Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Cellular Communications (Unmanned System Technologies)

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
1 Historical Perspectives and Introduction to UAV Cellular Communications
	1.1 Introduction to UAV Cellular Communications
	1.2 Categories of UAV and Their Characteristics
	1.3 Enabling UAV Communication and Network Technologies
		1.3.1 Communication Modules
		1.3.2 Antenna Design
		1.3.3 Resource Management Forums
		1.3.4 Networking Technologies for UAV Transmission Model
		1.3.5 UAV-Assisted Wireless Sensor Networks and UAV-Assisted Vehicular Transmission Model
	1.4 Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Future UAV Transmission Model
		1.4.1 UAV Features
		1.4.2 Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence
	1.5 Cyber–Physical Security of UAV-Based Cellular Communications
		1.5.1 CPS Security Vulnerabilities
		1.5.2 CPS Security Threats
			1.5.2.1 Cyber Threats
			1.5.2.2 Physical Threats
	1.6 Future Research Directions
		1.6.1 Future UAV Networks
		1.6.2 UAV Mobile Networks
		1.6.3 UAV Books for the Future
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
2 UAV Cellular Communication in 5G New Radio WirelessStandards
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Factors Influencing UAV Communication: Drawbacks
	2.3 Literature Review
		2.3.1 UAV System Functions and Requirements
		2.3.2 UAV Communication Architecture
		2.3.3 Consideration of Factors in UAV Communication System
	2.4 Impact of 5G in UAV
	2.5 Connections Linking the Different Nodal Points of the UAV-Based Communication System
	2.6 UAV Structure Functionalities, Demands, and Services
	2.7 Consequences of Spectrum Sharing
	2.8 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Modeling UAV Communications
	2.9 Infrastructure for 5G Experimentation
	2.10 Infrastructure for the Mobile Core Network
	2.11 Infrastructure for 5G Radio Access Networks
	2.12 Numerical Simulation Results
	2.13 Interpretation of Numerical Results
	2.14 Conclusion
	References
3 5G NR Massive MIMO for Efficient and Robust UAV Cellular Communications
	Acronym
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Massive MIMO
		3.2.1 What Is Massive MIMO?
		3.2.2 Spatial Multiplexing
		3.2.3 Beamforming
		3.2.4 Multiuser MIMO
		3.2.5 Performance Factor
	3.3 MIMO Architecture
		3.3.1 5G Core Architecture
		3.3.2 Channel Estimation
		3.3.3 Beam Propagation
		3.3.4 Uplink-Downlink Transformation
		3.3.5 2 = 2 and 4 = 4 MIMO
	3.4 Multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO)
		3.4.1 Energy and Spectral Efficiency
		3.4.2 Favorable Propagation
		3.4.3 Multicell Multiuser MIMO
		3.4.4 MU-MIMO Benefits
	3.5 Massive MIMO Challenges
		3.5.1 Pilot Contamination
		3.5.2 Unfavorable Propagation
		3.5.3 Implementation Challenges
	3.6 Future of 5G
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
4 An Overview of Intelligent Reflecting Surface Assisted UAV Communication Systems
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces
		4.2.1 System Model: Uplink Multiuser and Multi-IRS-Aided System
		4.2.2 System Model: Downlink Multiuser and Multi-IRS-Aided System
	4.3 UAV Communication System
	4.4 IRS-UAV Communication
		4.4.1 IRS-THz-UAV Communications
		4.4.2 IRS-NOMA-UAV Communications
		4.4.3 IRS-SWIPT-UAV Communications
		4.4.4 IRS-PLS-UAV Communication
	4.5 Challenges
		4.5.1 Channel Model and Estimation
		4.5.2 IRS Controlling
		4.5.3 Trajectory and Beamforming Optimization
	4.6 Case Study: IRS-UAV Communication
		4.6.1 System Model
		4.6.2 Simulated Results
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
5 Artificial Intelligence Empowered Models for UAVCommunications
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Literature Review
		5.2.1 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Artificial Intelligence Are Revolutionizing Wildlife Monitoring and Conservation
		5.2.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Agriculture
		5.2.3 Fuzzy Logic Approach for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
		5.2.4 Machine Learning and UAV
		5.2.5 Robotics and UAV
		5.2.6 Prospects of the Development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
		5.2.7 Smart Agricultural Irrigation Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
		5.2.8 Internet of Things (IOT)-Enabled Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
	5.3 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
6 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS)-Assisted UAV Cellular Communication
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Propagation Path Loss
		6.2.1 Path Attenuation
		6.2.2 Path Loss Due to Reflection
		6.2.3 Path Loss Due to Diffraction
		6.2.4 Channel Modeling
	6.3 Propagation Models
		6.3.1 Propagation Mechanism
		6.3.2 Rural Area Propagation Model
		6.3.3 Urban Area Propagation Model
		6.3.4 Propagation Challenges
	6.4 Channel Propagation Models
		6.4.1 Basic MIMO Channel Propagation
		6.4.2 Channel Model Requirement
		6.4.3 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface
		6.4.4 RIS-Assisted Wireless Communication
		6.4.5 Channel Propagation Problem
	6.5 Applications
		6.5.1 Extended Coverage
		6.5.2 Increased Capacity
		6.5.3 Massive Multiple Access
		6.5.4 Spectrum Sharing
	6.6 Conclusion
	Reference
7 Cell-Free Massive MIMO Architecture for UAV Cellular Communications
	Abbreviation
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Related Work
	7.3 Cell-Free Massive MIMO
		7.3.1 System Model of a Cell-Free Massive MIMO System
			7.3.1.1 Uplink Pilot Training
			7.3.1.2 Uplink Data Transmission
			7.3.1.3 Downlink Pilot Training
			7.3.1.4 Downlink Data Transmission
	7.4 UAV Characteristics
	7.5 UAV-Assisted Cell-Free Massive MIMO Network
		7.5.1 System Model of UAV-Assisted Cell-Free Massive MIMO Network
		7.5.2 Propagation Model
		7.5.3 Uplink Channel Estimation
		7.5.4 The Communication Process
			7.5.4.1 Uplink Training
			7.5.4.2 Uplink Data Transmission
			7.5.4.3 Downlink Data Transmission
		7.5.5 Performance Analysis
			7.5.5.1 Downlink Data Transmission: Lower and Upper SE Bounds
			7.5.5.2 Uplink Data Transmission: Lower and Upper SE Bounds
	7.6 Numerical Results and Discussion
	7.7 Conclusion
		7.7.1 Scope for Future Works
	References
8 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Assisted Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface for Energy Efficient and ReliableCommunication
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Motivation
		8.1.2 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
		8.1.3 Multiuser MIMO
		8.1.4 Massive MIMO
		8.1.5 Spatial Modulation
	8.2 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS)
		8.2.1 UAV-Assisted RIS
	8.3 The Proposed UAV-Assisted RIS Schemes
		8.3.1 Intelligent UAV-Assisted RIS Scheme
		8.3.2 Blind UAV-Assisted RIS Scheme
	8.4 Simulation Results and Discussions
	8.5 Conclusion
		8.5.1 Scope for Future Works
	References
9 Blockchain Technology Enabling UAV Cellular Communications
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Blockchain for Securing UAV Cellular Communications
		9.2.1 UAV
		9.2.2 Blockchain Technology
		9.2.3 Blockchain Types
		9.2.4 Blockchain Characteristics
		9.2.5 Reference Model of Blockchain Architecture
	9.3 Current Blockchain Solutions for Securing UAV Cellular Communication
	9.4 Relevance and Roles of Blockchain in Securing UAV Cellular Communication
	9.5 Blockchain-Based UAV Services
	9.6 Challenges in UAV Networks
	9.7 Future Research Directions in UAV
	9.8 Conclusion
	References
10 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Cellular Communication Operating in Non-terrestrial Networks
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Literature Review
		10.2.1 Review of Related Work
		10.2.2 History of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
	10.3 Materials and Method
		10.3.1 Channel Model
		10.3.2 Requirements for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Communication
			10.3.2.1 Authentication and Authorization in UAV Communication
		10.3.3 Signal Reception in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
		10.3.4 Non-Terrestrial Network Model
		10.3.5 Non-terrestrial Network Channel Model
		10.3.6 5G New Radio (5G NR) Support for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
		10.3.7 Multiple Antennas for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Communication
			10.3.7.1 Vertical Antenna Design
		10.3.8 Capacity Analysis of Multiple Antenna Systems for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
		10.3.9 Bit Error Rate (BER) in Non-terrestrial Networks
	10.4 Results and Discussion
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
11 Design and Performance Issues in UAV Cellular Communications
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Background on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
		11.1.2 Wireless Technology Options for UAV Communication
		11.1.3 Brief Description of Cellular Communication System
		11.1.4 Cellular Communication Option for UAV
		11.1.5 Chapter Contribution and Outline
	11.2 Literature Review
		11.2.1 UAVs in Cellular Communication System
			11.2.1.1 UAV-Connected Cellular Communication
			11.2.1.2 UAV-Assisted Cellular Communication
		11.2.2 UAV Communication Requirements
		11.2.3 UAV Link Types and Characteristics
		11.2.4 UAV Communication Channel Model
			11.2.4.1 Analysis of UAV Channel Model
			11.2.4.2 Altitude/Angle-Dependent Channel Model
			11.2.4.3 LoS Probability-Based Channel Models
		11.2.5 Traditional Versus Next-Generation Cellular UAV Deployment
		11.2.6 Unique Considerations in UAV Communication System Design
			11.2.6.1 LoS Condition at High Altitude
			11.2.6.2 UAV Three-Dimensional Operational Space
			11.2.6.3 UAV-Ground Interference
			11.2.6.4 Asymmetric Traffic Dimension (DL/UP)
			11.2.6.5 High UAV Mobility
	11.3 Design and Performance Issues in Cellular UAV Communication System
		11.3.1 Design Standards and Regulations for UAV Communication
		11.3.2 UAV Design and Performance Challenges
		11.3.3 Size, Weight, and Power (SWAP) Design Issues
		11.3.4 Energy Management Techniques for UAVs
			11.3.4.1 Wireless Techniques for UAV Energy Replenishment
			11.3.4.2 EMF-Based Energy Replenishment
			11.3.4.3 Non-EMF Energy Replenishment
		11.3.5 Performance Analysis in UAV Cellular Communication
		11.3.6 UAV Communication Performance Optimization
			11.3.6.1 Interference Detection and Mitigation Strategies
			11.3.6.2 Other Performance Improvement Strategies
	11.4 Case Study and Application
		11.4.1 UAVs as Aerial Base Station
		11.4.2 UAV as Aerial Relays
		11.4.3 UAVs as Aerial Access Points
		11.4.4 UAV for Wireless Charging of Sensors
	11.5 UAV Channel Model Evaluation Using Clustered Delay Line Model with Ray-Tracing
	11.6 Methodology
	11.7 Result and Discussion
	11.8 Conclusion with Future Research Scopes
		11.8.1 Future Research Scopes
		11.8.2 Conclusion
	References
12 Evolution and Significance of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 History
		12.2.1 Classification of UAVs
			12.2.1.1 Size-Based Classification of UAVs
			12.2.1.2 Design-Based Classification of UAVs
			12.2.1.3 Application-Based Classification
	12.3 Issues and Challenges in UAVs
	12.4 Swarm UAVs
	12.5 Internet of Drones
	12.6 The Societal Roles and Relevance of UAV Cellular Communications
		12.6.1 Societal Roles
		12.6.2 Aerial-Based Classification
		12.6.3 Organization-Based Classification Schemes
		12.6.4 Applications-Based Classification Schemes
	12.7 Public Safety Services with a Multilayer Infrastructure
	12.8 Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
	12.9 Drones: Challenges and Opportunities
		12.9.1 Drones Route Optimization
		12.9.2 Anonymity and Safety Challenges
		12.9.3 Automation of Refuel Process
		12.9.4 Recharging Automation in UAVs
		12.9.5 Managing Swarms in UAVs
		12.9.6 Channel Models: High-Frequency Bands
		12.9.7 Massive MIMO
	12.10 Conclusion
	References
13 An Overview of Energy Consumptionfor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Cellular Communications
	Acronyms
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Categorization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
		13.1.2 Types of UAV
			13.1.2.1 Multi-rotor Drones
			13.1.2.2 Fixed-Wing Drone
			13.1.2.3 Single-Rotor Helicopter Drones
			13.1.2.4 Fixed-Wing Hybrid VTOL Drones
			13.1.2.5 Factors Affecting UAV Energy Consumption Can Be Classified into Four Categories
		13.1.3 The Framework of UAV
		13.1.4 Contributions to Knowledge
		13.1.5 Chapter Organization
	13.2 The Evolution of UAV
		13.2.1 Generations of UAV
		13.2.2 Applications of UAV
			13.2.2.1 General Application
			13.2.2.2 Commercial
			13.2.2.3 Warfare
			13.2.2.4 Aerial Photography
			13.2.2.5 Agriculture and Forestry
			13.2.2.6 Law Enforcement
			13.2.2.7 Cellular Communication
		13.2.3 Parts of a UAV Design
			13.2.3.1 The UAV Frame
			13.2.3.2 Motors and Propellers
			13.2.3.3 Battery
			13.2.3.4 Electronic Speed Controller (ESC)
			13.2.3.5 Microcontroller (MCU)
			13.2.3.6 Gate Driver
		13.2.4 The Octa-rotor UAV Configuration
			13.2.4.1 Blade Element Momentum Theory
			13.2.4.2 Power Analysis of Propulsion System
			13.2.4.3 PWM Value and Throttle Percentage
	13.3 The Future of Drone Technology
	13.4 Challenges of UAV Design Technology
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
Index