Urban India: Cultural Heritage, Past and Present

Contents
List of Figures
1 India in Nine Episodes
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Place Identity
	1.3 Space as a Social Entity
	1.4 On Space
	1.5 Building on the Cultural Heritage
	1.6 Methodology and Analytical Approach
	1.7 Nine Episodes—The Structure of the Book
	References
2 India: Some Insights
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Climate and Landscape
	2.3 An Overview of India’s History
		2.3.1 Early Historic Traces (5000 BCE–300 BCE)
		2.3.2 Development of the North (300 BCE–1200 CE)
		2.3.3 Development of the Peninsula (1000 BCE–1200 CE)
		2.3.4 Kingdoms of the South (800 CE–1200 CE)
		2.3.5 The Delhi Sultanate (1206 CE–1526 CE)
		2.3.6 The Mughals (1526 CE–1712 CE)
		2.3.7 Maratha Empire (1674 CE–1818 CE)
		2.3.8 Western Colonialism (1500 CE–1947 CE)
		2.3.9 India’s Independence (Twentieth Century)
	2.4 Religions
	2.5 The Pantheon of Hindu Gods
		2.5.1 Brahma
		2.5.2 Shiva
		2.5.3 Vishnu
		2.5.4 Devi
		2.5.5 Durga
		2.5.6 Ganesha
	2.6 The Caste System
	2.7 Conclusions
	References
3 Episode 1: Planning Theories
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Mandalas
		3.2.1 The Geopolitical Meaning of Mandalas
		3.2.2 The Mandala as a Planning Tool for Cities
	3.3 Indian Planning Treatises
		3.3.1 The Puranas
		3.3.2 Arthashastra
		3.3.3 Mansara
		3.3.4 Mayamatam
	3.4 Some Theoretical Types of Settlements
	3.5 The Profession of the Town Planner
	3.6 Conclusions
	References
4 Episode 2: Of Ancient Times
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Religious and Cultural Traces
	4.3 Economic and Ecological Background
	4.4 Some Examples of Cities
		4.4.1 Kalibangan
		4.4.2 Lothal
		4.4.3 Mohenjo Daro
	4.5 Harappan Town Planning: A Summary
	4.6 Conclusions
	References
5 Episode 3: At Home
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Rules for Building a House
	5.3 Spatial Hierarchy in the House
	5.4 Rules for Different Castes
	5.5 Examples of Indian Residential Houses
		5.5.1 The Bhungas of Kutch
		5.5.2 The Haveli of Rajasthan
		5.5.3 The Nalukettu of Kerala
		5.5.4 The Newar Houses of the Himalayas
		5.5.5 The Khang Pa Houses of Ladakh
		5.5.6 Contemporary Homes
	5.6 Conclusions
	References
6 Episode 4: Public Spaces
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Purity and Space
	6.3 On Streets
	6.4 The Quarters
	6.5 The Neighbourhoods
	6.6 The Central Manram
	6.7 Markets
	6.8 Main Public Buildings
	6.9 Gateways and Walls
	6.10 Water Tanks
	6.11 Stepwells
	6.12 Ghats
	6.13 Places of Worship: Natural Elements
		6.13.1 Community Shrines
		6.13.2 Village Temples
	6.14 The Underworld
	6.15 Conclusions
	References
7 Episode 5: Gods and the City
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Gods and Their Place on Earth
	7.3 Constituents of Temples
	7.4 Temple Rites
	7.5 Ancient Gods and the City: Kashi, Varanasi
		7.5.1 Goddess Ganga
		7.5.2 The Sacred Divisions of Varanasi
		7.5.3 Spatial Elements of the City
	7.6 Goddess and the City: Madurai
		7.6.1 Meenakshi Myths
		7.6.2 The Townscape
		7.6.3 Spatial Elements of the City
		7.6.4 The New City Development
		7.6.5 Ritual and the City
	7.7 The Ideal City: Srirangam
		7.7.1 The Townscape
		7.7.2 The Sri Ranganatha Swamy Temple
		7.7.3 Temple Festival and the City
	7.8 Conclusions
	References
8 Episode 6: Kings and the City
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 The Ramayana
	8.3 Planning of Royal Cities
	8.4 The Royal Palace and the City: Udaipur
		8.4.1 Planning Ideas of the Mewars
		8.4.2 The City Palace
	8.5 A New Capital: Bhaktapur
		8.5.1 Spatial Elements of the City
		8.5.2 The Adjacent Town
	8.6 A Planned City: Jaipur
		8.6.1 Planning of the City
		8.6.2 The palace
	8.7 Conclusions
	References
9 Episode 7: Muslims and the City
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Islamic Principles of Town Planning
	9.3 Persian Influences
	9.4 Defining Elements of Muslim Cities
		9.4.1 The House
		9.4.2 The Quarter
		9.4.3 Facilities for Trade
		9.4.4 The Friday Mosque and Related Buildings
		9.4.5 The Garden
		9.4.6 The Palace Fotification
	9.5 A Muslim City in India: Fatehpur Sikri
		9.5.1 The City Layout
		9.5.2 Elements of the City
	9.6 A Muslim Fort in India: Lal Qila, Agra
	9.7 A Persian Garden in India: Shalimar Bagh
	9.8 A Muslim Tomb Garden in India: Taj Mahal
	9.9 Conclusions
	References
10 Episode 8: The British and the City
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 European and British Planning Ideas
	10.3 The British Station
		10.3.1 Civil Lines
		10.3.2 The Cantonment
		10.3.3 Official Buildings
	10.4 The Hill Station
		10.4.1 Simla
	10.5 Spatial Representation
		10.5.1 Imperial Delhi
	10.6 The British Built Legacy in India
	10.7 Conclusions
	References
11 Episode 9: Outsiders and the City
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Untouchability
	11.3 Dalit and the City
	11.4 Haussmann in India
	11.5 Neoliberal Architecture and Urban Design
	11.6 On Slums
	11.7 Slum Clearance in India
	11.8 The Largest Slum of Asia: Dharavi
	11.9 Dharavi: A Cosmos on Its Own
	11.10 Conclusions
	References
12 Conclusions
Glossary