UNESCO, Cultural Heritage and Conflict in Yemen, Syria and Iraq

Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Where Conflict and Culture Connect
	1.1 The Importance of Cultural Heritage Protection
	1.2 The Relationship Between Conflict and Cultural Heritage
		1.2.1 Intentional Targeting of Cultural Heritage
		1.2.2 Cultural Heritage as Collateral Damage
	References
Chapter 2: UNESCO´s Legal Obligation and Capability to Protect Cultural Heritage During Armed Conflict
	2.1 The UNESCO 1945 Constitution
	2.2 The 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and Its Two Protocols (19...
	2.3 The 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
	2.4 UNESCO´s 2015 Strategy: Reinforcement of UNESCO´s Action for the Protection of Culture and the Promotion of Cultural Plura...
	2.5 UNESCO´s Capability: Culture in Armed Conflict
		2.5.1 UNESCO´s Financial Resources: Culture in Armed Conflict
		2.5.2 UNESCO´s Human Resources: Culture in Armed Conflict
	References
Chapter 3: The State Heritage Institutions of Yemen, Syria and Iraq
	3.1 State Heritage Institution Capabilities
		3.1.1 Yemen: State Heritage Institution Capability
		3.1.2 Syria: State Heritage Institution Capability
		3.1.3 Iraq: State Heritage Institution Capability
	3.2 The Yemeni Conflict
		3.2.1 Yemeni Cultural Heritage: Intentional Targeting and Collateral Damage
	3.3 The Syrian Conflict
		3.3.1 Syrian Cultural Heritage: Intentional Targeting and Collateral Damage
	3.4 The Iraqi Conflict
		3.4.1 Iraqi Cultural Heritage: Intentional Targeting and Collateral Damage
	References
Chapter 4: The Impact of Conflict on UNESCO´s Engagement with Yemen, Syria and Iraq
	4.1 World Heritage Centre Profile Analysis
		4.1.1 UNESCO´s Engagement with Yemen: World Heritage Centre Profile
		4.1.2 UNESCO´s Engagement with Syria: World Heritage Centre Profile
		4.1.3 UNESCO´s Engagement with Iraq: World Heritage Centre Profile
		4.1.4 Data Comparison: Yemen, Syria and Iraq
	4.2 The Effect of Conflict on UNESCO´s Ability to Engage with Key National Counterparts
		4.2.1 UNESCO´s Relationship with GOAM and GOPCHY
		4.2.2 UNESCO Field Office for Yemen
		4.2.3 UNESCO´s Relationship with DGAM
		4.2.4 UNESCO Field Office for Syria
		4.2.5 Collective Discussion on UNESCO Offices for Yemen and Syria
		4.2.6 UNESCO´s Relationship with SBAH
		4.2.7 UNESCO Field Office for Iraq
	4.3 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 5: UNESCO´s Emergency Response ``First-Aid´´ to Cultural Heritage Sites
	5.1 Preparedness vs. Emergency Response
	5.2 Yemen: Emergency Response ``First-Aid´´
	5.3 Syria: Emergency Response ``First-Aid´´
	5.4 Iraq: Emergency Response ``First-Aid´´
	5.5 Emergency Response ``First Aid´´ Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6: UNESCO´s Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage Sites
	6.1 Defining Reconstruction and Recovery
	6.2 Yemen: Reconstruction
		6.2.1 Cash for Work Project
		6.2.2 Prioritisation Methodology
		6.2.3 Implementation
	6.3 Syria: Reconstruction
		6.3.1 Ancient City of Aleppo
		6.3.2 Site of Palmyra
		6.3.3 Crac Des Chevaliers and Qal´at Salah El-Din
		6.3.4 Ancient City of Damascus
		6.3.5 Ancient City of Bosra
		6.3.6 Ancient Villages of Northern Syria
	6.4 Iraq: Reconstruction
		6.4.1 Revive the Spirit of Mosul
		6.4.2 Ashur (Qal´at Sherqat)
		6.4.3 Babylon
		6.4.4 Erbil Citadel
		6.4.5 Hatra
		6.4.6 Samarra Archaeological City
	6.5 Reconstruction Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Conclusions
	References