Urban Environments and Wildlife Law: A Manual for Sustainable Development

Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgements......Page 19
Introduction......Page 21
Part I Law, Ecology and Organisations......Page 23
1.1.1 Introduction......Page 25
1.1.3 Types of legislation......Page 26
1.1.4 Law reports......Page 30
1.2.1 Titles of legal cases and where to find law reports......Page 31
1.2.2 How to find English legislation......Page 32
1.3.1 The legal profession......Page 35
1.3.2 The courts......Page 36
1.3.4 Legal personality and locus standi: who has a right to bring an action to the courts?......Page 37
1.4.1 The history of the European Union......Page 38
1.4.2 The institutions of the European Union......Page 39
1.4.3 Primary legislation......Page 40
1.4.4 Secondary legislation......Page 41
1.4.5 The supremacy of European law......Page 42
1.4.7 The EU and international law......Page 44
1.5.1 The nature of international treaties......Page 45
Reference......Page 46
2.1.1 Introduction......Page 47
2.1.2 The binomial system......Page 48
2.1.5 Species identification......Page 51
2.2.1 Introduction......Page 55
2.2.2 Energy flow......Page 56
2.2.3 Nutrient cycling......Page 57
2.2.4 Species diversity......Page 58
2.2.5 Population dynamics......Page 60
2.2.6 Ecological succession......Page 62
2.2.7 Soil......Page 64
2.2.8 Ecological surveys......Page 66
2.3.1 Why bother to conserve nature?......Page 70
2.3.2 Pollution and biological indicators of environmental quality......Page 72
2.3.3 Conservation management......Page 75
2.3.4 Design of nature reserves......Page 77
2.3.5 Urban ecology......Page 78
References......Page 79
Identification guides......Page 80
3.1.1 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs......Page 81
3.1.2 The statutory nature conservation agencies......Page 84
3.1.4 Wildlife Inspectorate......Page 87
3.1.5 Heritage......Page 88
3.1.6 Other government agencies......Page 89
3.1.7 Local government and police......Page 96
3.2.1 Species-based organisations......Page 98
3.2.2 Habitat-based organisations......Page 100
3.2.3 Environmental pressure groups......Page 102
3.3.1 A brief history of the law in the UK......Page 103
3.3.2 European law......Page 105
3.4 UK government policy......Page 109
3.4.1 The Urban and Rural White Papers......Page 110
3.4.2 Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000......Page 111
References......Page 112
Part II Species and Habitat Protection......Page 113
4.1.1 Introduction......Page 115
4.1.2 Classification and natural history......Page 120
4.1.3 Birds and the law......Page 125
4.1.4 Mitigation measures......Page 131
4.1.5 Case studies......Page 132
4.2.2 Classification and natural history......Page 135
4.2.3 Animals and the law......Page 147
4.2.4 Mitigation measures......Page 152
4.3.1 Introduction......Page 154
4.3.2 Natural history......Page 155
4.3.3 Bats and the law......Page 157
4.3.4 Mitigation measures......Page 160
4.3.5 Case studies......Page 162
4.4.2 Natural history......Page 163
4.4.3 Badgers and the law......Page 166
4.4.4 Mitigation measures......Page 170
4.4.5 Case studies......Page 172
4.5.2 Natural history......Page 174
4.5.3 Deer and the law......Page 176
4.6.2 Natural history......Page 179
4.6.3 Seals and the law......Page 180
4.7.1 Introduction......Page 183
4.7.2 Natural history......Page 184
4.7.3 Plants and the law......Page 185
4.7.5 Case study......Page 186
4.8.1 Introduction......Page 187
4.8.2 Introduced species and the law......Page 189
4.8.3 A legal obligation to restore wildlife and habitats......Page 191
4.8.4 Case studies......Page 192
4.9.1 Fish, game and quarry species and the law......Page 195
4.9.2 Foxes......Page 196
4.10.1 Case study......Page 198
4.11.2 The law and cruelty to wild mammals......Page 199
References......Page 201
5.1 Introduction......Page 205
5.2 Multiple designation of sites......Page 206
5.3.1 National Parks......Page 207
5.3.2 Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs), National Scenic Areas (NSAs) and Natural Heritage Areas (NHAs)......Page 209
5.3.3 Heritage Coasts and coastal erosion......Page 211
5.3.4 Natural Areas......Page 213
5.4.1 Introduction......Page 215
5.4.2 Definition, selection and notification of SSSIs......Page 216
5.4.3 Public bodies......Page 219
5.4.4 Management schemes......Page 220
5.4.5 Management agreements and compulsory purchase......Page 221
5.4.6 Offences......Page 222
5.4.8 Case law......Page 224
5.4.9 Case study......Page 227
5.5.1 Case study......Page 228
5.6.1 Forest Nature Reserves......Page 229
5.7.1 Local Nature Reserves......Page 230
5.7.2 Local wildlife sites and the Wildlife Trusts......Page 232
5.7.3 Country parks......Page 233
5.8 Protection of important geological sites......Page 234
5.8.1 Limestone pavements......Page 235
5.8.2 Regionally Important Geological and Geomorphological Sites (RIGS)......Page 237
5.8.3 Protection of caves......Page 238
5.9.1 Case study......Page 239
5.10.1 The ecological importance of freshwater habitats......Page 240
5.11 Protection of marine wildlife and habitats......Page 242
5.11.1 Marine Nature Reserves......Page 244
5.12 Farming, wildlife and access to the countryside......Page 245
5.12.1 Agri-environment designations......Page 246
5.12.3 Destruction of wildlife for disease control......Page 247
5.12.4 Restriction of access to the countryside for the purposes of conservation......Page 249
5.13 Heritage conservation......Page 252
5.13.1 Statutory heritage designations......Page 253
References......Page 254
6.1.1 Introduction......Page 256
6.1.2 Natural history......Page 257
6.1.3 Trees and the law......Page 260
6.1.5 Case study......Page 268
6.2.2 Natural history......Page 269
6.2.3 Hedgerows and the law......Page 270
6.2.4 Planting new hedges......Page 275
References......Page 276
7.1.1 Wild Birds Directive......Page 277
7.1.2 Habitats Directive......Page 281
7.1.3 The Conservation (Natural Habitats etc.) Regulations 1994......Page 288
7.1.4 The Water Directives......Page 294
7.2.1 Biosphere Reserves......Page 297
7.2.3 Ramsar Convention......Page 299
7.2.4 World Heritage Convention......Page 304
7.2.5 Bonn Convention......Page 306
7.2.6 Berne Convention......Page 308
7.2.7 International Whaling Convention......Page 310
7.2.8 Kyoto Protocol......Page 311
7.2.9 CITES Convention......Page 312
7.2.10 Biodiversity Convention......Page 315
References......Page 329
Part III Planning, Urban Environments and Environmental Impact Assessment......Page 331
8.1.1 Planning, development control and conservation......Page 333
8.1.3 Planning Policy Guidance Notes......Page 334
8.1.4 The National Land Use Database......Page 335
8.2.1 The Highways Agency and conservation......Page 336
8.2.2 Preventing roadkills......Page 337
8.2.4 Trunk road Biodiversity Action Plan for Scotland......Page 341
8.2.5 Managing roadside verges......Page 342
8.2.6 Case studies......Page 343
8.2.7 Translocations......Page 344
8.3.1 Cambridgeshire\'s Biodiversity Partnership......Page 346
8.4 Case study: The Life Econet Project, Cheshire......Page 350
8.5 Case study: Dibden Terminal Inquiry......Page 351
8.5.3 The inquiry......Page 352
8.5.4 English Nature\'s objections......Page 354
8.5.6 Objections to the mitigation......Page 355
8.6 Building design and wildlife......Page 356
References......Page 358
9.1.1 The EIA Directive and its implementation......Page 359
9.1.2 Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999......Page 360
9.1.4 Exemptions of certain projects from EIA......Page 363
9.1.5 EIA of projects not approved under the planning system......Page 364
9.1.6 EIA of projects in Scotland and Northern Ireland......Page 366
9.1.7 What impacts must be assessed?......Page 367
9.2.1 Identifying impacts......Page 371
9.3.1 The second runway at Manchester International Airport......Page 373
9.3.2 The Samlesbury to Helmshore Natural Gas Pipe-line......Page 375
References......Page 377
10 The future......Page 378
Appendix 1 History of wildlife and conservation law in the UK......Page 383
Appendix 2 Selected legislation, consultation and policy documents affecting nature conservation......Page 386
Appendix 3 Egg-laying times and typical nest locations for some British birds found in urban areas......Page 388
Appendix 4 Schedules to the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and European listed species......Page 390
Appendix 5 Annex I projects, EIA Directive......Page 404
Appendix 6 Annex II projects, EIA Directive......Page 406
Appendix 7 Habitats Directive, Annex I......Page 408
Appendix 8 Vegetation classification systems......Page 411
Legal terms......Page 413
Ecological terms......Page 414
Some acronyms used in the text......Page 415
Information sources......Page 417
International law......Page 423
Directives......Page 424
Acts of Parliament......Page 425
Statutory Instruments......Page 430
UK case law......Page 432
Index......Page 433