UNIX Operating System: The Development Tutorial Via UNIX Kernel Services

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Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Subject Matter......Page 4
Historic and Active UNIX and Meaningfully UNIX Learning......Page 5
A General Survey of UNIX Development......Page 7
Targets and Strategy of this Book......Page 8
Intended Audience......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 10
Table of Contents......Page 11
1.1 Introduction of Operating System......Page 19
1.2 Types of UNIX......Page 21
1.3 History of UNIX......Page 22
1.4 Summary......Page 24
References......Page 25
2.1 UNIX Software Architecture......Page 27
2.1.1.1 Process Management......Page 28
2.1.1.4 I/O System......Page 29
2.1.2 System Call Interface......Page 30
2.1.5 Applications......Page 32
2.2 UNIX Environment......Page 33
2.3 Character User Interface Versus Graphical User Interface......Page 34
2.4 UNIX Command Lines......Page 35
2.4.1 UNIX Command Syntax......Page 36
2.4.2 Directory Operation Commands......Page 37
2.4.2.2 Changing Directory......Page 38
2.4.2.3 Creating a Directory......Page 39
2.4.2.5 Listing Files in a Directory......Page 40
2.4.3.1 Copying File......Page 42
2.4.3.2 Renaming File......Page 43
2.4.3.4 Looking inside Files......Page 44
2.4.3.5 Joining and Displaying Files......Page 45
2.4.3.6 Finding Files......Page 46
2.4.3.7 Printing File on Printer......Page 47
2.4.4 Displaying Online Help......Page 48
2.4.5.2 Displaying the System Time......Page 50
2.4.5.3 Creating the Aliases for Commands......Page 51
2.5.1 Starting X......Page 53
2.5.2 Working with a Mouse and Windows......Page 54
2.5.4 Using a Mouse in Terminal Windows......Page 55
2.6 Shell Setup Files......Page 56
2.7 Summary......Page 58
Problems......Page 59
References......Page 61
3.1 Difference Between Text Editors and Word Processors......Page 63
3.2 Introduction of Pico Editor......Page 64
3.2.1 Start pico, Save File, Exit pico......Page 65
3.2.2 Create a New File with Pico......Page 66
3.2.3 Cursor-moving Commands in Pico......Page 67
3.2.4 General Keystroke Commands in Pico......Page 68
3.3.1 Three Modes of the vi and Switch Between Them......Page 70
3.3.2 Start vi, Create a File, Exit vi......Page 71
3.3.3 Syntax of the vi Commands......Page 73
3.4 Practicing in Insert Mode of the vi Editor......Page 74
3.5 Practicing in Command Mode and Last Line Mode of the vi Editor......Page 80
3.6 Using Buffers of the vi Editor......Page 83
3.7 The vi Environment Setting......Page 85
3.8 Introduction of the emacs Editor......Page 87
3.8.1 Start emacs, Create File, Exit emacs......Page 88
3.8.2 Buffers, Mark and Region in emacs......Page 89
3.8.3 Cursor Movement Commands......Page 90
3.8.5 Search and Replace......Page 91
3.8.6 Operation Example......Page 92
3.8.7 Programming in emacs......Page 94
Problems......Page 95
References......Page 97
4.1 Multiple Processes’ Running Concurrently......Page 98
4.1.1 Fundamental Concept for Scheduler and Scheduling \rAlgorithm......Page 100
4.1.2 UNIX Scheduling Algorithm and Context Switch......Page 101
4.2 Process States......Page 103
4.2.1 Fundamental Concept for Process States......Page 104
4.2.2 UNIX Process States......Page 105
4.3.1 UNIX Process Attributes in Kernel......Page 107
4.3.2 UNIX Process Attributes from User Angle......Page 108
Checking on the Process State......Page 109
4.4.1 Fork System Call......Page 111
4.4.2 How UNIX Kernel to Execute Shell Commands......Page 113
4.5 Process Control......Page 116
4.5.1 Running Command in Foreground or in Background......Page 117
4.5.1.1 Putting Process in Background......Page 118
4.5.1.3 Displaying Status of Processes in Background or Suspended......Page 119
4.5.2 More Concepts about Process Concurrently Execution in UNIX......Page 121
4.5.3 UNIX Inter-Process Communication......Page 123
4.5.3.1 Messages......Page 124
4.5.3.2 Shared memory......Page 125
4.5.3.3 Semaphores......Page 126
4.5.4 UNIX Signals......Page 127
4.5.5.1 Canceling a Process......Page 129
4.5.5.2 Waiting for Specified Period of Time......Page 130
4.5.5.3 Ignoring Hangup Signal......Page 131
4.5.6 Daemons—UNIX Background “Guardian Spirits”......Page 132
4.6 UNIX System Boot and Init Process......Page 133
4.7 Summary......Page 135
Problems......Page 137
References......Page 138
5.1 Outline of Memory Management......Page 140
5.1.1 Evolution of Memory Management......Page 141
5.1.2 Memory Allocation Algorithms in Swapping......Page 143
5.1.3 Page Replacement Algorithms in Demand Paging......Page 144
5.2.1 Swapped Content......Page 147
5.2.2 Timing of Swapping......Page 148
5.2.3 Allocation Algorithm......Page 149
5.2.5 Swapper......Page 150
5.3 Demand Paging in UNIX......Page 152
5.3.1.1 Page Table......Page 153
5.3.1.2 Frame Table......Page 154
Protection page fault......Page 155
Validity page fault......Page 157
5.3.2 Page Replacement......Page 159
5.3.2.1 Page Stealer......Page 160
5.3.2.2 Pagedaemon......Page 161
5.4 Summary......Page 162
Problems......Page 163
References......Page 164
6.1 UNIX File System Structure......Page 166
6.1.1 File System Organization......Page 167
6.1.3 Absolute and Relative Pathnames......Page 170
6.1.4 UNIX Inodes and Data Structures for File System......Page 171
6.2.2 Ordinary Files......Page 172
6.2.4 Special Files......Page 174
6.2.6 Sockets......Page 175
6.3 Managing Files and Directories......Page 176
6.3.1 Displaying Pathname for Home Directory and Changing Directories......Page 177
6.3.2 Viewing Directories and File Attributes......Page 178
6.3.3 Creating Directories and Files......Page 181
6.3.5 Making Lines in File Ordered......Page 182
6.3.6 Searching Strings in Files......Page 185
6.3.7 The eof and CRTL-D......Page 186
6.4 File and Directory Wildcards......Page 187
6.5.1 File System Physical Structure and Allocation Strategies......Page 188
6.5.1.1 Allocation Strategy in UNIX System Versions......Page 189
6.5.1.2 Allocation Strategy in BSD......Page 190
6.5.2 Inode, Inode List and Inode Table......Page 191
6.5.3 Disk Physical Structure and Mapping Pathname to Inode......Page 192
6.5.4 File Descriptors......Page 194
6.5.5 System Calls for File System Management......Page 195
6.5.6 Standard Files......Page 196
6.6 Summary......Page 197
Problems......Page 199
References......Page 202
7.1 Standard Input and Output, Standard Files......Page 203
7.1.2 Standard Input, Output and Error Files......Page 204
7.2 Input Redirection......Page 205
7.2.1 Input Redirection with < Operator......Page 206
7.3 Output Redirection......Page 207
7.3.1 Output Redirection with > Operator......Page 208
7.3.3 Output Redirection with File Descriptor......Page 209
7.4.1 Appending Output Redirection with >> Operator......Page 210
7.5 Standard Error Redirection......Page 211
7.5.1 Error Redirection by Using File Descriptor......Page 212
7.5.3 Error Redirection in C Shell......Page 213
7.6 Combining Several Redirection Operators in One Command Line......Page 214
7.6.1 Combining Input and Output Redirections in One Command Line......Page 215
7.6.2 Combining Output and Error Redirections in One Command Line......Page 216
7.6.3 Combining Input, Output and Error Redirections in One Command Line......Page 218
7.7 UNIX Pipes and Filters......Page 219
7.7.1 Concepts of Pipe and Filter......Page 220
7.7.3 Combining Pipes and I/O Redirections in One Command Line......Page 221
7.7.4 Practical Examples of Pipes......Page 223
7.7.5 Pipes in C Shell......Page 224
7.7.6 Named Pipes......Page 225
7.8 UNIX Redirection and Pipe Summary......Page 228
7.9.1 I/O Mechanisms in UNIX......Page 229
7.9.2.1 Buffer Headers and Lists......Page 232
7.9.2.2 Read from and Write to Disk Block......Page 233
7.9.3 Character Special Files and Streams......Page 235
7.9.3.1 Line Discipline Solution......Page 236
7.9.3.2 Streams Solution......Page 237
7.9.4 Sockets for Networks in UNIX......Page 239
7.10 Summary......Page 240
Problems......Page 242
References......Page 243
8.1 Variety of UNIX Shells......Page 244
8.1.1 Shell Evolution......Page 245
8.2 UNIX Shell as a Command Interpreter......Page 246
8.2.2 Shell’s Interpreting Function......Page 247
8.2.3 Searching Files Corresponding to External Commands......Page 248
8.3.1 Some Important Environment Variables......Page 249
8.3.2 How to Change Environment Variables......Page 250
8.4.1 Why to Change Shell......Page 251
8.4.2 How to Change Shell......Page 252
8.4.3 Searching for a Shell Program......Page 253
8.5 Shell Metacharacters......Page 254
8.6 Summary......Page 256
References......Page 257
9.1 Bourne Shell Scripts......Page 259
9.1.1 Simplified Structure of Bourne Shell Scripts......Page 260
9.1.2 Program Headers and Comments......Page 261
9.2 Shell Variables......Page 262
9.3.1 Reading Shell Variables......Page 264
9.3.2 Assignment Statement......Page 265
9.3.4 Exporting Variables......Page 267
9.3.6 Reading Standard Input......Page 270
9.4.1 Shell Positional Parameters......Page 272
9.4.2 Setting Values of Positional Parameters......Page 273
9.4.3 Shift Command......Page 275
9.5.1 Setting File Access Permissions......Page 276
9.5.2 One Way to Make Bourne Shell Script Executable......Page 280
9.6 Program Control Flow Statement (a): if Statement......Page 281
9.6.1 The Simplest if Statement......Page 282
9.6.2 The test Command......Page 283
9.6.3 The if Statement with the else Keyword......Page 286
9.6.4 Integral Structure of if Statement......Page 288
9.7.1 The for Statement with a Word List......Page 290
9.7.2 The for Statement without a Word List......Page 292
9.8 Summary......Page 294
Problems......Page 295
References......Page 297
10.1 Program Control Flow Statement (c): case Statement......Page 298
10.2 Program Control Flow Statement (d): while Statement......Page 301
10.3 Program Control Flow Statement (e): until Statement......Page 304
10.4.1 The break Command......Page 306
10.4.2 The continue Command......Page 308
10.5 Processing Numeric Data......Page 310
10.6 The exec Command......Page 312
10.6.1 Execution Function of the exec Command......Page 313
10.6.2.1 Input Redirection of the exec Command......Page 314
10.6.2.2 Output Redirection of the exec Command......Page 315
10.6.2.3 Appending Redirection of the exec Command......Page 316
10.6.2.6 Some More Redirection of the exec Command......Page 317
10.6.2.7 Closing File Descriptor Function of the exec Command......Page 318
10.7 Bourne Shell Functions......Page 320
10.7.1 Defining Function......Page 321
10.7.2 Calling Function......Page 322
10.8 How to Debug Shell Scripts......Page 323
10.9 Summary......Page 325
Problems......Page 326
References......Page 327
11.1 UNIX’s Contribution to Development of Computer Networking......Page 328
11.2.1 Request for Comments......Page 329
11.2.2 Computer Networks and Internet......Page 330
11.2.3.1 Client-server Model......Page 332
11.2.3.2 Peer-to-peer Model......Page 334
11.2.4 TCP/IP and ISO models......Page 335
11.2.5 TCP/IP Protocol Suite......Page 337
11.2.5.2 Protocols in Transport Layer......Page 338
11.2.5.3 Protocols in Network Layer......Page 340
11.2.5.4 Protocols in Link Layer......Page 341
11.2.5.5 An Example for TCP/IP Protocol Suite......Page 342
11.3 Encapsulation and Demultiplexing......Page 343
11.4 Networking Operating Systems......Page 345
11.5.1 IP Header......Page 347
11.5.2 IPv4 Addressing......Page 350
11.5.3 IPv4 Routing......Page 351
11.5.4.1 Testing a Host Connection......Page 354
11.5.4.2 Tracing the Route from one Host to Another......Page 355
11.6.1 TCP Segment, Header and Services......Page 357
11.6.2.1 Remote Login: Telnet and Rlogin......Page 360
11.6.2.2 File Transfer: FTP......Page 364
11.6.2.3 Email Protocols and Programs......Page 367
Email Protocols......Page 368
Email Programs......Page 369
Mail Command......Page 370
11.7.1 UDP Protocol......Page 371
11.7.2 UDP Applications......Page 372
11.8 Summary......Page 373
Problems......Page 374
References......Page 376
Index......Page 378