Unilateral Sanctions in International Law

Preface\nTable of Contents\nBiographical Notes of Contributors\nIntroduction\n	I. Challenges Posed to the International Legal Order by Unilateral Sanctions\n	II. Increase in the Use of Unilateral Sanctions\n	III. Changing Character of Unilateral Sanctions\n	IV. Legal Response to Unilateral Sanctions\n	V. The Rationale for this Study\n	VI. Scope of this Study\n	VII. Sanctions Imposed by the EU and Other Regional Organisations\n	VIII. UN Sanctions\n	IX. Parallel Sanctions\n	X. Retorsions and \'Smart\' or Targeted Sanctions\n	XI. Countermeasures and Unilateral Sanctions\n	XII. Organisation of the Study\n	XIII. Hope for the Future\n1. The Status of Unilateral Sanctions in International Law\n	I. Introduction\n	II. The Nature and Scope of Unilateral Sanctions\n	III. The Practice of Imposing Unilateral Sanctions\n	IV. Lawfulness of Unilateral Sanctions\n	V. Divided Scholarly Opinion\n	VI. Division Along First World and Third World Approaches\n	VII. Justification of Unilateral Sanctions as Countermeasures\n	VIII. Unilateral Sanctions in Customary International Law\n	IX. Legal Weight of Developed and Developing Country Practice\n	X. The Jurisprudence\n	XI. Unilateral Sanctions with Extraterritorial Reach\n	XII. Unilateral Sanctions and Human Rights\n	XIII. Protection of Human Rights as Erga Omnes Obligations and Unilateral Sanctions\n	XIV. Conclusions\n2. Shades of Grey: Autonomous Sanctions in the International Legal Order\n	I. Introduction\n	II. The Growth of Autonomous Sanctions\n	III. International Law and Sanctions\n	IV. Enforcing International Peace or International Law?\n	V. Where Does Sanctioning Competence Lie?\n	VI. Targeted Sanctions: Towards Decentralised Law Enforcement?\n	VII. The Inherent Illegality of Autonomous Sanctions\n	VIII. Conclusion\n3. Unilateral Sanctions: Creating Chaos at Bargain Rates\n	I. Introduction\n	II. The Asymmetry of Unilateral Sanctions\n	III. Extraterritorial and Secondary Measures\n	IV. When Unilateral Measures are Global: The Case of Cuba\n	V. Financial Sanctions\n	VI. The \'Chilling Effect\'\n	VII. Economic Rights and the Right to Development\n	VIII. Conclusion\n4. The Implications of Unilateral Sanctions for the Freedom of Aviation\n	I. Introduction and Scope\n		II. Legal Framework\n		III. Russia\"s Threat to Close its Airspace to EU and US Airlines\n		IV. US Sanctions against Iran: Implications for the Safety of Civil Aviation\n		V. The Saudi-Led Airspace Restrictions Affecting Qatar-Registered Aircraft\n		VI. Conclusion\n5. The Impact of Unilateral Sanctions on Regional Integration Treaties with Special Reference to the Gulf Cooperation Council\n	I. Introduction\n	II. Background to the Gulf Cooperation Council\n	III. The Growth of Free Trade Agreements and Economic Integration in the GCC\n	IV. The \'Riyadh Agreements\' and Subsequent Sanctions on Qatar\n	V. Effects of the Blockade on Qatar and Legality of the Sanctions within the GCC Framework\n	VI. Conclusion\n6. The Effect of Unilateral Sanctions on Foreign Investors and the Foreign Investment Regime\n	I. Introduction\n	II. The Potential Effects of Unilateral Economic Sanctions on Foreign Investors\n	III. Consequences for the States Involved where there is a Valid Investment Treaty in Place\n	IV. Case Studies: Iran and Qatar\n	V. Conclusion\n7. The World Trade Organisation and Unilateral Sanctions: Prohibited or Possible?\n	I. Introduction\n	II. Unilateral Economic Sanctions\n	III. Unilateral Sanctions in WTO law\n	IV. Unilateral Economic Sanctions and International Trade Law: Exemptions?\n	V. Unilateral Economic Sanctions in Practice\n	VI. Are American Unilateral Economic Sanctions on Russia WTO-Compatible?\n	VII. Recent WTO Case Law: the Consideration of Unilateral Economic Sanctions Placed on Qatar and Russia\n	VIII. Conclusion\n8. Unilateral Sanctions, Universal Postal Union and State Responsibility\n	I. Introduction\n	II. Universal Postal Union\n	III. US Sanction on Iran: Case Study\n	IV. Sanctions Targeting Postal Communication with Qatar: Case Study\n	V. Conclusion\n9. Unilateral Coercive Measures: Towards International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights\n	I. Introduction\n	II. The Position of the Human Rights Council\n	III. Applying IHL Principles to UCM Regimes: Case Studies\n	IV. Conclusion\n10. Maritime Lawfare: The Impact of Unilateral Sanctions on Law and Practice on Navigation and Seaborne Trade\n	I. Introduction\n	II. Maritime Sovereignty and Jurisdiction\n	III. Maritime Lawfare\n	IV. Concluding Remarks\n11. Can Unilateral Sanctions and International Environmental Obligations of States Coexist?\n	I. Introduction\n	II. International Law and the Environment\n	III. Variance in Law and Environmental Security\n	IV. Sanctions and the Environmental Security: Can they Coexist?\n	V. Conclusion\n12. Use of Cyber Means to Enforce Unilateral Coercive Measures in International Law\n	I. Introduction\n	II. Defining \'Cyberwarfare\'\n	III. Cyberwarfare in the Context of Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello\n	IV. The Tallinn Manuals and Draft Articles on State Responsibility\n	V. Unilateral Approaches to Cybersecurity Sanctions\n	VI. Need for Law Enforcement Cooperation\n	VII. Conclusion\n13. Conclusions: The Current Law on Unilateral Sanctions, Remedies against Unlawful Use of such Sanctions and Recommendations\n	I. The Current Law on Unilateral Sanctions\n	II. The International Legal Framework for Unilateral Sanctions\n	III. Remedies available to States Subjected to Unlawful Unilateral Sanctions\n	IV. Human Rights Violations and Unilateral Sanctions\n	V. The Way Forward\nAppendix: Draft Declaration on the Rules of International Law\ron Unilateral Sanctions\nIndex