Urban Overheating: Heat Mitigation and the Impact on Health

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Urban Overheating and Impact on Health: An Introduction
	1 Introduction
	2 Urban Overheating Exposure Trends
	3 Urban Overheating Impacts on Human Health and Wellbeing
		3.1 Impacts on Urban Health
		3.2 Geographical Variation of Urban Heat Health Risk
		3.3 Urban Heat Health Risk Determinants
	4 Building Design as a Modifier of Urban Heat Health Risk and the Role of Energy Use
	5 Urban Overheating and Inequalities
	6 Summary
	References
2 A Global Synthesis of Heat-Related Mortality in Overheated Cities
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Mechanism of Heat and Mortality
		1.2 Heat and UHI as a Menace to Urban Health Across the Globe
	2 Methodology
	3 Association Between UHI and All-Cause Mortality Across the Globe
	4 Strengthening the Public and Institutional Preparedness and Response to UHI and Heat-Related Events Across the Globe
	5 Conclusion
	References
3 The Impact of Urban Overheating on Heat-Related Morbidity
	1 Introduction
	2 Background Knowledge
		2.1 Thermoregulation
	3 Studies on the Association Between Heat Exposure and Heat-Related Morbidity
		3.1 Vulnerable Population Groups and Heat Exposure
		3.2 Studies on Heat-Related Illness
		3.3 Extreme Heat and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Morbidity
		3.4 Effects of Heat on Mental Health, Well-Being and Cognitive Performance
		3.5 Extreme Heat Events and Sleep
		3.6 Maternal Health and the Foetal Health Effects Associated with Heat Exposure
		3.7 High Temperatures and Kidney Diseases
	4 Urban Overheating: Challenges for the Healthcare System
	5 Conclusions
	References
4 Heat and Mental Health in Cities
	1 Global Climate Change, Extreme Heat Events, and Urban Overheating Phenomenon
	2 The Implication of Heat Toward Mental Health in Cities Across the Globe
	3 The Prevalence of Heat Wave Events and Mental Health Across the Globe
	4 Prevalence of Mental Health Across the Globe
	5 Mental Health Outcomes of Climate Change
	6 Associations Between Heat Waves and Mental Disease
	7 Heat Waves and Mental Disease Exacerbation
	8 Mechanisms Linking Mental Health and Heat
	9 Mental Health Effects of Urban Heat Island in Global Cities
	10 Strengthening the Public and Institutional Preparedness and Response to Heat-Related Mental Health Events Across the Globe
	11 Conclusion
	References
5 Human Adaptation to Higher Ambient Temperature
	1 Introduction
	2 Human Overheating Risk and Vulnerabilities in the Framework of Climate Change
		2.1 Overheating Risks for Humans
		2.2 Assessment of Human Heat Stress
	3 The Scales of Human Adaptation
		3.1 Human Scale
		3.2 Building Scale
		3.3 City Scale
	4 Conclusions
	5 Acknowledgments
	References
6 Models and Forecasts on the Future Heat-Related Mortality Under Climate Change
	1 Introduction
	2 Heat and Mortality
		2.1 Heatwaves
		2.2 Temperature and Mortality
		2.3 Adaptation
	3 Models and Forecasts
		3.1 Data and Variables
		3.2 Models and Simulations
		3.3 Statistical Methods
		3.4 Algorithms and Scenarios
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
7 The Impact and Influence of Mitigation Technologies on Heat-Related Mortality in Overheated Cities
	1 Introduction
	2 Heat Mitigation Technologies
	3 Heat-Related Mortality
	4 The Impact of High Urban Albedo on Heat-Related Mortality
	5 The Impact of Additional Green Infrastructure on Heat-Related Mortality
	6 Conclusions
	References
8 Heat-Related Mortality in London
	1 Introduction
	2 The London Heat Island
	3 Factors Influencing Heat Exposure in London
	4 Mapping London Heat-Related Mortality Risk
	5 Conclusions
	References
9 The Impact of Greenery on Heat-Related Mortality in Sydney, Australia
	1 Introduction
	2 Climatological Study in Metropolitan Sydney—Observation Study
		2.1 Meteorological Analysis
		2.2 Universal Thermal Comfort Index (UTCI) Simulations
		2.3 Spatial Distribution of UTCI—Observation Study
	3 Impact of Urban Greening Infrastructure on Heat Stress—Intervention
		3.1 Impact of Urban Greenery on Heat Stress (UTCI)
		3.2 Spatial Distribution of UTCI After Greenery Implementation—Intervention Study
	4 Heat-Related Mortality
		4.1 Estimation of the Population Weighted-Mean Concentration
		4.2 Baseline Mortality Incidence
		4.3 UTCI Exposure and Mortality Risk Estimate During Heatwave
	References
10 Impact of Increased Urban Albedo on Heat-Related Health: The Case Study of the Greater Toronto Area
	1 Overview
	2 Materials and Method
	3 Microclimate Simulations
	4 Heat-Related Health Impacts
	5 Conclusion
	References
11 Heat-Related Mortality in Cyprus
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area and Datasets
	3 Mortality–Temperature Relationship
	4 Risks Per Gender, Age Group and Residence Area
	5 Conclusion
	References
12 Urban Overheating and the Impact on Health in Melbourne
	1 Introduction
	2 Urban Overheating and Heat-Related Deaths in Melbourne
	3 Factors Affecting Heat Vulnerability
	4 Outdoor Activity
	5 UHI
	6 Land Use
	7 Urban Design
	8 Housing
	9 Access to Health Service
	10 Age
	11 Pre-existing Medical Conditions
	12 Socio-economic Status
	13 Ethnicity
	14 Adaptability
	15 Air Conditioning
	16 Actions and Initiatives in Melbourne to Reduce Urban Overheating
	17 Conclusion
	References
13 The Potential for Urban Canopy Cover to Reduce Heat-Related Mortality in Adelaide
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Adelaide as Case Study: Climate, Extreme Heat Events and Urban Greenery
		2.2 Heat-Related Mortality and Morbidity in Adelaide
	3 Methodology
		3.1 The Methodological Approach
		3.2 Data Acquisition and Processing
		3.3 Spatial Analysis
	4 The Potential Effect of Increased Tree Canopy Coverage on Heat-Related Mortality in Adelaide
		4.1 Increment of Tree Canopy Coverage and the Potential Impact in Reducing Heat-Related Mortality Rates
		4.2 Spatial Association Between Potential Reduction of Heat-Related Mortality Rates and Socio-Economic Vulnerability Factors
		4.3 Identification of Urban Clusters Influenced by Increased Tree Canopy Coverage in Adelaide
	5 Discussion and Future Outlook
		5.1 The Approach: Challenges and Opportunities
		5.2 The Relationship of Tree Canopy Coverage with Socio-Economic Factors and Public Health Policy
		5.3 Relative Effectiveness of Increased GI on HRM Rate in Different LGAs and Implications for Urban Planning and Design
		5.4 Future Work at the Intersection of Public Health and Urban Greening
	6 Conclusions
	References
14 Impact of Urban Overheating and Heat-Related Mortality in Hong Kong
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Effects of Urban Morphology in High-Density Cities
		1.2 Hot Nights
		1.3 Local Indices of Extreme Heat
	2 Overheating Under the High-Density City Context
	3 Heat-Related Mortality in Hong Kong
	4 Spatiotemporal Pattern of Extreme Heat-Health Risk
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Implications to Heat-Health Impacts
		5.2 Implications to Urban Heat Island Studies
		5.3 Implications to Urban Planning
		5.4 Implications to the Energy Sector
		5.5 Implications to Health Actions
	6 Summary
	References
15 The Trend of Heat-Related Mortality in European Cities
	1 Intro: European Data, Cities, Climates, and Variation
	2 The Vulnerability to Heat Waves of European Cities
	3 Heat-Attributable Mortality in Europe
		3.1 Non-optimal temperature and heat-related mortality
		3.2 Heat-related mortality in European countries
		3.3 Local studies on heat-related mortality in Europe
	4 Conclusion
	References
16 The Trend of Heat-Related Mortality in Spain
	1 Introduction
	2 Population, Climate, and Future Projections for Spain
		2.1 Population Trends
		2.2 Climate in Spain
		2.3 Heatwaves
		2.4 Spanish Built Environment
	3 Heat-Related Mortality in Spain
		3.1 Study Cases in Spain
		3.2 Heat-Specific Deaths in Spain
	4 Mitigation Techniques
	5 Conclusions
	References
17 Impact of Urban Overheating and Heat-Related Mortality in Mexico
	1 Introduction
	2 Motivation and Justification
	3 Method
	4 Results
		4.1 A Brief Exploration of the Urban Overheating and Energy
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References