Understanding The Physiology Of The Respiratory System (Understanding Physiology) (Jul 31, 2024)_(B0D788N8HV).epub

Dedication
Preface
Chapter 1: Anatomy of the Respiratory System
1.1 Basics of the Respiratory System
	The Upper Respiratory Tract:
	The Lower Respiratory Tract:
1.2: Divisions of the Respiratory System
	Upper Respiratory Tract:
	Lower Respiratory Tract:
1.3 Conclusion
Case Studies
	Case Study 1
	Case Study 2
	Case Study 3
Practice Questions
	Multiple Choice Questions:
	Short Answer Questions:
Answers
	Case Study 1:
	Case Study 2:
	Case Study 3:
	Multiple Choice Questions:
	Short Answer Questions:
Bibliography
Chapter 2: Functions of the Respiratory System
2.1 Gas Exchange:
2.2 Regulation of Acid-Base Balance:
2.3 Maintenance of Water Balance:
2.4 Speech:
2.5 Coughing and Sneezing:
2.5 Thermoregulation:
2.6 Metabolism:
2.7 Conclusion
Case Studies
	Case Study 1: Acute Asthma Attack
	Case Study 2: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Practice Questions for Self-Assessment
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Answers
	Case Study 1:
	Case Study 2:
Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 3: Mechanism of Respiration
3.1 External Respiration:
	Muscles of Inspiration:
	Muscles of Expiration:
	Regulation of Respiratory Muscle Activity:
3.2 Internal Respiration:
	Mechanisms of Internal Respiration:
	Factors Affecting Internal Respiration:
	Significance of Internal Respiration:
3.3 Cellular Respiration:
3.4 Conclusion
Case Studies
	Case Study 1: Pulmonary Embolism
	Case Study 2: Chronic Hypoventilation
Practice Questions for Self-Assessment
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Answers
	Case Study 1:
	Case Study 2:
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 4: Lung Volumes and Capacities
4.1 Lung Volumes
	Tidal Volume (TV)
	Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
	Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
	Residual Volume (RV)
4.2 Lung Capacities
	Vital Capacity (VC)
	Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
	Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
	Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
4.3 Factors Influencing Lung Volumes and Capacities
4.4 Factors Influencing Vital Capacity
4.5 Factors Decreasing Vital Capacity
4.6 Factors Affecting Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
4.7 Functional Implications of FRC
4.8 Conclusion
Case Studies
	Case Study 1: Pulmonary Fibrosis
	Case Study 2: Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Practice Questions for Self-Assessment
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Answers
	Case Study 1:
	Case Study 2:
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 5: Lung Compliance and Alveolar Ventilation
5.1 Types of Lung Compliance
	Static Compliance
	Dynamic Compliance
	Factors Affecting Lung Compliance
5.2 Alveolar Ventilation
	Factors Affecting Alveolar Ventilation
5.3 Respiratory Membrane and Gas Exchange
	Factors Affecting Gas Exchange
5.4 Clinical Implications
5.5 Conclusion
Case Studies
	Case Study 1: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
	Case Study 2: Emphysema
Practice Questions for Self-Assessment
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Answers
	Case Study 1:
	Case Study 2:
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 6: Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT)
6.1 Categorization of Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
	Spirometry:
	Lung Volume Testing:
	Diffusion Capacity:
	Bronchial Provocation Testing:
	Exercise Testing:
6.2 Spirometry Interpretation
	Forced Vital Capacity (FVC):
	Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1):
	FEV1/FVC Ratio:
	Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR):
6.3 Conclusion
Case Studies
	Case Study 1: Obstructive Lung Disease
	Case Study 2: Restrictive Lung Disease
Practice Questions for Self-Assessment
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Answers
	Cake Study 1:
	Case Study 2:
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 7: Gas Transport
7.1 Oxygen Transport
7.2 Factors Determining Amount of Oxygen in the Blood
	Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PaO2)
	Hemoglobin Concentration ([Hb])
	Oxygen Saturation (SaO2)
	Factors Affecting Oxygen Content
7.3 Hemoglobin and Oxygen-Hb Dissociation Curve
7.4 Carbon Dioxide Transport
	Dissolved CO2:
	Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-):
	Carbamino compounds:
	Chloride shift:
	Partial pressure of CO2:
	Elimination of CO2:
7.5 Factors Affecting Gas Transport
7.6 Conclusion
Case Studies
	Case Study 1: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
	Case Study 2: Anemia and Oxygen Transport
Practice Questions for Self-Assessment
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Answers
	Case Study 1:
	Case Study 2:
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 8: Control of Respiration
8.1 Respiratory Centers in the Brain
8.2 Neural Control of Respiration
	The Higher Brain Centers
	The Neural Control of Inspiration
	The Neural Control of Expiration
	The Neural Control of Respiration During Sleep
	The Neural Control of Respiration During Exercise
	The Neural Control of Respiration in Disease States
8.3 Chemical Control of Respiration
	Central Chemoreceptors:
	Peripheral Chemoreceptors:
	Interaction between Central and Peripheral Chemoreceptors:
	Factors Affecting Chemical Control of Respiration:
8.4 Factors Affecting Respiration
	Physiological Factors:
	Environmental Factors:
8.5 Hypoxic Drive of Respiration
8.6 Mechanical Control of Respiration and the Herring-Breuer Reflex
8.7 Joint Receptors and Respiration
	Exercise Hyperpnea
	Body Position and Posture
	Voluntary Movements
	Clinical Implications
	8.8 Conclusion
Case Studies
	Case Study 1: Central Sleep Apnea
	Case Study 2: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Hypoxic Drive
Practice Questions for Self-Assessment
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Answers
	Case Study 1:
	Case Study 2:
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 9: Acid and Base Balance
9.1 Control of Acid-Base Balance
9.2 Role of the Lungs in Acid-Base Balance
	Carbon Dioxide Production and Transport
	Regulation of Carbon Dioxide Levels
	Bicarbonate Regulation
	Respiratory Disorders and Acid-Base Balance
9.3 Role of the Kidneys in Acid-Base Balance
	1. Excretion of Hydrogen Ions:
	2. Reabsorption of Bicarbonate Ions:
	3. Excretion of Ammonium Ions:
	4. Regulation of Phosphate Ions:
9.4 Role of Buffer Systems
	Bicarbonate Buffer System
	Phosphate Buffer System
	Protein Buffer System
9.5 Types of Acid-Base Disorders
	Respiratory Acidosis:
	Respiratory Alkalosis:
	Metabolic Acidosis:
	Metabolic Alkalosis:
9.6 Compensation of Acid-Base Disorders
	Respiratory Compensation:
	Renal Compensation:
9.7 Acid-Base Disorder and the Body\'s Response
9.8 Conclusion
Case Studies
	Case Study 1: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
	Case Study 2: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Practice Questions for Self-Assessment
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Answers
	Case Study 1:
	Case Study 2:
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 10: Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q) Ratio
10.1 Effects of Increased V/Q Ratio
	Increased Dead Space
	Decreased Alveolar Oxygen Tension (PaO2)
	Increased Alveolar Carbon Dioxide Tension (PaCO2)
10.2 Effects of Decreased V/Q Ratio
	Increased Shunting
	Decreased Arterial Oxygen Tension (PaO2)
	Increased Arterial Carbon Dioxide Tension (PaCO2)
10.3 Respiratory Quotient
10.4 Respiratory Disorders and the V/Q Ratio
10.5 Conclusion
Case Studies
	Case Study 1: Pulmonary Embolism
	Case Study 2: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Practice Questions for Self-Assessment
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Answers
	Case Study 1:
	Case Study 2:
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 11: Hypoxia
11.1 Anemic Hypoxia - When Oxygen-Carrying Capacity is Compromised
11.2 Hypoxemic Hypoxia - When Oxygen Tension is Low
11.3 Circulatory Hypoxia - When Oxygen Delivery is Compromised
11.4 Histotoxic Hypoxia - When Oxygen Utilization is Impaired
11.5 Hypoxia and its Consequences - From Mild to Severe
11.6 Clinical Approach to Hypoxia - Diagnosis and Management
11.7 Conclusion
Case Studies
	Case Study 1: Anemic Hypoxia
	Scenario:
	Questions:
	Case Study 2: Hypoxemic Hypoxia
Practice Questions for Self-Assessment
	Multiple Choice Questions
	True or False Questions
	Short Answer Questions
Answers
Bibliography