Urban Energy Transition: From Fossil Fuels to Renewable Power

cover.jpg......Page 1
Energy, Cities, Evolution and Innovation......Page 2
Structural Differences Between Non-Renewable and Renewable Power Systems......Page 4
A Revolution in Local Practice: Efficiency and Renewable Generation......Page 5
Premise and Scope of this Book......Page 7
Recapitulating the Features of an Urban World at Risk......Page 9
Depleting fuels......Page 10
Urban Risks from Climate Change......Page 11
The Nature of the Challenge......Page 12
Repairing the Damage Wreaked by Fossil Fuel......Page 13
References......Page 14
Part I: Principles and Drivers......Page 16
1.1 No Possible Change within the Conventional Energy System......Page 17
1.2 Renewable Energies as an Energetic Imperative......Page 18
1.3 Energy Generation and Energy Use: from Disconnection to Reconnection......Page 19
1.4 Looking Back to Look Forward......Page 22
1.5 From Global Energy Supply to the City as Power Station......Page 24
References......Page 26
2 Undoing Atmospheric Harm: Civil Action to Shrink the Carbon Footprint......Page 27
2.1 Changing the Sky......Page 28
2.2 Carbon Emission Allocations Under an Equity Consideration......Page 34
2.3 Impact of US (In)Action on Climate Sustainability and Carbon Equity......Page 36
2.4 American Civil Society in Revolt: Breaking Ranks with the National Government......Page 37
2.5 Toward a Grassroots Politics of Climate Sustainability......Page 45
2.6 Civil Strategy to Decarbonize the Human Footprint......Page 47
References......Page 48
3.1 Introduction......Page 54
3.2 Background: Linkage between Development, Urbanizationand Energy Transitions......Page 56
3.3 Data and Analysis......Page 61
3.4 Comparison of Urbanization Trends: USA, Japan and RapidlyDeveloping Asia-Pacific Economies......Page 64
3.5 Comparisons of the Energy Transitions: USA, Japan and Rapidly Developing Asian Economies......Page 67
3.6 Discussion......Page 76
3.7 Qualifications......Page 83
3.8 Conclusions......Page 84
References......Page 85
4.1 Introduction: What is Embodied Energy?......Page 89
4.2 Embodied Energy  An International Perspective......Page 90
4.3 Sydney  A Case Study......Page 101
4.4 Conclusions: Technological vs Lifestyle Transition......Page 112
References......Page 114
5.1 Introduction......Page 119
5.2 Plugging the Economic Drains from an Urban Precinct......Page 122
5.3 Establishing Self-Financing, Self-Governing Precincts......Page 124
5.4 Evaluation of Sustainable Energy Dollars......Page 128
5.5 Designing a Local Real Monetary System......Page 131
5.6 Governance of Sustainable Urban Communities......Page 134
References......Page 137
Part II: Policy and Practice Dynamics......Page 139
6.1 Introduction......Page 140
6.2 Urban Renewables Policymaking: What Role for Cities?......Page 141
6.3 London  A Strategic Vision on Renewable Energy Supply and Use......Page 143
6.4 Key Influences on Londons Energy Policy......Page 148
6.5 New York City  A Comprehensive but Less Renewables-Focused Energy Path......Page 151
6.6 Key Influences on Energy Policymaking in New York City......Page 156
6.7 Distilling Policymaking Lessons for Other Cities......Page 160
References......Page 166
7.1 Examining the Connections......Page 170
7.2 Underlying Emission Drivers......Page 174
7.3 Confronting the Challenges of Mitigation and Adaptation......Page 180
7.4 Making Cities Climate Friendly......Page 185
References......Page 187
8.1 Introduction......Page 190
8.2 Networking......Page 191
8.3 A Short History of Networks Supporting Sustainability in Urban Development......Page 192
8.4 Network Types......Page 196
8.5 Energy Network Overview......Page 197
8.6 Effectiveness and Problems of City Energy Networking in Practice......Page 203
8.7 Conclusion......Page 205
References......Page 206
Summary......Page 207
9.2 Methodology and Data Sources......Page 208
9.3 Characteristics of Urban Transport Systems......Page 210
9.4 Urban Form......Page 229
9.5 Conclusions......Page 230
References......Page 231
Part III: New Aspects of Technology......Page 233
10.1. Introduction......Page 234
10.2. Storage Technologies for Electrical Energy......Page 240
10.3. Future Trends in Urban Energy Supply......Page 256
10.4. Conclusion......Page 260
11.1 The Geography of Refuelling......Page 262
11.2 Mechanical, Pipe, and Wire Distribution Networks......Page 263
11.4 Dual-Use Battery-Electric Vehicles......Page 265
11.5 The Role of Private Electric Vehicles......Page 266
11.6 The Role of Shared-Use Vehicles......Page 267
11.7 The City Car......Page 268
11.8 Shared-Use Electric Scooters and e-Bikes......Page 271
11.9 Combination with rapid transit......Page 272
11.10 Conclusion......Page 276
12.1 Background......Page 278
12.2 A Framework for Integrating Social Research into the Intelligent Grid......Page 279
12.3 Adoption, Diffusion and Acceptance: Processes Affecting the Uptake of Distributed Energy Technology......Page 280
12.4 Attitudes and Behaviour: Characteristics Affecting the Uptake of Distributed Energy Technology......Page 284
12.5 Society and Community: Situations Affecting the Uptake of Distributed Energy Technology......Page 287
12.6 Changing Attitudes and Behaviours......Page 289
12.7 External Influences on the Uptake of Distributed Energy Generation and the Reduction of Energy Consumption......Page 292
12.8 Conclusions and Application for an Intelligent Grid in Australia......Page 296
References......Page 297
13.1 Introduction......Page 303
13.3 Pervasive Mobile Phone Applications......Page 304
13.4 Information for Villagers......Page 305
13.6 Village Banking......Page 307
13.7 Village Technologies......Page 308
13.8 Reaching Out to a Rural Clientele......Page 309
13.9 Technical Trends......Page 311
13.10 Education in Rural Areas......Page 312
13.12 The Art of doing Rural Business......Page 314
13.13 Income Generation and Innovation......Page 315
13.14 Towards a Rural Business Strategy......Page 316
13.15 Innovations in Renewable Energy Supply for Rural Areas......Page 317
13.16 Conclusion......Page 318
References......Page 319
Part IV: Transforming the Built Environment......Page 321
14.1 Background......Page 322
14.2 Designing a Low Energy City......Page 323
14.3 Optimize the Energy Efficiency of the Urban Structure......Page 324
14.4 Minimize Energy Demand of Buildings......Page 327
14.5 Maximize Efficiency of Energy Supply......Page 330
14.6 Maximize the Share of Renewable Energy Sources......Page 332
14.8 Urban Mobility......Page 337
14.9 Carbon Neutral Buildings and Settlements......Page 341
14.10 Conclusions......Page 354
References......Page 355
15.1 Summer Heat Problems in Urban Settings......Page 358
15.2 Impact of Urban Heat Islands......Page 359
15.3 Measures to Combat Urban Heat Islands......Page 362
15.4 Developing Environmentally Friendly Cities......Page 368
References......Page 372
16 Ecodesign and the Transition of the Built Environment......Page 374
17.1 Motivation and Introduction......Page 379
17.2 Energy-Contracting: Implementation Tool for Energy Efficiency and Renewables. Extended to Comprehensive Refurbishment of Buildings......Page 381
17.3 Three Basic Models to Implement Comprehensive Refurbishment Measures through Energy Performance Contracting......Page 386
17.4 Conclusions, Recommendations and Outlook......Page 398
18.1 Introduction......Page 401
18.2 Sustainability Integrated within the Urban Design Process......Page 402
18.3 The Need for More Comparative Research on Cities......Page 403
18.4 Ramifications of Planning Decisions Made Today......Page 406
18.5 Urban Eco-Systems: Density and Climate are Key Issues......Page 408
18.6 The Compact City Discourse: Social Acceptance of High Density?......Page 409
18.7 Approaches Towards the Energy-Efficient City of the Future......Page 410
18.8 Designing Buildings with the Climate  Rather than Against it......Page 412
18.9 Landscape and Building: Reintegrating Green and Maintaining Biodiversity......Page 414
18.10 Traffic Planning to Improve Public Transport......Page 415
18.11 Two Examples for Urban Regeneration: The City Campus and PortCity Projects......Page 416
18.12 Beyond Concerns of Aesthetics: Some Concluding Remarks......Page 418
References......Page 421
Part V: International Urban Agendas......Page 423
19.1 Introduction: Energy and People Living in Cities......Page 424
19.2 The Real Case of Barcelona: The Energy Needs and the Energy Supply......Page 426
19.3 Inefficient and Obsolete Energy Systems......Page 433
19.4 Realizing Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Potentials......Page 434
19.5 The Future......Page 439
Websites......Page 440
20.1 Introduction......Page 441
20.2 The London Framework......Page 442
20.3 The Low Carbon City......Page 443
20.4 Use of the Planning System......Page 451
20.5 Conclusions......Page 462
References......Page 463
Glossary of Terms......Page 464
21.1 Introduction......Page 465
21.2 Policy Background......Page 466
21.3 Local Energy and Carbon Management Policies in Leicester......Page 467
21.4 Local Modelling and Emissions Accounting......Page 473
21.5 The Citys Progress in Engaging in a Dialogue with the Public......Page 476
21.6 Lessons Learnt and Conclusions......Page 477
References......Page 478
22.1 Introduction......Page 480
22.2 Development and Demonstration of the DECoRuM Model......Page 481
22.4 DECoRuM CO2 Reduction and Cost/Benefit Model......Page 482
22.5 Oxford Climate Change Action Plan......Page 487
22.6 Top-Down Approaches (National Data Sets)......Page 488
22.7 Bottom-Up Approaches (Local Data sets)......Page 489
22.8 Conclusions: Future Work for Oxford City......Page 492
References......Page 493
23.1 Introduction......Page 495
23.2 Socioeconomic Background of Naga City and Can Tho City......Page 497
23.3 Background on the Two Cities Urban Planning Process......Page 498
23.4 Energy-Integrated Urban Planning (EIUP): Introduction to the Eiup Methodology6......Page 501
23.5 EIUP: Motivations and Conditions for Success......Page 503
23.6 Application of EIUP: Key Results for Naga and Can Tho......Page 509
23.7 Conclusions......Page 517
References......Page 518
24.1 Introduction......Page 520
24.2 Energy Use Patterns in Poor Urban Households......Page 522
24.3 Energy, Urban Enterprises and Poverty......Page 528
24.4 Gender, Energy and Urban Livelihoods......Page 533
24.5 Energy Use, the Urban Poor and the Environment......Page 534
24.6 Energy Use Improving the Livelihoods of the Urban Poor......Page 536
24.7 Conclusions......Page 543
References......Page 546
25.1 Introduction......Page 550
25.2 South African Cities within the National Energy and Development Picture......Page 551
25.3 City Energy: Key Issues......Page 554
25.4 Building Sustainable Energy Approaches in Urban Development in South Africa......Page 559
25.5 Urban Energy Policy Implementation  and Challenges......Page 564
25.6 Conclusion......Page 569
References......Page 570
26.1 Introduction......Page 572
26.2 Supply Side......Page 575
26.3 Demand Side......Page 578
26.4 Discussion/Results......Page 599
Acknowledgements......Page 604
References......Page 605
27.2 The Santa Barbara County Plan......Page 606
28.1 Introduction......Page 618
28.2 Why Examine Energy Crisis in Lagos Megacity?......Page 620
28.3 Lagos: An African Megacity......Page 622
28.4 The Dysfunctions of Lagos: The Monocentric Megacity......Page 623
28.5 Some Potentials for Realizing Urban Sustainable Energy in Lagos and Urban Nigeria......Page 624
28.7 Recommendations......Page 628
References......Page 630
C......Page 633
E......Page 634
F......Page 635
I......Page 636
M......Page 637
O......Page 638
R......Page 639
U......Page 640
Z......Page 641