Upgrading Water Treatment Plants

Book Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 6
FOREWORD......Page 9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 10
1.2 Personnel......Page 11
1.2.3 Plant operators......Page 12
1.3 Management structure......Page 14
1.4 Plant maintenance......Page 15
1.5 Housekeeping......Page 16
2.1 Observing plant operation......Page 17
2.3 Raw water metering......Page 18
2.4.1 Primary coagulant selection......Page 19
2.4.3 Application of coagulant to raw water......Page 20
2.5.1 Manifold hydraulics......Page 21
2.5.3 Horizontal flow systems......Page 22
2.6 Settling basins......Page 24
2.7 Filters......Page 25
2.8 Disinfection......Page 27
2.9 Stabilisation......Page 28
3.1 Physical variables......Page 30
3.2 Biological variables......Page 32
3.3.1 pH......Page 33
3.3.2 Alkalinity......Page 34
3.3.4 Tastes and odours......Page 35
3.3.7 Hardness......Page 36
3.4 Laboratory analysis......Page 37
3.4.1 Laboratory equipment and instruments......Page 38
3.4.2 Physical and chemical tests......Page 39
4.2 Raw water intake and flow......Page 41
4.3 Rehabilitation of the chemical building......Page 43
4.4.2 Coagulant application......Page 45
4.4.4 Flocculation......Page 46
4.4.5 Settling basins......Page 47
4.5 Filter rehabilitation......Page 49
4.6 Filter operation......Page 51
4.7 Stabilisation......Page 54
5.1 Introduction to bench scale testing......Page 57
5.2 Design and process parameters......Page 59
5.3 Equipment and laboratory space......Page 63
5.4.1 Coagulant dose......Page 64
5.4.2 Polymer dose......Page 65
5.4.4 Flocculation conditions......Page 66
5.4.5 Application of results......Page 69
5.5 Testing in the laboratory for direct filtration......Page 73
5.6.1 Initial mixing of coagulant......Page 76
5.6.2 Flocculation system......Page 77
5.6.3 Settling basins......Page 78
5.6.4 Filters......Page 79
5.7.1 Fundamental considerations and design......Page 80
5.7.2 Operation......Page 91
5.8 Treatment plant as a pilot plant......Page 92
6.2 Health risks of chlorine......Page 102
6.3.1 Container, feeding, metering and controlling equipment......Page 103
6.3.2 Piping......Page 106
6.3.3 Injector......Page 110
6.3.4 Housing......Page 111
6.3.6 Examples......Page 113
7.1 Applying new technology......Page 118
7.2 Optimising the treatment process and plant performance......Page 119
7.3 Design information......Page 120
7.3.3 Ports......Page 121
7.3.5 Hydraulic sludge removal......Page 122
7.3.8 Power for flocculation......Page 123
Manifold and laterals......Page 124
Precast perforated blocks......Page 126
False bottoms with nozzles......Page 127
8.1.1 Layout and dimensions......Page 134
8.1.2 Plant performance......Page 135
8.2 Characteristics of the upgraded plant......Page 138
8.4 Initial mixing of coagulant and raw water......Page 141
8.5 Flocculation......Page 142
8.6 Distribution of flocculated water to settling basins......Page 146
8.7.1 Entrance baffles......Page 150
8.7.2 Settling performance and plate filters......Page 152
8.7.3 Sludge removal system......Page 154
Size of the sludge-collecting orifices in the lateral......Page 155
8.7.4 Removal of settled water......Page 158
8.8 Filters......Page 159
8.9 Summary......Page 161
9.1.1 Layout and dimensions......Page 164
9.1.3 Upgrading parameters determined by jar testing and experience......Page 166
9.2 Modifications required for upgrading and optimisation......Page 167
9.3.2 Application of coagulant......Page 169
9.3.4 Channel for dividing flow among the flocculation basins......Page 170
9.3.5 Flocculation basins......Page 171
9.3.6 Settling basin......Page 173
9.3.7 Filters......Page 179
10.1.3 Settling basins......Page 187
10.1.6 Raw water......Page 189
10.3 Upgrading parameters determined by jar testing......Page 190
10.4.3 Settling basins......Page 191
10.4.4 Filters......Page 193
10.4.5 Chemical building and handling......Page 194
Appendix I SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION......Page 195
Appendix II GLOSSARY OF TERMS......Page 197
Index......Page 200