Urban Biodiversity and Ecological Design for Sustainable Cities

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Part I: Landscape Design and Urban Biodiversity
	Chapter 1: Designing Approaches for Vernacular Landscape and Urban Biodiversity
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 History of the Place, Vernacularity and Design
			1.2.1 A Village in Portugal
			1.2.2 Hufeisensiedlung (Horseshoes Colony) in Berlin
		1.3 Redesigning an Urban Park for Biodiversity and Ecological Learning
		1.4 Vernacularity and Landscape Design
			1.4.1 The Characteristics of the Place and Living Landscape
			1.4.2 Vernacularity and the Future Landscape
				1.4.2.1 Regional Landscape Planning
		1.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2: Diversity and Design on a Former Freight Rail-Yard
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Diversity
		2.3 Design Concept
		2.4 Design Principles
			2.4.1 Definition of Space Typology
			2.4.2 Access Concept
			2.4.3 Preservation of Cultural Elements
			2.4.4 Management
		2.5 Developing Green Axis
		2.6 Final Remarks
			2.6.1 Less Is More
			2.6.2 Natural Processes
			2.6.3 Urban Nature
			2.6.4 Linked
			2.6.5 Same But Yet Different
		References
	Chapter 3: Biodiversity in the Day-to-Day Practice of the Landscape Architect
		3.1 A Middle Age Castle Front Square
			3.1.1 The City, the Site Location, the Context Around the Project
			3.1.2 The Project
			3.1.3 Learning Process, Thoughts, and Reflexions
		3.2 A Public Spaces Renovation in a Social Suburb
			3.2.1 The City, the Site Location, the Context Around the Project
			3.2.2 The Project
			3.2.3 Learning Process, Thoughts, and Reflexions
		3.3 Creation of New Public Spaces in a Social Suburb
			3.3.1 The City, the Site Location, the Context Around the Project
			3.3.2 The Project
			3.3.3 Learning Process, Thoughts, and Reflexions
		3.4 A Small Social Living Area: 55 Flats in Seyssins
			3.4.1 The City, the Site Location, the Context Around the Project
			3.4.2 The Project
			3.4.3 Learning Process, Thoughts, and Reflexions
	Chapter 4: Edible Landscapes: Relocalising Food and Bringing Nature into North London
		4.1 Food Scarcity: The Background
			4.1.1 Food Scarcity Due to Peak Resources
			4.1.2 Food Scarcity Due to Climate Change
			4.1.3 Food Scarcity Due to Lack of Biodiversity
		4.2 Forest Gardening  Food Production and Biodiversity
			4.2.1 Plants Are Grown in a Polyculture
			4.2.2 Plants Are Grown in Layers
			4.2.3 Perennial Plants Are Often Used
			4.2.4 Forest Garden Plants Have an Increased Nutritional Content
			4.2.5 Non-native and Unusual Plants Can Be Used
			4.2.6 There Is Rarely Any Bare Earth
			4.2.7 The Soil Is Biodiverse
		4.3 Foraging: Coming from Biodiversity
		4.4 Manor House, North London: The Background
		4.5 Manor House, North London: Examples of Resilience
			4.5.1 Edible Landscape London
			4.5.2 Castle Climbing Centre Gardens
			4.5.3 Railway Fields
			4.5.4 London Wildlife Trust
			4.5.5 The New River
			4.5.6 The Reservoirs
			4.5.7 Finsbury Park
			4.5.8 Projects and Amenities in the Wider Area
		4.6 Recommendations and Opportunities
			4.6.1 Local Authorities
			4.6.2 Social Entrepreneurs
			4.6.3 Researchers
			4.6.4 Risk
			4.6.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Landscape Design and Ecological Management Process of Fishway and Surroundings
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 The Study Site
		5.3 Design Concept
		5.4 Design Process
			5.4.1 Basic Design
			5.4.2 Participation of Local Residents
		5.5 Results of the Restoration Project
			5.5.1 Landscape Changes After Construction
			5.5.2 Ecological Learning for Children
		5.6 Discussion
			5.6.1 Ecological Design for GI
			5.6.2 Participation: Building a System to Promote the Use of GI
		5.7 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Landscape Management for Biodiversity in Urban Area
	Chapter 6: Nature in the Cities: Places for Play and Learning
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Traditional Playgrounds
		6.3 Outdoor Play Environments: Why Nature?
		6.4 Learning Through Landscapes
		6.5 The Children´s Preferences
		6.6 Landscape Characteristics and Affordances for Play
		6.7 Developmental Benefits from Playing in Outdoor and Natural Environments
		6.8 More Green Play Environments in Urban Settings
		References
	Chapter 7: Greening School Grounds: Schools´ Role in a Biodiversity Process
		7.1 The Taiwan Sustainable Campus Project
			7.1.1 Project Summary
			7.1.2 Taiwan Green School Partnership Network
			7.1.3 The Objectives of the Sustainable Campus
			7.1.4 Problems of Existing School Grounds Not Being Sustainable
			7.1.5 Recommending Improvement Items of the Sustainable Campus
			7.1.6 Case 1. Shenkeng Elementary School Experiment
				7.1.6.1 Creation of the Ecological Corridor in Northern Taiwan
				7.1.6.2 Evaluation of Benefits from the Shenkeng Elementary School´s Suitable School Grounds
			7.1.7 Case 2. National Taiwan University Experiment
				7.1.7.1 Liugongjun Pool Setup
				7.1.7.2 Design Concept of the Ecological Construction Method
				7.1.7.3 Evaluation of Benefits of NTU´s Pool
		7.2 Taipei City Verdant School Project
			7.2.1 Project Summary
			7.2.2 Space Renovation
			7.2.3 Evaluation of the Benefits of the Verdant School: Strengthening the Place Identity of Schools
		7.3 Evergreen Lily Elementary School´s Tala-baliuw/Tapau Project
			7.3.1 Beginning of the Project
			7.3.2 Main Concepts of a Tala-baliuw/Tapau
			7.3.3 Main Work Items for Constructing a Tala-baliuw/Tapau
				7.3.3.1 Process of Building a Work Hut
				7.3.3.2 Building a Home (Part 2): Building a Farmland
			7.3.4 Evaluation of Tala-baliuw/Tapau Benefits: Passing Down Traditional Land Wisdom and Cultivating a Space Manager
		7.4 Practical Reflection: A School´s Role in Creating Biodiversity
			7.4.1 Transformations that Schools Require to Promote Biodiversity
				7.4.1.1 Sustainability Concepts Being Unpopular; Implementers Being Criticized
				7.4.1.2 Conflicts Between Green Buildings and Learning Environment Require Smart Problem Solving
			7.4.2 Review of Physical Space Construction: The Authentic Ecological Engineering Method
			7.4.3 Review of the Physical Space Building Process: Plan, Design, Construction, and Maintenance for Learning and Space Transf...
				7.4.3.1 Comprehensive Planning for Gradual Improvements
				7.4.3.2 Linking Resources and Constructing a Long-Term Partnership
			7.4.4 Users´ Participation in the Building Process Facilitates the Formation of Sustainability Concepts
			7.4.5 Conclusion: A School´s Key Role in Promoting a Biologically Diverse Environment
		References
	Chapter 8: Natural Environment and Management for Children´s Play and Learning in Kindergarten in an Urban Forest in Kyoto, Ja...
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Study Site: Kitashirakawa Kindergarten in Kyoto City, Japan
			8.2.1 Location and Surrounding Environment
			8.2.2 Background of the Kitashirakawa Kindergarten
		8.3 Research Methods
			8.3.1 Data Collection of Educational Characteristics of the Kindergarten
			8.3.2 Physical Environment of Playground
			8.3.3 Play Activities
			8.3.4 Teachers´ Awareness of Nature
		8.4 Results
			8.4.1 Educational Characteristics of Kindergarten
				8.4.1.1 Philosophies of Education
				8.4.1.2 Curriculum
			8.4.2 Physical Environment of Playground
				8.4.2.1 Characteristic of Playground A
				8.4.2.2 Characteristic of Playground B and C
			8.4.3 Play Activities
				8.4.3.1 Play Activities and Landscape Character
				8.4.3.2 Insect Species Which Have Appeared in Play Activities
			8.4.4 Teachers´ Awareness of Nature
				8.4.4.1 Natural Environment as a Playground
				8.4.4.2 Bark Stripping Damage by Shika Deer
				8.4.4.3 Necessity of Forest Management
		8.5 Discussion
			8.5.1 Physical and Social Environment for Children
			8.5.2 Quality of the Playground
			8.5.3 Benefits from Natural Playground
			8.5.4 Forest Management and Problems
		8.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Ecological Evaluation of Landscape Components of the Tokushima Central Park Through Red-Clawed Crab (Chiromantes ha...
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Red-Clawed Crab as an Ecological Indicator
		9.3 Ecological Evaluations of Components of the Park Landscape
			9.3.1 Forest and Stonewall
			9.3.2 Artificial Stream
			9.3.3 Ecotone Between Hill-Forest and River
		9.4 Conclusion
			9.4.1 Recognition of Ecological Functions Through Red-Clawed Crabs
			9.4.2 Implications for Designing Park Landscape
		References
	Chapter 10: Developing Urban Green Spaces and Effective Use of Rooftop Spaces for Cooling and Urban Biodiversity
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Effect of Watered-Soil Covered Roof for Cooling
			10.2.1 Preparatory Experiment
				10.2.1.1 Plants for Covering Roof
				10.2.1.2 Experimental Setup
				10.2.1.3 Result and Discussion
			10.2.2 Main Experiment
				10.2.2.1 Green Cube
				10.2.2.2 Plant for Covering Wall
				10.2.2.3 Experimental Setup
				10.2.2.4 Electricity Consumption
				10.2.2.5 Result and Discussion
					Indoor Temperature
					Electricity Consumption
			10.2.3 What Is the Purpose of Green Roof?
		10.3 A Method to Utilise Rooftop Spaces for Enhancement of Urban Biodiversity in the UK
			10.3.1 What Are Brownfields?
			10.3.2 Brown/Biodiverse Roof
			10.3.3 Techniques to Enhance Biodiversity on Extensive Roofs
			10.3.4 Adaptation and Limitation of Habitats on Rooftops
		10.4 Future Prospects for Developing Urban Green Spaces
		References
Part III: Towards Ecological Landscape Ecology and Planning for Future Cities
	Chapter 11: Synergies in Urban Environmental Policy: Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity Co-benefits in São Paulo City, Brazil
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Methodology
		11.3 Selected Initiatives Related to Climate, Ecosystems Services, and Biodiversity in São Paulo City
			11.3.1 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Inventory: Land Use Change and Mitigation
			11.3.2 The São Paulo City Green Belt Biosphere Reserve (GBBR)
			11.3.3 Municipal Areas of Environmental Protection (APAs)
			11.3.4 Co-benefits Linked to Urban Agriculture: The Clean Agriculture Program
		11.4 Comparing the Co-benefits Potential of the Initiatives
		11.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12: Evaluation of Habitat Functions of Fragmented Urban Forests for Wildlife: The Case of Kitakyushu City
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Study Site
		12.3 Changing Patterns of Urban Forests
		12.4 Community Structure of Urban Forests
		12.5 Genetic Diversity of Neolitsea sericea
		12.6 Mammal Fauna in Urban Forests
		12.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: The Effects and Functions of Spatial and Structural Characteristics of Shrine Forests as Urban Green Space
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Data and Methods
			13.2.1 Study Area
			13.2.2 Extraction by GIS of Shinto Shrines Located on Slopes
			13.2.3 Survey of the Present Situation of Shinto Shrines Located on a Slope and Having Green Spaces
			13.2.4 Analysis of Green Space Possession
		13.3 Results
			13.3.1 Shinto Shrines Located on Slopes in the Center of Tokyo
			13.3.2 Green Space Possession of Shrine Forest Spaces
		13.4 Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 14: Collaborative Management of Satoyama for Revitalizing and Adding Value as Green Infrastructure
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Study Site
		14.3 Method
			14.3.1 Evaluating the Changes of Ecosystem Services
			14.3.2 Evaluating the Ecological Conditions of Bamboo Forest
		14.4 Result
			14.4.1 Ecosystem Services in Past and Present for Local People
			14.4.2 The Ecological Characteristics of the Study Site
		14.5 The Collaborative Restoration Project of Mt. Omine
		14.6 Discussion
		14.7 Conclusion and Future Issues
		References
	Chapter 15: Green Infrastructure as a Planning Response to Urban Warming: A Case Study of Taipei Metropolis
		15.1 The Risk of Urban Heat Hazard
		15.2 The Cooling Effect of Green Infrastructure in Cities
		15.3 The Warming Trend in Taipei and the Need for Adaptation
		15.4 Green Infrastructure and the Thermal Distribution of Taipei Metropolis
			15.4.1 The Characteristics of Green Infrastructure
			15.4.2 Thermal Distribution in Summer
			15.4.3 Wind Path
			15.4.4 Greenspace Cooling Effect on Surrounding Built Environments
			15.4.5 Thermal Inequity and Socio-Ecological Heterogeneity
		15.5 Planning Implications and Conclusions
		15.6 Conclusions
		References
Chapter 16: Green Infrastructure Planning for Asian Cities: The Planning Strategies, Guidelines, and Recommendations
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Definition, Characteristics, and Benefits of Green Infrastructure
	16.3 Urban Planning Problems in Asian Cities
	16.4 Landscape Ecology Principles for Green Infrastructure
	16.5 Case Studies
		16.5.1 Innovative Projects by Biohabitats, Inc. in New York City in the United States
			16.5.1.1 Biohabitats, Inc.
			16.5.1.2 Jamaica Bay Watershed Protection Plan
			16.5.1.3 Ecological Pilot Projects
			16.5.1.4 Stormwater Management
		16.5.2 Some Cases of GI Application in Japan
			16.5.2.1 Tokyo Metro Regional Planning
			16.5.2.2 Kohoku New Town in Yokohama
			16.5.2.3 Green Parking Space Examples in Nagoya Metro Region
			16.5.2.4 Inochi-no-Mori in Kyoto
			16.5.2.5 Ecological Networks
	16.6 Guidelines for Planning and Designing Green Infrastructure
		16.6.1 Articulation of a Spatial Concept
		16.6.2 Strategic Thinking
		16.6.3 Greening of Conventional Built Infrastructure
		16.6.4 Adaptive Planning and Learning by Doing
	16.7 Specific Recommendations for GI Application in Asian Cities
		16.7.1 Waters´ Edge and Watershed Planning
		16.7.2 Bits of Nature in the City
		16.7.3 Connect Habitat Patches and Bits of Nature to Existing Corridors
		16.7.4 Multi-Scale Approach
		16.7.5 Summary and Conclusion
	16.8 Conclusions
	References
Index