Urban and Regional Planning and Development: 20th Century Forms and 21st Century Transformations

Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
Introduction
1 Urban and Regional Planning and Development: Introduction and Overview
	Abstract
	References
2 Frank James Costa: Professional Career and Contributions
	Abstract
	Appendix A
	Frank J. Costa’s list of publications
	Edited Books
	Journal Guest Editors
	Book Chapters (Co-Authored)
	Articles in Refereed Journals
	Monograph/Technical Reports
3 Regional Development and Planning: An Overview
	Abstract
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Early Developments
		3.1.2 Postwar Consumer Society
			3.1.2.1 Key Contributors on Regional Development and Planning
	3.2 Regional Development
	3.3 National, Regional, and Local Planning
	3.4 Interfaces of Planning Approaches
		3.4.1 Comprehensive Planning
		3.4.2 Strategic Planning
		3.4.3 Communication Action
		3.4.4 New Towns Policy
	3.5 Regional Science
	3.6 Sustainable Development
	3.7 Regional Development in Eastern Europe
		3.7.1 Disintegration of States
		3.7.2 Economic Transition
		3.7.3 New Directions for Eastern Europe
	3.8 Spatial Inequality in Developing Countries
		3.8.1 Regional Inequalities
		3.8.2 Urban–Rural Development
	3.9 Research Agenda in the New Millennium
		3.9.1 Comparative Studies
		3.9.2 Feminism and Women’s Issues
		3.9.3 Environment: Issues and Concerns
		3.9.4 Emerging Planning Techniques
		3.9.5 Mega-Event Planning
		3.9.6 Post-2015 Landscape of Urban and Regional Development
		3.9.7 Multidisciplinary Approaches
		3.9.8 Globalization: A World Region
	3.10 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Planning Perspective
4 Four Decades of Urban and Regional Development and Planning in China
	Abstract
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The Progress of Regional Development and Urban Growth in China
		4.2.1 Regional Pattern and Regional Economic Development in China
			4.2.1.1 The Transition of China’s Regional Pattern from “Belts” to “Blocks”
			4.2.1.2 The Transition of China’s Regional Economy from Province-Based to City Cluster-Based
		4.2.2 The Process of Urbanization in China
			4.2.2.1 The First Phase: From the Beginning of the Reform and Opening-up (1978) to the Late 1990s
			4.2.2.2 The Second Phase: From the Late 1990s to the Present Day
	4.3 The Development and Composition of China’s Urban and Regional Planning
		4.3.1 The Development Planning System in China
			4.3.1.1 The Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development
			4.3.1.2 The Regional Planning
		4.3.2 The Spatial Planning System in China
			4.3.2.1 The National Land Planning
			4.3.2.2 The Urban Planning
			4.3.2.3 The Land Utilization Planning
	4.4 Characteristics and Methods of China’s Regional and Urban Planning
		4.4.1 Characteristics of China’s Regional and Urban Planning
			4.4.1.1 From Growth Planning to Control Planning
			4.4.1.2 From Multiple Plans to One Integrated
		4.4.2 The Method, Instrument, and Problem of Regional and Urban Planning in China
			4.4.2.1 Planning Serving as an Instrument for Government Resources Allocation
			4.4.2.2 The Rising of New Urban Planning Based on Big Data
			4.4.2.3 Problems and Improvements of Regional and Urban Planning in China
	4.5 IV Case Study: Development and Urban Planning of Shanghai
		4.5.1 The “Five-Year Plan” and “The Master Plan” of Shanghai Since the Reform and Opening-up
			4.5.1.1 The Five-Year Plans and City Development of Shanghai After the 11th Outline
			4.5.1.2 (a) The 11th Outline
			4.5.1.3 (b) The 12th Outline
			4.5.1.4 (c) The 13th Outline
			4.5.1.5 Three Previous Versions of Shanghai Master Plans in History
			4.5.1.6 (a) Shanghai Master Plan (1986)
			4.5.1.7 (b) Shanghai Master Plan (1999–2020)
			4.5.1.8 (c) Shanghai Master Plan (2015–2040)
			4.5.1.9 The Future Development of Shanghai
		4.5.2 The Yangtze River Delta’s City Cluster Plan and Shanghai’s Development
			4.5.2.1 The Yangtze River Delta’s City Cluster Plan
			4.5.2.2 The Position and Function of Shanghai in YRD City Cluster
	References
5 Remaking ‘Urban’ in Twenty-first Century Neoliberal India
	Abstract
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Urban Neoliberalism, Neo-Gramscian Approach and the Indian Scenario
	5.3 Neoliberalism and the Indian State Negotiating the ‘Urban’
	5.4 Paving Way for Private Cities
	5.5 Institutionalizing Creative Destruction
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
6 South African Urban Planning in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries—Continuities between the Apartheid and Democratic eras?
	Abstract
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Apartheid Planning Legacy
	6.3 Reconstruction, Development and Planning
		6.3.1 Urban Development Strategy
		6.3.2 Slide to Neoliberalism
		6.3.3 Urban Development Framework
		6.3.4 Developmental Local Government
	6.4 The Spatial Imperative
		6.4.1 National Spatial Development Perspective
		6.4.2 National Development Plan
		6.4.3 Integrated Urban Development Framework
	6.5 Urban Policy Impacts—Entrenching or Transcending Apartheid?
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
7 A Reappraisal of Spatial Planning in Botswana
	Abstract
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Literature Review
		7.2.1 Evolution of Urban Planning
		7.2.2 New Concepts and Planning Approaches
		7.2.3 Critical Challenges Facing Spatial Planning Practice in the Third World
	7.3 History of Urban Planning in Botswana
		7.3.1 Pre-Colonial Settlement Planning
		7.3.2 Rural Settlement Structure: The Homestead, Lands, and Cattle Posts
		7.3.3 Details of a Traditional Settlement Structure
		7.3.4 Town Planning During the European Era and the Influence on Settlement Structure the British Town Planning Era 1800–1966
		7.3.5 Gaborone (Capital of Botswana)—The Segregated City
		7.3.6 From 1966 to Today
	7.4 Current Spatial Planning: Urban, Village, and Regional Planning
		7.4.1 Urban Plans
		7.4.2 Village Planning—Spatial Plans and Land Use Plans Today
		7.4.3 Territorial Planning
		7.4.4 Achievements: 50 Years After Independence
	7.5 Challenges Facing Spatial Planning in Botswana: A Critique
		7.5.1 Spatial Planning Approach Challenges
			7.5.1.1 Lack of a Holistic and Comprehensive Urban Development Policy
			7.5.1.2 Institutional Coordination and Alignment
			7.5.1.3 Physical and Socio-Economic Integration (Hallmark of Botswana) Under Siege!
			7.5.1.4 Understanding the Space–Economy of Cities
			7.5.1.5 Infrastructure Development and Capital Investment
			7.5.1.6 Spatial Planning and Sustainability—Are We Paying Lip Service?
			7.5.1.7 Spatial Planning and Informality
			7.5.1.8 Link Between Planning, Budgeting, and Implementation
			7.5.1.9 Poor Urban Management
			7.5.1.10 Corruption and Political Expediency
	7.6 The Way Forward
	7.7 Conclusion
	References
8 Ecological Regional Planning in Costa Rica: An Approach to Protected Areas and Environmental Services
	Abstract
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Background of the Protection Areas in Costa Rica
	8.3 Planning Conservation Zoning
	8.4 Regional System of FONAFIFO
	8.5 Conclusions
	References
Methods Matter
9 Spatial Inequality in Ecuador: A Structural Gap Approach
	Abstract
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Social and Economic Characteristics in Ecuador
	9.3 Theoretical Framework
	9.4 Methodology, the Structural Gaps Approach
		9.4.1 Decision Tree to Identify the Structural Gaps and the Proxy Variables
		9.4.2 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
		9.4.3 Consistency Analysis: ANOVA and Eta-Squared
			9.4.3.1 One-Factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
			9.4.3.2 Measure of Association in One Sample (Eta-Squared)
	9.5 Results and Discussion—Developmental Taxonomy by Cities of Ecuador
		9.5.1 Characterisation of Clusters
			9.5.1.1 C1–5 Cities with the Highest Development Level
			9.5.1.2 C2–20 Cities. Higher Development Level Than the Average of the Country
			9.5.1.3 C3–122 Cities. Average Development Level of the Country
			9.5.1.4 C4–41 Cities. Lower Development Level Than the Average of the Country
			9.5.1.5 C5–32 Cities. Lower Development Level Than the Average of the Country
		9.5.2 Analysis of the Structural Heterogeneity of the Clusters
			9.5.2.1 Income Concentration (GDP)
			9.5.2.2 Productivity Structure
			9.5.2.3 Business Structure
			9.5.2.4 Productivity
			9.5.2.5 Investment and Savings
			9.5.2.6 Education, Access to Technology and Poverty
			9.5.2.7 Taxation—Local Institutional Capacity
	9.6 Conclusions
	References
10 Spatiotemporal Analysis of Shooting-Arrest Interaction in Houston
	Abstract
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Literature Review
	10.3 Data and Analysis Plan
		10.3.1 The First Stage of Analysis
		10.3.2 The Second Stage of Analysis
	10.4 Results
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
11 What and Where Are We Tweeting About Black Friday?
	Abstract
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Literature Review
	11.3 Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
	11.4 Topic Modeling
	11.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Planning Challenges
12 Determinants of Land Use Change in Urban Fringes: A Study of Dhaka
	Abstract
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Materials and Methods
		12.2.1 Study Area
		12.2.2 Data and Method
	12.3 Results and Discussion
		12.3.1 Land Use Change Trend
		12.3.2 Physical Issues
			12.3.2.1 Proximity of Project Sites to Dhaka CBD, Purbachal New Town and Major Roads
			12.3.2.2 Availability of Vast Tract of Uninterrupted Land
		12.3.3 Socio-Economic Issue
			12.3.3.1 Relative Low Prices of Local Land
			12.3.3.2 Change in the Price of Raw Land
			12.3.3.3 Low Yield from Existing Land Use
			12.3.3.4 Land Fragmentation
			12.3.3.5 Transfer the Ownership of Disputed Lands
			12.3.3.6 Investment in Non-farm Activities (NFA)
			12.3.3.7 Selling Land to Meet the Expenses
		12.3.4 Institutional Issues
			12.3.4.1 Preparation of Detailed Area Plan (DAP) and Its Consequences
			12.3.4.2 Governing Body
			12.3.4.3 Limitations of Legal Administration
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
13 Consequences of Unplanned Growth: A Case Study of Metropolitan Hyderabad
	Abstract
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Demographics, Growth, and Expansion of Hyderabad
		13.2.1 Demographics
		13.2.2 Spatial Expansion
		13.2.3 Information Technology and Growth
	13.3 Growth of Slums
		13.3.1 Pressure on Infrastructure
			13.3.1.1 Sewerage
			13.3.1.2 Solid Waste Disposal
			13.3.1.3 Water Supply
			13.3.1.4 Transport
		13.3.2 Pollution
	13.4 Conclusion
	References
14 Slum Upgradation, Redevelopment and Relocation through Slum Vulnerability Assessment in Delhi
	Abstract
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Review of Background Research
		14.2.1 Slum-Related Policy
		14.2.2 Literature Review
	14.3 Purpose of Study
	14.4 Study Area
		14.4.1 Location and Population
		14.4.2 Growth of Delhi—Causes and Consequences
		14.4.3 Slums in Delhi
	14.5 Data and Methods
	14.6 Derivation of Attributes for Slum Vulnerability Assessment
		14.6.1 Results and Discussion
	14.7 Conclusions
	References
15 Geographies of Indian Women’s Everyday Public Safety
	Abstract
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Mapping the Intersection of Public Space and Geographies of Everyday Women’s Safety
	15.3 Spatialities of Gendered Crime
	15.4 Mapping for Prevention of VAW in Public Spaces
	15.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
16 Transformation of Dalit Population in Independent India: A Study of Regional Differentials in Northwestern India
	Abstract
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Dalits: A Demographic Profile
		16.2.1 The National Scenario
		16.2.2 The Regional Scenario
		16.2.3 Scenario at the Caste Level
	16.3 Socio-economic Transformation of Dalit Castes
	16.4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	Appendix: NW Region: Distribution of Castes of Dalit Castes, 2011
	References
Urban Governance and Politics
17 State-Led Urbanity: Reexamining Modern Movement Servicescapes
	Abstract
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Relevance of the Study
	17.3 Scientific Framework
	17.4 Historical Background of a New Town State-Led Development
		17.4.1 First Movement: The Sociocultural Context that Enabled the Rise of a Functionalist Integral City
		17.4.2 Second Movement: Form and Functions of a State-Led Planned City
		17.4.3 Third Movement: The Collapse of the Society Model Result in Failure of the Urban Model
	17.5 Discussion on This Twentieth-Century Planned City and Its Servicescapes Revisited from the Sustainability Point of View
	17.6 Further Perspectives
	References
18 Urban Governance under Neoliberalism: Increasing Centralization or Participatory Decentralization
	Abstract
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Governance as Absence of Government
	18.3 Renewal/Rejuvenation Missions as Neoliberal Projects
	18.4 Participation in Peril
	18.5 Conclusions
	References
19 Participatory Comprehensive Planning of Amphawa District, Thailand
	Abstract
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Comprehensive Planning in Thailand
		19.2.1 Authorities in Charge of Comprehensive Planning
		19.2.2 Comprehensive Planning Process in Thailand
	19.3 Amphawa’s Comprehensive Planning Methodology
		19.3.1 Amphawa’s Participatory Planning Methodology
		19.3.2 Participants in Amphawa’s Comprehensive Planning
	19.4 The Effectiveness of Community Participation in Amphawa’s Comprehensive Planning
	19.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
20 Decentralized Governance Versus State Dependence: Financial Challenges and Participatory Development in Small Cities of West Bengal
	Abstract
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Reforms in Urban Governance
		20.2.1 Pre 74th CAA Period
		20.2.2 Post 74th CAA Period
	20.3 Decentralized Structure of City Governments
	20.4 Institutional Reforms and Basic Services
	20.5 New Governance: Towards a Better Accountability, Transparency and Participation
		20.5.1 Accountability
		20.5.2 Transparency
		20.5.3 Participation in Urban Governance
	20.6 Financial Reforms and the Status of Municipal Finance
	20.7 Other Partners
		20.7.1 Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
		20.7.2 NGOs and CBOs in the City
	20.8 Centralized Politics Versus Decentralized Governance
	20.9 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
21 Gentrification and Its Implication in the United States
	Abstract
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Gentrification Process
	21.3 Gentrification in U.S. Cities
		21.3.1 Brooklyn Heights Neighborhoods, New York
		21.3.2 Harlem Neighborhoods, New York
		21.3.3 Cincinnati Neighborhoods, Ohio
		21.3.4 Gentrification in Chicago, Illinois
			21.3.4.1 Pilsen Neighborhood
			21.3.4.2 Robert Taylor Public Housing
			21.3.4.3 Cabrini Green Public Housing
	21.4 Impact of Federal Housing Programs on Gentrification
		21.4.1 HOPE VI
		21.4.2 Housing Choice Voucher
		21.4.3 Low-Income Tax Credit and Section 811
		21.4.4 Sections 202 and 515
	21.5 Effects of Gentrification
		21.5.1 Negative Effects
		21.5.2 Positive Effects
	21.6 Conclusions
	References
22 Confronting Styles and Scales in Puerto Rico: Comprehensive Versus Participative Planning Under a Colonial Estate
	Abstract
	22.1 Historical Setting
	22.2 Mainland’s Planning Practices in “Porto Rico”
	22.3 Centralized Planning as a Response to the Crisis
	22.4 The Insular Governor: A Planner
	22.5 Comprehensive Planning on the “Stricken Land”
	22.6 Puerto Rico in World War II
	22.7 Implementing “Industrialization by Invitation” by FOMENTO
	22.8 The Earnestness for a New Model
	22.9 Downscaling Again the Planning Model
	22.10 The Community Entitlement Under the Neoliberal Discourse
	22.11 Community Planning in the New Millennium
	22.12 The Future of Public Planning Practice in the Commonwealth
	References
23 Planning to Segregate: The Case of Bogota, Colombia
	Abstract
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Planning and Real Estate Developers
	23.3 Planning and Social Labels
	23.4 Conclusion
	References
24 Knowledge and Skills for Planning Profession in the High Growth Period of Urban Transformation in India
	Abstract
	24.1 Background
		24.1.1 Planner’s Knowledge and Skills-Contemporary Discourses
		24.1.2 Relevance to India
	24.2 Transforming Urban India
	24.3 Recent Urban Projects and Profession Skills—An Enquiry with Evidence
	24.4 Case Study
		24.4.1 Urban Professionals Employment: Current Trends of a Planning School
			24.4.1.1 Brief History of Planning Education of CEPT University
			24.4.1.2 Placement and Remunerations: Public Sector Vs Private Sector
			24.4.1.3 Nature of Job Market—A Trend
	24.5 Conclusion
	References
25 Ethics and Professionalism in Planning Practice: An Experience from Dhaka
	Abstract
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Material and Methodology
		25.2.1 Theoretical Framework of the Research
		25.2.2 Data and Methodology
		25.2.3 Planning Process in Bangladesh
		25.2.4 Brief Background of Detailed Area Plan (DAP) of Dhaka
	25.3 Discussion and Analysis
		25.3.1 Ethical Issues in Preparation Phase of Detailed Area Plan
			25.3.1.1 Allegiance
			25.3.1.2 Autonomy
			25.3.1.3 Knowledge and Competence
			25.3.1.4 Statutory Responsibility
			25.3.1.5 Advancement of Knowledge Through Scientific Process
			25.3.1.6 Guild Loyalty, Loyalty and Dissent
			25.3.1.7 Concern for Public Interest
		25.3.2 Ethical Issues in Implementation of Detailed Area Plan (DAP)
	25.4 Practice of Ethical Code by Professional Planners
	25.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
National and Local Responses to Urban Transformations
26 Public Debt and Regional Inequality in India: Spatial Planning Implications
	Abstract
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Public Debt and Spatial Analysis
		26.2.1 Analytical Framework
		26.2.2 Public Debt and Regional Development: Western Studies
		26.2.3 Studies in Regional Public Debt in India
	26.3 Structure, Types and Composition of Public Debt in India
	26.4 Research Methodology
	26.5 Analysis
		26.5.1 Inequality Measures: Gini Coefficient and Standard Deviation
		26.5.2 Theil Entropy: Temporal and Spatial
		26.5.3 Kernel Density Estimation (KDE): Temporal and Spatial
		26.5.4 Regression and Prediction Maps
	26.6 Conclusion and Spatial Planning Implications
	References
27 Studies in Tourism Geography of India: Definition, Approaches and Prospects
	Abstract
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Tourism: Concept and Definition
		27.2.1 Tourism Geography and Planning Studies
	27.3 Tourism Geography: Indian Studies
		27.3.1 Globalization and Tourism Development
		27.3.2 Regional Tourism and Development
		27.3.3 Economic Geography and Tourism
		27.3.4 Ecotourism and Sustainability
		27.3.5 Tourism and Environment Impacts
		27.3.6 Infrastructure and Tourism Development
	27.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
28 Leveraging Brewing History: The Case of Cincinnati’s Over-the-Rhine Neighborhood
	Abstract
	28.1 History, Place, and People
	28.2 The Germans Are Here
		28.2.1 Building a Community
		28.2.2 Prohibition: Social Changes OTR
	28.3 Discussion
	28.4 Conclusion
	References
29 Returning Migrants as a Force to Urban Transformation—A Case Study from Poznan, Poland
	Abstract
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 Urban Transformation in Academic Studies
	29.3 Methods
	29.4 Poland
	29.5 Poland in the EU and Outmigration of a Million Poles
	29.6 Poznan, Poland
		29.6.1 Ethnically Inspired Businesses in Poznan in 1990s
		29.6.2 Poles in the EU—Exposure to Diversity, Ethnic Businesses and Appreciation for New Cultures
		29.6.3 Change in Cultural and Urban Landscape Due to Returning Migrants
	29.7 Conclusion
	References
30 Intermediary Cities of Refuge: From Istanbul to Kolkata
	Abstract
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 Cities of Intermediary Refuge
		30.2.1 Cities of Intermediary Refuge—Case of Istanbul
			30.2.1.1 Syrian Refugee Crisis and Turkey: Urbanization of Refugee Camps
			30.2.1.2 Refugees and Everyday Life in Fatih
		30.2.2 Cities of Intermediary Refuge—Case of Kolkata
	30.3 Conclusion
	References
Future: Sustainable Development
31 Sustainable Cities in the Global South: Lessons from the African Continent
	Abstract
	31.1 Introduction
	31.2 Cities and Challenges
	31.3 Public and Private Responses to Urbanization
	31.4 Cities and Sustainable Development
	31.5 Conclusion
	References
32 Growing Sustainable Transportation in an Autocentric Community: Current Trends and Applications
	Abstract
	32.1 Introduction
	32.2 The Meaning of Sustainable Transportation
	32.3 Minimizing Resource Consumption and Environmental Pollution
	32.4 Enhancing Efficiency
	32.5 Addressing Inequities
	32.6 Doing Sustainability—In Lieu of Conclusion
	References
33 Holy-Heritage City Development and Planning in India: A Study of Ayodhya
	Abstract
	33.1 Introduction: Visioning Sacred-Heritage City
	33.2 Ayodhya as Sacred-Heritage City: Historical Outline
	33.3 Ayodhya on the Criteria of UNESCO-WHC
		33.3.1 Representing a Masterpiece of Human Creative Genius
		33.3.2 Exhibiting Interchange of Human Values in Architecture and Monuments
		33.3.3 Testimony to Cultural Tradition in History
		33.3.4 Outstanding Example of Architectural Ensemble and Landscape (Riverfrontscapes)
		33.3.5 Example of a Traditional Habitat, Culture and Interaction
		33.3.6 Example of the Continuity of Living Traditions of Life (Intangible)
		33.3.7 Beauty of Natural Phenomena and Aesthetic Importance
		33.3.8 Unique Traditional Performance: Example of Environmental Theatre
	33.4 Ayodhya: Intangible Heritage on Unesco Scale
	33.5 Ayodhya: Heritage Zones
		33.5.1 Ramkot Heritage Zone
		33.5.2 Riverfront Heritage Zone: Ghats and Temples
		33.5.3 Gulab Bari-Bahu Begum Makbara Zone
		33.5.4 Mani Parvat Zone
	33.6 Pilgrimage (Yatra) Routes
	33.7 Contemporary Heritage Inclusive Development Projects
		33.7.1 Ramayana Circuit
		33.7.2 Ayodhya–South Korea Project
	33.8 Heritage and Pilgrimage Inclusive Development: Framing HRIDAY and PRASAD
		33.8.1 National Mission of HRIDAY
		33.8.2 National Mission of PRASAD
	33.9 Concluding Remarks
	References
34 A Review of Preservation Practices and Attitudes in Historic District Act Municipalities of Pennsylvania
	Abstract
	34.1 Introduction
	34.2 Significance and Evolution of Historic Preservation in the United States
	34.3 The Role of Federal, State, and Local Government in Historic Preservation
	34.4 Historic Preservation in Pennsylvania with a Focus on the Historic District Act
	34.5 What Are the Strategies, Techniques and Tools and How Well Do They Work?
	34.6 A Survey of Historic District Act Communities
	34.7 Findings
	34.8 Conclusion
	References