University - industry collaboration : new evidence and policy options.

Foreword
Reader’s guide
	References
Acknowledgements
Acronyms and abbreviations
Executive summary
	What are the impacts of science-industry knowledge transfer on innovation?
	What policy instruments are implemented to support knowledge transfer?
	What is the impact of the policy mix and governance mechanisms?
	Key recommendations
Main findings and recommendations
	Main findings
		Challenges in assessing the impacts of science-industry knowledge transfer on innovation and new approaches
		New evidence regarding science-industry knowledge transfer and its impacts
		A diversity of policy instruments are used for knowledge transfer
		Governance mechanisms to promote knowledge transfer
	Policy recommendations
		Set knowledge transfer policies that respond to industry and research needs
		Strengthen the policy mix for knowledge exchange
	References
Part I. Documenting the impacts of public research institutions
	Chapter 1.  Assessing the impacts of knowledge transfer on innovation: Channels and challenges
		Introduction
		1.1. Channels for knowledge transfer
		1.2. Indicators and methods to assess knowledge transfer
		1.3. Main challenges arising for impact assessment
			(1) Comparability
			(2) Causality
			(3) Collection of micro data and samples
			(4) Consideration of broader societal impacts
		1.4. Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 2.  How does public research affect industry innovation and entrepreneurship? New evidence
		Introduction
		2.1. The contribution of public research to technical invention
			Trends in the numbers of patent applications from universities and PRIs
			In which technologies are university patents increasing?
			Is university-industry research collaboration increasing?
			Is public research different from private research?
		2.2. Does proximity to public research matter for industry inventions?
		2.3. Public research and innovative entrepreneurship
		2.4. Conclusions
		References
		Annex 2.A1
	Chapter 3.  Gauging social science graduates’ contributions to knowledge exchange with industry
		Introduction
		3.1. Challenges in assessing social scientists’ role in knowledge transfer
		3.2. Evidence of social science graduates’ contribution to different industries
			What we know from patent data analyses and case studies
			Insights from labour force surveys
				Contributions of graduates in social sciences to different sectors, compared to graduates in other disciplines
				Contributions of social science graduates to innovation in different sectors
				Contributions of social science graduates to ICT sectors compared with other disciplines
		3.3. Conclusions
		References
		Annex 3.A1
		Annex 3.A2
Part II. Policy instruments and the policy mix for science-industry knowledge transfer
	Chapter 4.  Policy instruments and policy mixes for knowledge transfer
		Introduction
		4.1. What policy instruments are in place to promote knowledge transfer?
		4.2. Intermediary organisations
		4.3. How countries differ in their policies to support knowledge transfer
		4.4. Assessing interaction dynamics within the policy mix
		4.5. Current trends and emerging policy approaches
			New approaches towards knowledge co-creation
			Adapting knowledge transfer policies to digitalisation
			Policies to support knowledge transfer across borders
		4.6. Open questions
		4.7. Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 5.  New policy practice to support spin-offs
		Introduction
		5.1. The policy mix to support spin-offs: Types of policy instruments and interactions
		5.2. How do country conditions influence the policy mix to support spin-offs?
		5.3. New policy approaches: focusing on quality and student entrepreneurship
		5.4. The operational dimensions of spin-off policies that were critical to their success
		5.5. How are RTOs contributing to the success of spin-offs?
		5.6. Conclusions
		References
		Annex 5.A1
	Chapter 6.  Governance of public research and its implications for knowledge transfer
		Introduction
		6.1. The autonomy of universities and PRIs
		6.2. Performance contracts and other evaluation mechanisms
		6.3. Industry participation in the governing boards of universities, PRIs and research councils
		6.4. Conclusions
		References