UNDERSTANDING THE SPILLOVERS AND TRANSBOUNDARY IMPACTS OF PUBLIC POLICIES.

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations and acronyms
Executive summary
1 Linking the domestic and international implementation of the SDGs: Governance mechanisms and tools for addressing spillovers and transboundary impacts
	Introduction
	Spillovers and transboundary impacts in an increasingly complex world
	The role of policy coherence for sustainable development
	Institutional mechanisms and tools for addressing spillovers and transboundary impacts throughout the policy cycle
		Political commitment, vision and leadership
		Coordination mechanisms and tools to address policy impacts and interactions
		Assessing, measuring and monitoring policy impacts
	Lessons learned
	Looking ahead
	References
	Notes
2 SDGs integrated impact assessment strategy: A governance tool for identifying and managing the spillover effects and transboundary impacts in the 2030 Agenda
	Impact pathways
	Impacts beyond national borders
	Side effects of policies
	Towards an SDGs integrated impacts assessment framework
	Conclusion
	References
	Notes
3 The path to policy coherence: How OECD members (could) use the SDGs at home and abroad to better support developing countries
	The SDGs as a common platform to help address transboundary impacts
	Opportunities to do more: using the SDGs to reflect policy effects on developing countries
		The mixed effect of the SDGs on commitment to partner-friendly policies
		Increased but not yet systematic assessment and monitoring
		Greater opportunities for debate but limited uptake in government co-ordination
		Building the necessary political will with the help of the 2030 Agenda
	Aligning development co-operation to the SDGs in developing countries: progress and challenges
		Progress in mainstreaming the SDGs in development co-operation delivery
		Contextual factors limiting the use of the SDGs in development co-operation
			Adopting the SDG framework comes at a cost
			Developing countries strive to align their institutions to the SDGs
	Development co-operation practices affecting the use of SDGs at country level
		Fragmentation of development co-operation delivery is coupled with siloed approaches
			Synchronised planning cycles and joined-up approaches enhance overall coherent development co-operation support at country level
			Traditional donor co-ordination structures constrain cross-sector work
	Potential to strengthen connections between development co-operation and other policies at home
	Conclusion: the way forward
	References
	Notes
4 Private sector resilience: The role of responsible business conduct in ‘building back better’ globally
	Understanding responsible business conduct
	From risk to resilience: RBC and COVID-19
	Measuring RBC in the global economy: opportunities and challenges
		Tracing impact from the perspective of the entire supply chain
		Strengthening the evidence base on the impact and effectiveness of due diligence
		Supporting alignment in the market and gathering primary data
		Monitoring implementation of instruments and understanding effectiveness of RBC policies
			Supporting National Contact Points
			Monitoring
			Deepening evidence on RBC policies
	References
	Notes
5 Measuring transboundary impacts in the 2030 Agenda: Conceptual approach and operationalisation
	Defining and measuring transboundary impacts in the context of the SDGs
	Measurement of transboundary impacts
		Different approaches to measuring transboundary impacts
		Describing flows as transboundary mechanisms
			Financial flows
			Movement of people
			Trade flows
			Environmental transboundary flows
			Knowledge transfers
			Wrapping-up
	Measuring transboundary flows
	References
	Notes
6 Quantitative accounting for transboundary impacts: A new approach
	Understanding the challenges in global supply chain estimates
	Methodology
	Identifying the transboundary impacts through a global model
	Conclusion
	References
	Notes
7 The omnipresence of transboundary effects: A global, systemic, model based approach for analysing the SDGs
	An approach to analyse transboundary impacts, SDGs and trade-offs globally
		A global system-wide model
		The approach in the context of policy coherence modelling
	Case study investigating global transboundary effects of implementing the Paris Agreement
		Hypothesis and scenario setting
		Employing the SDG indicator framework to understand global transboundary impacts
		Impact on regional food security through higher prices (example Sub-Saharan Africa)
		Impact on regional land use through renewable bio-based energy demand increase
		Impact on regional wealth through fossil energy demand collapse (example the Middle East)
		Impact on self-sufficiency (example the EU)
		Impact of policy measures: example trade liberalisation
	Conclusion: challenges and opportunities
	References
8 Assessing transboundary issues through a systemic lens: Insights and proposals from EEA sustainability assessment reporting
	Assessment of the EU’s transboundary interactions: a systematic approach
		Overview of the SDGs synergies and trade-offs assessment approach
		Extended approach for exploring transboundary impacts
		Illustration of the lenses and systematisation of knowledge
		Drivers of change and global megatrends assessments
		Environmental footprints
		Systems assessments – Food system
	Illustration of the methodology applied to synergies and trade-offs for transboundary impacts
		Quadrant 1 – Synergies and trade-offs within the European Union
		Quadrant 2 – Transboundary effect (on the rest of the world) stemming from the achievement of the SDGs in the European Union
		Quadrant 3 – Transboundary effects (on the European Union) stemming from the achievement of SDGs in the rest of the world
	Discussion and conclusions
		Added value of the approach and changing policy context
		Challenges and opportunities in implementing the approach
	References
9 Assessing the transboundary effects of EU consumption: Applying a life cycle perspective to SDG 12
	The Consumption Footprint
		The Consumption Footprint bottom-up
		The Consumption Footprint top-down
		Inherent differences between trade footprint approaches
		Impact assessment
	Results and discussion
		Relevant products in trade impacts
		Implications of a ‘net importer’ of environmental burdens
	Conclusions and further research
	References
10 Measuring countries’ impacts on the global commons: A new approach based on production and consumption based accounting
	Improving accountability frameworks for sustainable consumption and production
		Absence of a shared frame for measuring SDG 12
		Lack of measures of environmental impacts embodied in trade
		Poor tracking of decoupling at country level
	A new approach for measuring domestic and transboundary environmental impacts
		General guiding principles and objectives
		Conceptual framework
		PBA vs CBA accounting to capture cross-border environmental impacts
		Measuring international spillovers
	Measuring consumption-based impacts embodied in trade
		Physical transboundary flows
	Method summary and preliminary results
		Indicator selection
		Illustrative indicators for OECD, G20 and large countries
		Standardisation, aggregation and ratings
			Indicator Score = (X – L) / (U – L) × 100  [1]
		Preliminary results
		Four key findings emerge from the Pilot GCS Index
	Conclusions and next steps
	References
	Further Reading
	Note
11 Policy priority inference for sustainable development: A tool for identifying global interlinkages and supporting evidence-based decision making
	The PPI model: foundations and data to address interlinkages within and between countries in a systemic way
	Adaptation of the PPI model to the SDGs and pilot implementation
		2030 Agenda framework
		Adapting tools to support governments to make sense of the multidimensionality of development
		Project design
		Model adaptation and pilot implementation
		Piloting the model at national and subnational level
	Practical applications of the PPI model to support progress on the SDGs
		Using other countries’ or regions’ models to guide development strategy
		Examining coherence between public strategic plans and budget assignation
		Assessing the feasibility of established targets
		Identifying SDG accelerators and bottlenecks
		Guiding decision-making in a context of earmarked budgets
	Future research and application
	References
	Further reading
	Notes
	Annex 11.A. List of indicators used to pilot the PPI model
Conclusion