			14.3.2 Other Application
		14.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 15 Surface Coordination Improved Photocatalytic Fixation of CO2 over 2D Oxide Nanosheets
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Design of the Catalyst
		15.3 Preparation of 2D Transition Metal Oxide Nanosheets
		15.4 Coordination of CO2
		15.5 Conclusion and Prospects
		References
	Chapter 16 Recent Progress on Layered Double Hydroxides‐Based Nanomaterials for Solar Energy Conversion
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Prediction of the Reactivity via DFT Calculations
		16.3 Controllable Synthesis
			16.3.1 Modulation of the Compositions
			16.3.2 Modulation of the Coordination Environment
			16.3.3 Hybridization LDHs with Other Materials
			16.3.4 Topological Transformation of LDHs
		16.4 Summary and Perspectives
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 17 The Significance and Current Status of Photocatalytic N2 Fixation Study
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 The Mechanism of Photocatalytic N2 Fixation
		17.3 Influencing Factors of Photocatalytic N2 Fixation Efficiency
			17.3.1 N2 Adsorption Ability of Photocatalyst
			17.3.2 Intrinsic Properties of Photocatalysts
			17.3.3 Environmental Factors of Photocatalytic Reaction
		17.4 Photocatalytic N2 Fixation Materials
			17.4.1 Metal oxide
			17.4.2 Hydrous Metal Oxide
			17.4.3 Metal Sulfide
			17.4.4 Other Materials
		17.5 Challenges and Opportunities
		References
	Chapter 18 Photocatalytic N2 Fixation: A Step Closer to the Solar Farm
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Photocatalytic N2 Fixation
		18.3 Current Progress
		18.4 Challenges and Opportunities
		References
Part IV Applications of Photocatalysis
	Chapter 19 Photocatalysis for Pollution Remediation
		19.1 Basic Concept
			19.1.1 Consideration of Photocatalysts for Pollutant Remediation
			19.1.2 Consideration of Reaction Conditions
		19.2 Reactants, Products, and Intermediates Analysis and Reaction Mechanisms
			19.2.1 Direct Analysis of Decomposed Products
			19.2.2 Indirect: Consumption of Dye Molecules
			19.2.3 Radicals Species
			19.2.4 Reaction Intermediates
		19.3 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 20 Biomimetic Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment: From Lab‐scale to Commercial Operation
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Biotemplated Photocatalysts
		20.3 Photocatalytic Reactors
		20.4 Examples for Commercial Operations of Skid‐mounted Photocatalytic Reactors
			20.4.1 Treatment of Wastewater at the Expressway Service Area
			20.4.2 Treatment of Wastewater at the Hydropower Stations
			20.4.3 Advanced Treatment of Wastewater from Lignite Gasification After Biological Processes
		20.5 Challenges and Opportunities
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 21 Preparation of Highly Functional TiO2‐Based Thin‐Film Photocatalysts by Ion Engineering Techniques, Photocatalysis, and Photo‐Induced Superhydrophilicity
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Ion Engineering Techniques to Prepare Thin‐Film Photocatalysts
			21.2.1 Transparent TiO2 Thin‐Film Photocatalysts Prepared by Ionized Cluster Beam (ICB) Deposition Method
			21.2.2 Functional TiO2–SiO2 and TiO2–B2O3 Binary Oxide Thin‐Film Photocatalysts Prepared by Multi‐Ion Source Ionized Cluster Beam (ICB) Deposition Method
			21.2.3 Preparation of Crystalline TiO2 Thin‐Film Photocatalysts on the Polycarbonate Substrate by an RF‐Magnetron Sputtering (RF‐MS) Method
		21.3 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 22 The Surface‐related Photocatalysis and Superwettability
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Surfaces with Photocatalytic Activity
		22.3 Surfaces with Superwettability
		22.4 Surfaces with Both Photocatalytic Activity and Superwettability
		22.5 Conclusion and Outlook
		Acknowledgement
		References
Index
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