Urban Crime Prevention: Multi-disciplinary Approaches (The Urban Book Series)

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Part I Multi-disciplinarity in Theory and Education
1 Plural Security: Diverse Disciplines, Multiple Actors
	1.1 The Illusion of the Almighty State: The Police (and the Army)
	1.2 Evolution of the Concept of Security
	1.3 The Deceit of State Monopoly of Security. The Myth of the Hobbesian Idea. The Paradox of Zero Tolerance Policing
	1.4 The Heterogeneity of Crime and Insecurity. Places, Times and Different Vulnerabilities
	1.5 The Organisation of Multiple Actors
	1.6 New Model of Security. Partners, Legitimacies and Responsibilities
	1.7 Some Conclusions as Starting Point of the New Governance of This Plural System of Security
	References
2 Third-Generation CPTED—Integrating Crime Prevention and Neighbourhood Liveability
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Evolution of CPTED
		2.2.1 The Urbanists—1960s to mid-1970s
		2.2.2 The Criminologists—1970s to 1990s
		2.2.3 The Practitioners—1990s to 2010
		2.2.4 The Integrationists—2010–Present
	2.3 Third-Generation CPTED—The 4 S Strategies for Liveability
		2.3.1 Hierarchy of Needs and Liveability
		2.3.2 The 4 S Strategies
		2.3.3 A Theoretical Model of CPTED Generations
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
3 Social Work and Policing: Multidisciplinary Vocational Trainings for Urban Security
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 SWaPOL Trainings: Social Work and Policing
		3.2.1 Raise the Curtain!
		3.2.2 SWaPOL on Stage
	3.3 Conceptual Frameworks for Interdisciplinary Trainings
		3.3.1 Social Work Inputs: Group Work, Street Work, Community Networking—and Socio-Spatial Analysis
		3.3.2 Police Inputs: Social Crime Prevention, Community Policing and Problem-Oriented Policing
	3.4 Whose Side Are You on? Positions and Counter-Positions in Interdisciplinary Education
		3.4.1 Conventional and Progressive Social Work
		3.4.2 Variants of Crime Prevention
	3.5 Conclusion
	Literature
4 From the Borders and Edges: Youth Cultures, Arts, Urban Areas and Crime Prevention
	4.1 Youth is More Than a Word: Youth, Youth Cultures, Arts and Territories
	4.2 A Brief Genealogy of the Study of Contemporary Youth Cultures
	4.3 Culture, Creativity and Innovation: Youth Cultures at the Eye of the Hurricane of Arts-Based Research
	4.4 Happy Experiences of Polyhedral Relationships Among Young People: Precariousness, Crime Prevention and the Fight Against Insecurity
	4.5 Closing Remarks
	References
Part II Multi-disciplinarity in Policy and Planning
5 Standardisation and Multidisciplinary Processes in Urban Crime Prevention The Only Crime Prevention Standard in Europe Since the Roman Empire: from the CEN 14383 Series to the Worldwide ISO Standard 22341:2021
	5.1 Introduction: Let’s All Unite and Work Together …. Make Our Cities Safe Again!
	5.2 Standardisation
	5.3 Standardising Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
	5.4 Environment = Physical, Social and Organisational (E = pso2)
	5.5 A Standard is Born
		5.5.1 Content of the Design Guidelines
		5.5.2 Content of the Process Standard
	5.6 Diffusion and Implementation of the Standard
	5.7 Implementation; The Pessimist View
	5.8 Implementation; The Optimist View
		5.8.1 Worldwide—From Korea to ISO
		5.8.2 … and Back to Europe
	5.9 Conclusion
		5.9.1 Aim of the Standards
		5.9.2 Publication and Diffusion of the Standards
		5.9.3 Contribution of the Standards to the Quality of Urban Environments
	Notes
	Sources
6 Local Safety Contracts: Profiling a Multidisciplinary and Multilevel Cooperation for Crime Prevention
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Second Generation CLS: A Brief History of How They Came to Be
	6.3 Understanding CLS: Framework, Development Stages, Intervention Axes and Typologies
	6.4 Main Research Methods and Questions
	6.5 Findings
		6.5.1 Stage 1—Local Safety Diagnosis
		6.5.2 Stage 2—Action Plan
		6.5.3 Contribution of the Main Actors in the Proposal and Implementation of Preventive Measures in the CLS
	6.6 Concluding Notes
	References
7 Beyond Simplicity—Urban Security as a Diverse and Transdisciplinary Approach
	7.1 Subjective Security
	7.2 Spatial Criminality
	7.3 The Link Between Space-Related Crime and Subjective Feelings
	7.4 The Establishment of a Centre of Competence for Urban Security (KURBAS) in the LKA Lower Saxony
	7.5 Introducing Safety-Relevant Aspects to Prevention
		7.5.1 Incorporating Safety Perspectives into Development Planning—Primary Prevention
		7.5.2 The Consideration of Safety Criteria in the Creation of Master Plans
		7.5.3 The Consideration of Safety Criteria in Formal Urban Land-Use Planning
	7.6 Secondary Prevention—Setting up a Safety Management System
	7.7 Tertiary Prevention
	7.8 Conclusion
	References
8 The Quarter as New Level of Urban Crime Prevention
	8.1 Introduction: The Quarter as Socio-Spatial Form of Organization
	8.2 The Urban Quarter—A Dazzling but Vague Term
		8.2.1 Living Environment and Social Area: Focus of the Quarter
		8.2.2 Name of the Quarter as Social Marketing
		8.2.3 Significance of the Quarter in Current Urban Planning
		8.2.4 Strategies of Quarter Development Against Social Disadvantage and for Upgrading—The Example of the German Federal State Lower Saxony
		8.2.5 Quarter as a Fuzzy Concept
	8.3 Excursus: Forerunner Perspectives on the Quarter at the End of the 20th Century
		8.3.1 Factors for Identification with the Quarter
		8.3.2 Bahrdt’s Model of the Residential Quarter from the 1970s
	8.4 Typology of Quarter Patterns
		8.4.1 Existing, New and Renewal Quarters
		8.4.2 Ideal Type of the Mixed Urban Quarter
		8.4.3 Range of Quarters Due to Variable Order of Magnitude
		8.4.4 Neighborhood Quarter or Small Quarter
		8.4.5 Residential Quarter
		8.4.6 Mixed Urban Quarter
		8.4.7 Historical Typology of the Quarter and the Structure of the Settlement
	8.5 Safety and Security in the Quarter
		8.5.1 Urban Crime Prevention Through Architectural and Urban Development of the Quarter
		8.5.2 Urban Crime Prevention by the Management in the Quarter
		8.5.3 Urban Crime Prevention Through Social Cohesion in the Quarter
	8.6 Outlook
	8.7 Conclusions
	References
Part III Multi-disciplinary in Research and Practice
9 Multidimensionality in Geospatial Urban Crime Prevention Modelling and Decision Support: The Case of Porto, Portugal
	9.1 Introduction: Cities, Crime and the Place-Based Multidisciplinary Approach
	9.2 Multidimensionality Convergence in Geospatial Crime Prevention Modelling
	9.3 Aim and Methods
	9.4 Case Study: City of Porto, Portugal
		9.4.1 Crime Patterns (2009–2018)
		9.4.2 Explanatory Profiles: Urban Morphology, Socio-economic, Centrality and Insecurity Patterns
	9.5 Overall Results
	9.6 Discussion and Conclusions: The Modelling Approach and Decision Support
	References
10 Incivilities in Public Spaces and Insecurity. A Case Study in Bologna, Italy
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Bologna’s Historical Center and Its Conditions of Feeling of Insecurity
	10.3 The Direct Assessment of Urban Decay in the City Center of Bologna
	10.4 Conclusions
	References
11 The Role of the Perception of Fear in the Disintegration of Neighborhoods and the Appearance of Crime
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Theoretical Basis
		11.2.1 Perception of Fear: Definitions and Affectations in the Socio-Territorial Aspect
		11.2.2 Urban Configuration and Design: Its Role in the Incidence of Fear and Crime
		11.2.3 Environment and Behavior: The Paradox of Public Space in Latin America
		11.2.4 CPTED and Perception of Fear
	11.3 Methodology
		11.3.1 Case Study: Pedro Aguirre Cerda Neighborhood (PAC), in the Puente Alto District, Chile
		11.3.2 Secondary Information
		11.3.3 Primary Information
	11.4 Analysis
		11.4.1 Mapping Analysis
		11.4.2 Interview Analysis
		11.4.3 Photographic Analysis
	11.5 Conclusions
	Bibliography
12 CPTED Evolution from Latin America to the World
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Theoretical Framework
	12.3 Chile Case Studies
		12.3.1 Caleuche Villa Laboratory
		12.3.2 ICA Conference, 2005 in Chile
		12.3.3 First CPTED Cloud of Dreams
	12.4 Hispanic Expansion
		12.4.1 CPTED in Brazil, 2006
		12.4.2 CPTED in México, 2012
		12.4.3 CPTED in Honduras, 2017
		12.4.4 CPTED digital Cloud of Dreams 2020
		12.4.5 CPTED Impact Evaluation Modell
	12.5 ICA Global Umbrella Initiative
		12.5.1 ISO CPTED 22341
		12.5.2 ICA\'s vision for the Future
		12.5.3 ICA Umbrella Initiative and ISO CPTED: 22341
	12.6 Conclusions
	Bibliography
13 Make the World Yours! Arts-Based Research in Action in the Cerco do Porto Neighbourhood
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Young NEET in the European Context
	13.3 Young NEETs in the Portuguese Context
	13.4 Arts-Based Research
	13.5 ‘The Neighbourhood is Ours!’ Workshop
	13.6 Conquer the Neighbourhood to Conquer the World
	References
14 ‘A Revolution Without Death’. Hip-Hop as a Weapon Against Violence
	14.1 The Pre-text: Hip-Hop as a Weapon Against Violence
	14.2 The Context: Medellín’s Comuna 13
	14.3 The Text: Jeihhco’s Story
		14.3.1 Jeihhco is the Union of Three
		14.3.2 2002: Operation Hip-Hop Elite
		14.3.3 2002: Operation Orion
		14.3.4 2003: A year of Mourning
		14.3.5 2004: Gangs Start to Emerge
		14.3.6 2007: From Street Corner to Street Corner
		14.3.7 2009: Kolacho’s Murder (That Day Changed All Our Lives)
		14.3.8 2012: Duque’s Murder (They’re Killing the Rappers)
		14.3.9 2013: From Side to Side
		14.3.10 2013: Casa Kolacho I
		14.3.11 2018: Casa Kolacho II
		14.3.12 2021: The Act of Knowing What We’ve Been Through
	14.4 The Inter-Textuality: Casa Kolacho as a Metaphor
	References