Urban Transportation and Air Pollution

Cover
Urban Transportation and Air Pollution
Copyright
Preface
	References
One Introduction
	Scope of the Book
	Models Treated in this Book
	Modeling Emissions for Transport Applications
	Organization of this Book
	References
Two Fundamental Concepts
	Expressing Concentrations
	The Composition of Air
	Hydrostatic Equilibrium
	The Potential Temperature
	Atmospheric Stability
	The Origin of Large-Scale Winds
		The Pressure Gradient Force
		The Coriolis Force
	The Geostrophic Wind
	High- and Low-Pressure Centers
	Effects of Friction
	Fronts
Three Fundamentals of Micrometeorology and Dispersion
	Introduction
	Surface Energy Balance—Atmospheric Boundary Layer
	Turbulence in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
		Convective Velocity Scale
	Friction Velocity
	Monin–Obukhov Length
		Surface Layer Similarity
	The Daytime Boundary Layer
		Height of the Convective Boundary Layer
	The Nighttime Boundary Layer
		Turbulent Velocities in the Stable Boundary Layer
		Dispersion Modeling—Ground-Level Source
	The Point Source in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
	Dispersion in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
		Plume Spread Formulation Used in Current Models
		The Unstable Surface Boundary Layer
		The Stable Surface Boundary Layer
		Horizontal Spread in the Surface Boundary Layer
	Concluding Remarks
	References
	Further Reading
Four The Impact of Highways on Urban Air Quality
	Introduction
	Line Source Dispersion Model
	Modeling a Highway
		Comparison of Highway Models with Observations
	Models for the Impacts of Barriers
		Effects of Solid Barriers
		Model for Downwind Barrier
		Model for Upwind Barrier
		Dispersion from Depressed Roadways
		Model for Depressed Roads
		Effects of Vegetation Barriers
		Model for a Solid-Vegetation Barrier
	Summary
	References
	Further Reading
Five The Impact of Buildings on Urban Air Quality
	Introduction
	Primary Effects of Buildings on Dispersion of Traffic Emissions
		The Impact of Buildings on Mean Winds and Turbulence Within the Urban Canopy
		Vortex Flow and Street Canyons
		Challenges for Practical Application of Models of Building Effects on Dispersion
		Primary Variables Governing Dispersion in Cities
	Models for the Effects of Buildings
		Operational Street Pollution Model
		Vertical Dispersion Model
	Comparison of Model with Observations
		Description of the Los Angeles Field Measurements
		Evaluation of the VDM with Data Collected in Los Angeles and Riverside
	Summary
	References
	Further Reading
Six Modeling Dispersion at City Scale
	Introduction
		Dispersion Models for Near-Road Air Quality
		Integrating Dispersion Models into a Modeling System
			Meteorological Inputs-Internal Boundary Layer Model
	References
Appendix A Dispersion From an Elevated Point Source
	Modeling a Point Source
		Horizontal Plume Spread of Elevated Releases
		Vertical Plume Spread Formulations
		Plume Spreads Induced by Source Effects and Plume Rise
		Plume Rise
		Plume Rise Equations
		Building Downwash
		Terrain Treatment
			The Weighting Factor, f
	References
Index
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