Unmanned aircraft systems: UAVs design, development and deployment

UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS......Page 6
Contents......Page 10
Foreword......Page 16
Acknowledgements......Page 17
Series Preface......Page 18
Preface......Page 20
Units and Abbreviations......Page 22
1.1 Some Applications of UAS......Page 34
1.2 What are UAS?......Page 36
1.3 Why Unmanned Aircraft?......Page 38
1.5 System Composition......Page 42
References......Page 48
Part 1 THE DESIGN OF UAV SYSTEMS......Page 50
2.1 Conceptual Phase......Page 52
2.4 Selection of the System......Page 53
3.1 Lift-induced Drag......Page 58
3.2 Parasitic Drag......Page 59
3.3 Rotary-wing Aerodynamics......Page 62
3.4 Response to Air Turbulence......Page 65
3.5 Airframe Configurations......Page 67
3.6 Summary......Page 75
References......Page 76
4.1 Long-endurance, Long-range Role Aircraft......Page 78
4.2 Medium-range, Tactical Aircraft......Page 88
4.3 Close-range/Battlefield Aircraft......Page 92
4.4 MUAV Types......Page 99
4.5 MAV and NAV Types......Page 101
4.6 UCAV......Page 103
4.7 Novel Hybrid Aircraft Configurations......Page 104
References......Page 107
5.1 Introduction......Page 108
5.2 United Kingdom......Page 109
5.4 United States of America......Page 121
References......Page 122
6.1 Scale Effects......Page 124
6.2 Packaging Density......Page 126
6.3 Aerodynamics......Page 127
6.4 Structures and Mechanisms......Page 128
6.5 Selection of power-plants......Page 134
6.6 Modular Construction......Page 139
References......Page 145
7 Design for Stealth......Page 146
7.1 Acoustic Signature......Page 147
7.2 Visual Signature......Page 148
7.3 Thermal Signature......Page 149
7.4 Radio/Radar Signature......Page 150
7.5 Examples in Practice......Page 151
Reference......Page 159
8 Payload Types......Page 160
8.1 Nondispensable Payloads......Page 161
Reference......Page 174
9.1 Communication Media......Page 176
9.2 Radio Communication......Page 177
9.4 Communications Data Rate and Bandwidth Usage......Page 184
9.5 Antenna Types......Page 185
References......Page 187
10.1 HTOL Aircraft......Page 188
10.2 Helicopters......Page 192
10.3 Convertible Rotor Aircraft......Page 196
10.5 Sensors......Page 198
References......Page 200
11.1 NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS)......Page 202
11.3 LORAN C......Page 203
11.5 Radio Tracking......Page 204
References......Page 205
12.1 Launch......Page 206
12.2 Recovery......Page 210
12.3 Summary......Page 212
13.1 Control Station Composition......Page 216
13.3 Mini-UAV ‘Laptop’ Ground Control Station......Page 218
13.4 Close-range UAV Systems GCS......Page 219
13.5 Medium- and Long-range UAV System GCS......Page 223
13.7 Air Control Stations (ACS)......Page 228
14.1 Operating and Maintenance Manuals......Page 230
14.5 Tools......Page 231
14.6 Subsidiary Equipment......Page 232
15.3 HTOL Close-range Systems......Page 234
15.4 Medium-range Systems......Page 235
15.5 MALE and HALE Systems......Page 236
16 Design for Reliability......Page 238
16.1 Determination of the Required Level of Reliability......Page 239
16.2 Achieving Reliability......Page 241
16.3 Reliability Data Presentation......Page 243
16.4 Multiplexed Systems......Page 245
16.5 Reliability by Design......Page 246
16.6 Design for Ease of Maintenance......Page 249
17 Design for Manufacture and Development......Page 250
Part 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF UAV SYSTEMS......Page 254
18.1 System Development......Page 256
18.3 Establishing Reliability......Page 257
19.1 UAV Component Testing......Page 260
19.2 UAV Sub-assembly and Sub-system Testing......Page 261
19.3 Testing Complete UAV......Page 263
19.4 Control Station Testing......Page 269
19.6 Documentation......Page 270
20.1 Test Sites......Page 272
20.2 Preparation for In-flight Testing......Page 273
20.3 In-flight Testing......Page 275
20.4 System Certification......Page 276
Part 3 THE DEPLOYMENT OF UAV SYSTEMS......Page 278
21.1 Company Trials......Page 280
21.2 Customer Trials and Sales Demonstrations......Page 281
22.1 Introduction......Page 282
22.2 Network-centric Operations (NCO)......Page 284
22.3 Teaming with Manned and Other Unmanned Systems......Page 285
23 Naval Roles......Page 286
23.2 Radar Confusion......Page 287
23.4 Anti-submarine Warfare......Page 288
23.6 Port Protection......Page 289
23.10 Electronic Intelligence......Page 290
23.12 Summary......Page 291
24.1 Covert Reconnaissance and Surveillance......Page 292
24.3 Target Designation by Laser......Page 294
24.4 NBC Contamination Monitoring......Page 296
24.8 System Mobility......Page 299
24.9 Persistent Urban Surveillance......Page 300
25.3 Electronic Intelligence......Page 302
25.6 Airfield Security......Page 303
26.2 Agriculture......Page 306
26.3 Coastguard and Lifeboat Institutions......Page 307
26.6 Electricity Companies......Page 308
26.8 Fisheries......Page 309
26.13 Traffic Agencies......Page 310
26.18 Communications Relay......Page 311
References......Page 312
Part 4 UAS FUTURE......Page 314
27.1 Introduction......Page 316
27.2 Operation in Civilian Airspace......Page 317
27.3 Power-plant Development......Page 321
27.4 Developments in Airframe Configurations......Page 325
27.5 Autonomy and Artificial Intelligence......Page 332
References......Page 334
28.1 Introduction......Page 336
28.2 Cruise Missiles......Page 337
28.3 World War II Systems......Page 338
28.5 The 1960s......Page 339
28.6 The 1970s......Page 341
28.7 The 1980s......Page 342
28.8 The 1990s......Page 344
28.9 The 2000s......Page 345
28.10 The 2010s......Page 348
28.11 Into the Future......Page 349
A.2 Industry Associations......Page 352
A.5 Test Site Facilities......Page 353
A.6 Regulators......Page 354
Index......Page 356