Using as, the GNU Assembler

Overview
	Structure of this Manual
	The GNU Assembler
	Object File Formats
	Command Line
	Input Files
	Output (Object) File
	Error and Warning Messages
Command-Line Options
	Enable Listings: -a[cdhlns]
	-D
	Work Faster: -f
	.include Search Path: -I path
	Difference Tables: -K
	Include Local Labels: -L
	Configuring listing output: --listing
	Assemble in MRI Compatibility Mode: -M
	Dependency Tracking: --MD
	Name the Object File: -o
	Join Data and Text Sections: -R
	Display Assembly Statistics: --statistics
	Compatible Output: --traditional-format
	Announce Version: -v
	Control Warnings: -W, --warn, --no-warn, --fatal-warnings
	Generate Object File in Spite of Errors: -Z
Syntax
	Preprocessing
	Whitespace
	Comments
	Symbols
	Statements
	Constants
		Character Constants
			Strings
			Characters
		Number Constants
			Integers
			Bignums
			Flonums
Sections and Relocation
	Background
	Linker Sections
	Assembler Internal Sections
	Sub-Sections
	bss Section
Symbols
	Labels
	Giving Symbols Other Values
	Symbol Names
	The Special Dot Symbol
	Symbol Attributes
		Value
		Type
		Symbol Attributes: a.out
			Descriptor
			Other
		Symbol Attributes for COFF
			Primary Attributes
			Auxiliary Attributes
		Symbol Attributes for SOM
Expressions
	Empty Expressions
	Integer Expressions
		Arguments
		Operators
		Prefix Operator
		Infix Operators
Assembler Directives
	.abort
	.ABORT
	.align abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
	.ascii "string"...{}
	.asciz "string"...{}
	.balign[wl] abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
	.byte expressions
	.comm symbol , length
	.data subsection
	.def name
	.desc symbol, abs-expression
	.dim
	.double flonums
	.eject
	.else
	.elseif
	.end
	.endef
	.endfunc
	.endif
	.equ symbol, expression
	.equiv symbol, expression
	.err
	.exitm
	.extern
	.fail expression
	.file string
	.fill repeat , size , value
	.float flonums
	.func name[,label]
	.global symbol, .globl symbol
	.hidden names
	.hword expressions
	.ident
	.if absolute expression
	.incbin "file"[,skip[,count]]
	.include "file"
	.int expressions
	.internal names
	.irp symbol,values...{}
	.irpc symbol,values...{}
	.lcomm symbol , length
	.lflags
	.line line-number
	.linkonce [type]
	.ln line-number
	.mri val
	.list
	.long expressions
	.macro
	.nolist
	.octa bignums
	.org new-lc , fill
	.p2align[wl] abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
	.previous
	.popsection
	.print string
	.protected names
	.psize lines , columns
	.purgem name
	.pushsection name , subsection
	.quad bignums
	.rept count
	.sbttl "subheading"
	.scl class
	.section name
	.set symbol, expression
	.short expressions
	.single flonums
	.size
	.sleb128 expressions
	.skip size , fill
	.space size , fill
	.stabd, .stabn, .stabs
	.string "str"
	.struct expression
	.subsection name
	.symver
	.tag structname
	.text subsection
	.title "heading"
	.type
	.uleb128 expressions
	.val addr
	.version "string"
	.vtable_entry table, offset
	.vtable_inherit child, parent
	.weak names
	.word expressions
	Deprecated Directives
Machine Dependent Features
	AMD 29K Dependent Features
		Options
		Syntax
			Macros
			Special Characters
			Register Names
		Floating Point
		AMD 29K Machine Directives
		Opcodes
	Alpha Dependent Features
		Notes
		Options
		Syntax
			Special Characters
			Register Names
			Relocations
		Floating Point
		Alpha Assembler Directives
		Opcodes
	ARC Dependent Features
		Options
		Syntax
			Special Characters
			Register Names
		Floating Point
		ARC Machine Directives
		Opcodes
	ARM Dependent Features
		Options
		Syntax
			Special Characters
			Register Names
		Floating Point
		ARM Machine Directives
		Opcodes
	CRIS Dependent Features
		Command-line Options
		Instruction expansion
		Syntax
			Special Characters
			Symbols in position-independent code
			Register names
			Assembler Directives
	D10V Dependent Features
		D10V Options
		Syntax
			Size Modifiers
			Sub-Instructions
			Special Characters
			Register Names
			Addressing Modes
			@WORD Modifier
		Floating Point
		Opcodes
	D30V Dependent Features
		D30V Options
		Syntax
			Size Modifiers
			Sub-Instructions
			Special Characters
			Guarded Execution
			Register Names
			Addressing Modes
		Floating Point
		Opcodes
	H8/300 Dependent Features
		Options
		Syntax
			Special Characters
			Register Names
			Addressing Modes
		Floating Point
		H8/300 Machine Directives
		Opcodes
	H8/500 Dependent Features
		Options
		Syntax
			Special Characters
			Register Names
			Addressing Modes
		Floating Point
		H8/500 Machine Directives
		Opcodes
	HPPA Dependent Features
		Notes
		Options
		Syntax
		Floating Point
		HPPA Assembler Directives
		Opcodes
	ESA/390 Dependent Features
		Notes
		Options
		Syntax
		Floating Point
		ESA/390 Assembler Directives
		Opcodes
	80386 Dependent Features
		Options
		AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
		Instruction Naming
		Register Naming
		Instruction Prefixes
		Memory References
		Handling of Jump Instructions
		Floating Point
		Intel's MMX and AMD's 3DNow! SIMD Operations
		Writing 16-bit Code
		AT&T Syntax bugs
		Specifying CPU Architecture
		Notes
	Intel i860 Dependent Features
		i860 Notes
		i860 Command-line Options
			SVR4 compatibility options
			Other options
		i860 Machine Directives
		i860 Opcodes
			Other instruction support (pseudo-instructions)
	Intel 80960 Dependent Features
		i960 Command-line Options
		Floating Point
		i960 Machine Directives
		i960 Opcodes
			callj
			Compare-and-Branch
	IP2K Dependent Features
		IP2K Options
	M32R Dependent Features
		M32R Options
		M32R Warnings
	M680x0 Dependent Features
		M680x0 Options
		Syntax
		Motorola Syntax
		Floating Point
		680x0 Machine Directives
		Opcodes
			Branch Improvement
			Special Characters
	M68HC11 and M68HC12 Dependent Features
		M68HC11 and M68HC12 Options
		Syntax
		Symbolic Operand Modifiers
		Assembler Directives
		Floating Point
		Opcodes
			Branch Improvement
	Motorola M88K Dependent Features
		M88K Machine Directives
	MIPS Dependent Features
		Assembler options
		MIPS ECOFF object code
		Directives for debugging information
		Directives to override the ISA level
		Directives for extending MIPS 16 bit instructions
		Directive to mark data as an instruction
		Directives to save and restore options
		Directives to control generation of MIPS ASE instructions
	MMIX Dependent Features
		Command-line Options
		Instruction expansion
		Syntax
			Special Characters
			Symbols
			Register names
			Assembler Directives
		Differences to mmixal
	MSP 430 Dependent Features
		Options
		Syntax
			Macros
			Special Characters
			Register Names
			Assembler Extensions
		Floating Point
		MSP 430 Machine Directives
		Opcodes
	PDP-11 Dependent Features
		Options
			Code Generation Options
			Instruction Set Extension Options
			CPU Model Options
			Machine Model Options
		Assembler Directives
		PDP-11 Assembly Language Syntax
		Instruction Naming
		Synthetic Instructions
	picoJava Dependent Features
		Options
	PowerPC Dependent Features
		Options
	Renesas / SuperH SH Dependent Features
		Options
		Syntax
			Special Characters
			Register Names
			Addressing Modes
		Floating Point
		SH Machine Directives
		Opcodes
	SuperH SH64 Dependent Features
		Options
		Syntax
			Special Characters
			Register Names
			Addressing Modes
		SH64 Machine Directives
		Opcodes
	SPARC Dependent Features
		Options
		Enforcing aligned data
		Floating Point
		Sparc Machine Directives
	TIC54X Dependent Features
		Options
		Blocking
		Environment Settings
		Constants Syntax
		String Substitution
		Local Labels
		Math Builtins
		Extended Addressing
		Directives
		Macros
		Memory-mapped Registers
	Z8000 Dependent Features
		Options
		Syntax
			Special Characters
			Register Names
			Addressing Modes
		Assembler Directives for the Z8000
		Opcodes
	VAX Dependent Features
		VAX Command-Line Options
		VAX Floating Point
		Vax Machine Directives
		VAX Opcodes
		VAX Branch Improvement
		VAX Operands
		Not Supported on VAX
	v850 Dependent Features
		Options
		Syntax
			Special Characters
			Register Names
		Floating Point
		V850 Machine Directives
		Opcodes
	Xtensa Dependent Features
		Command Line Options
		Assembler Syntax
			Opcode Names
			Register Names
		Xtensa Optimizations
			Using Density Instructions
			Automatic Instruction Alignment
		Xtensa Relaxation
			Conditional Branch Relaxation
			Function Call Relaxation
			Other Immediate Field Relaxation
		Directives
			density
			relax
			longcalls
			generics
			literal
			literal_position
			literal_prefix
			freeregs
			frame
Reporting Bugs
	Have You Found a Bug?
	How to Report Bugs
Acknowledgements
	GNU Free Documentation License
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
Index