Understanding Motor Controls

Cover
Table of Contents
Preface
Safety Overview
	Safety Overview
		General Safety Rules
		Effects of Electric Current on the Body
		On the Job
		Protective Clothing
		Ladders and Scaffolds
		Fires
		Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters
		Grounding
		Review Questions
Section 1: Basic Control Circuits and Components
	Chapter 1: General Principles of Motor Control
		Installation of Motors and Control Equipment
		Types of Control Systems
		Functions of Motor Control
		Review Questions
	Chapter 2: Symbols and Schematic Diagrams
		Sensing Devices
		Review Questions
	Chapter 3: Manual Starters
		Manual Push Button Starters
		Troubleshooting
		Review Questions
	Chapter 4: Overload Relays
		Dual Element Fuses
		Thermal Overload Relays
		Magnetic Overload Relays
		Overload Contacts
		Protecting Large Horsepower Motors
		Review Questions
	Chapter 5: Relays, Contactors, and Motor Starters
		Relays
		Electromagnet Construction
		Contactors
		Mechanically Held Contactors and Relays
		Mercury Relays
		Motor Starters
		Review Questions
	Chapter 6: The Control Transformer
		Grounded and Floating Control Systems
		Transformer Fusing
		Review Questions
Section 2: Basic Control Circuits
	Chapter 7: START-STOP Push Button Control
		Review Questions
	Chapter 8: Multiple Push Button Stations
		Review Questions
	Chapter 9: Forward-Reverse Control
		Review Questions
	Chapter 10: Jogging and Inching
		Inching Controls
		Review Questions
	Chapter 11: Timing Relays
		Pneumatic Timers
		Clock Timers
		Cam or Sequence Timers
		Electronic Timers
		Review Questions
	Chapter 12: Sequence Control
		Stopping the Motors in Sequence
		Review Questions
Section 3: Sensing Devices
	Chapter 13: Pressure Switches and Sensors
		Differential Pressure
		Typical Application
		Pressure Sensors
		Review Questions
	Chapter 14: Float Switches and Liquid Level Sensors
		Mercury Bulb Float Switch
		The Bubbler System
		Review Questions
	Chapter 15: Flow Switches
		Review Questions
	Chapter 16: Limit Switches
		Micro Limit Switches
		Subminiature Micro Switches
		Limit Switch Application
		Review Questions
	Chapter 17: Temperature Sensing Devices
		Expansion of Metal
		Resistance Temperature Detectors
		Expansion Due to Pressure
		Review Questions
	Chapter 18: Hall Effect Sensors
		Principles of Operation
		Hall Generator Applications
		Review Questions
	Chapter 19: Proximity Detectors
		Applications
		Metal Detectors
		Mounting
		Capacitive Proximity Detectors
		Ultrasonic Proximity Detectors
		Review Questions
	Chapter 20: Photodetectors
		Applications
		Types of Detectors
		Mounting
		Photodetector Application
		Review Questions
	Chapter 21: Reading Large Schematic Diagrams
		Review Questions
	Chapter 22: Installing Control Systems
		Component Location
		Point-to-Point Connection
		Using Terminal Strips
		Review Questions
Section 4: Starting and Braking Methods
	Chapter 23: Across-the-Line Starting
		Direct Current Motors
		Review Questions
	Chapter 24: Resistor and Reactor Starting for AC Motors
		Resistor Starting
		Reactor Starting
		Step Starting
		Review Questions
	Chapter 25: Autotransformer Starting
		Open and Closed Transition Starting
		Review Questions
	Chapter 26: Wye-Delta Starting
		Wye-Delta Starting Requirements
		Dual Voltage Connections
		Connecting the Stator Leads
		Closed Transition Starting
		Overload Setting
		Review Questions
	Chapter 27: Part Winding Starters
		Overload Protection
		Dual Voltage Motors
		Motor Applications
		Three-Step Starting
		Automatic Shutdown
		Review Questions
	Chapter 28: Direct Current Motors
		Field Windings
		Armature Windings
		Series Motors
		Shunt Motors
		Compound Motors
		Field Loss Relay
		External Shunt Field Control
		Controlling Compounding
		Cumulative and Differential Compounding
		Testing the Motor for Cumulative or Differential Compounding
		Direction of Rotation
		Determining the Direction of Rotation
		Review Questions
	Chapter 29: Single-Phase Motors
		Centrifugal Switch
		Hot-Wire Starting Relay
		Current Relay
		Solid-State Starting Relay
		Potential Starting Relay
		Dual Voltage Motors
		Reversing the Direction of Rotation
		Multispeed Motors
		Multispeed Fan Motors
		Review Questions
	Chapter 30: Braking
		Mechanical Brakes
		Dynamic Braking
		Dynamic Braking for Alternating Current Motors
		Plugging
		Review Questions
Section 5: Wound Rotor, Synchronous, and Consequent Pole Motors
	Chapter 31: Wound Rotor Motors
		Manual Control of a Wound Rotor Motor
		Timed Controlled Starting
		Wound Rotor Speed Control
		Frequency Control
		Review Questions
	Chapter 32: Synchronous Motors
		Starting a Synchronous Motor
		Excitation Current
		The Brushless Exciter
		Direct Current Generator
		Automatic Starting for Synchronous Motors
		The Field Contactor
		Out-of-Step Relay
		The Polarized Field Frequency Relay
		Power Factor Correction
		Applications
		Review Questions
	Chapter 33: Consequent Pole Motors
		Three-Speed Consequent Pole Motors
		Four-Speed Consequent Pole Motors
		Review Questions
Section 6: Variable Speed Drives
	Chapter 34: Variable Voltage and Magnetic Clutches
		Voltage Control Methods
		Magnetic Clutches
		Eddy Current Clutches
		Review Questions
	Chapter 35: Solid-State DC Motor Controls
		The Shunt Field Power Supply
		The Armature Power Supply
		Voltage Control
		Field Failure Control
		Current Limit Control
		Speed Control
		Review Questions
	Chapter 36: Variable Frequency Control
		Alternator Control
		Solid-State Control
		Some Related Problems
		IGBTs
		Advantages and Disadvantages of lGBT Drives
		Inverter Rated Motors
		Variable Frequency Drives Using SCRs and GTOs
		Features of Variable Frequency Control
		Review Questions
Section 7: Motor Installation
	Chapter 37: Motor Installation
		Motor Nameplate Data
		Manufacturer’s Name
		RPM
		Determining Motor Current
		Determining Conductor Size for a Single Motor
		Overload Size
		Determining Locked-Rotor Current
		Short-Circuit Protection
		Starter Size
		Example Problems
		Multiple Motor Calculations
		Review Questions
Section 8: Programmable Logic Controllers
	Chapter 38: Programmable Logic Controllers
		Differences between PLCs and PCs
		Basic Components
		Review Questions
	Chapter 39: Programming a Programmable Logic Controller
		Circuit Operation
		Developing a Program
		Converting the Program
		Entering a Program
		Programming Considerations
		Review Questions
	Chapter 40: Analog Sensing for Programmable Logic Controllers
		Installation
		The Differential Amplifier
		Review Questions
Section 9: Developing Control Circuits and Troubleshooting
	Chapter 41: Developing Control Circuits
		Developing Control Circuits
		Review Questions
	Chapter 42: Troubleshooting
		Safety Precautions
		Voltmeter Basics
		Test Procedure Example 1
		Test Procedure Example 2
		Test Procedure Example 3
		Motors
		Review Questions
	Chapter 43: Direct Drives and Pulley Drives
		Directly Coupled Drive Installation
		Pulley Drives
		Review Questions
	Chapter 44: Semiconductors
		Conductors
		Insulators
		Semiconductors
		Review Questions
	Chapter 45: The PN Junction
		The PN Junction
		Review Questions
	Chapter 46: The Zener Diode
		The Zener Diode
		Review Questions
	Chapter 47: Light-Emitting Diodes and Photodiodes
		LED Characteristics
		Testing LEDs
		LED Lead Identification
		Seven-Segment Displays
		Connecting the LED in a Circuit
		Photodiodes
		Photovoltaic
		Photoconductive
		LED Devices
		Review Questions
	Chapter 48: The Transistor
		The Transistor
		Review Questions
	Chapter 49: The Unijunction Transistor
		The Unijunction Transistor
		Review Questions
	Chapter 50: The SCR
		The SCR in a DC Circuit
		The SCR in an AC Circuit
		Phase Shifting the SCR
		Testing the SCR
		Review Questions
	Chapter 51: The Diac
		The Diac
		Review Questions
	Chapter 52: The Triac
		The Triac Used as an AC Switch
		The Triac Used for AC Voltage Control
		Phase Shifting the Triac
		Testing the Triac
		Review Questions
	Chapter 53: The 555 Timer
		Circuit Applications
		Review Questions
	Chapter 54: The Operational Amplifier
		Basic Circuits
		Circuit Applications
		Review Questions
Section 10: Laboratory Exercises
	Laboratory Exercises
		Foreword
		Parts List for Laboratory Exercises
		Suppliers
	Exercise 1: Basic Control
		Review Questions
	Exercise 2: START-STOP Push Button Control
		Review Questions
	Exercise 3: Multiple Push Button Stations
		Review Questions
	Exercise 4: Forward-Reverse Control
		Review Questions
	Exercise 5: Sequence Control
		Review Questions
	Exercise 6: Jogging Controls
		Review Questions
	Exercise 7: On-Delay Timers
		Review Questions
	Exercise 8: Off-Delay Timers
		Review Questions
	Exercise 9: Designing a Printing Press Circuit
		Review Questions
	Exercise 10: Sequence Starting and Stopping for Three Motors
		Review Questions
	Exercise 11: Hydraulic Press Control
		Review Questions
	Exercise 12: Design of Two Flashing Lights
		Review Questions
	Exercise 13: Design of Three Flashing Lights
		Review Questions
	Exercise 14: Control for Three Pumps
		Review Questions
	Exercise 15: Oil Pressure Pump Circuit for a Compressor
		Review Questions
	Exercise 16: Autotransformer Starter
		Review Questions
Appendix: Identifying the Leads of a Three-Phase, Wye-Connected, Dual-Voltage Motor
Glossary
Index