Understanding Human Errors in Construction Industry: Where, When, How and Why We Make Mistakes (Digital Innovations in Architecture, Engineering and Construction)

Preface
Contents
1 Human Errors in Engineering
	1 Conceptualisation of Human Errors (Adapted from Moura et al. 2017)
	2 Limitations to Calculate Human Errors Probabilities (Adapted from Moura et al. 2016)
	References
2 Design and Construction Case Studies
	1 Introduction
	2 Genesis of Errors
		2.1 Conceptual Errors
		2.2 Modeling Errors, Misconception, Omission
		2.3 Calculation Errors
		2.4 Errors of Translation, Communication and Coordination
		2.5 Errors of Execution
		2.6 Errors Due to Use
		2.7 Errors Caused by Alteration
		2.8 Errors in Deconstruction
	3 Perpetuation and Interception
		3.1 Detection, Attention and Murphy’s Law
		3.2 Recognition, Interpretation
		3.3 Communication
		3.4 Follow-up. From the Tip to the Real Iceberg
	4 Compensation for Uncertainty
		4.1 Safety Margins
		4.2 Robustness and Checking
	5 Correction and Cost of Errors
		5.1 Correction as Part of an Optimization Process
		5.2 The Cost of Correction
		5.3 Insurance, Sharing Liability and Responsibility
	6 Methodology of Quality Control
		6.1 Preset Protocols
		6.2 The Periodic Project Review
		6.3 Targeted Checking
		6.4 Circumspect Surveillance
		6.5 Testing
		6.6 Conclusion
	7 Case Studies
		7.1 The Use of Brittle Materials
		7.2 Traditional Methods Versus Modern Materials
		7.3 The Notorious Formwork Collapse
		7.4 The Error of Use: No Maintenance
		7.5 A Mix-up
		7.6 The Crooked Mast
		7.7 Vibration Problems
		7.8 The Computer Glitch
		7.9 The Problem with Repetitive Work
		7.10 The Not so Calculated Risk
		7.11 The Problem with Drawings
		7.12 The Intricacy of Creating Ductile Structures
		7.13 Stiffness, Brittleness and Weak Links
		7.14 The Problem with Indoor Parking Structures
		7.15 Destructive Temperature Gradients
		7.16 The Perpetual Problem of Balconies
		7.17 Earthquake Resistance in the Real World
		7.18 Inadequate Substitution
		7.19 Misplaced Foundations
		7.20 Prestressed Concrete Railroad Ties
		7.21 Stability of Masonry Walls
		7.22 Water Leakage and Its Consequences
		7.23 Repairs and Their Adequacy
		7.24 Beyond Elastic Theory
		7.25 Incomplete Structures
		7.26 Post-tensioning in Building Construction
		7.27 Forgotten Physics
		7.28 Excavation Next to Existing Construction
		7.29 Hydraulic Heave
		7.30 Internal Corrosion
		7.31 Problems with Isostatic Systems
		7.32 The Problem with Construction Stops
		7.33 Problems with Access
		7.34 The Importance of the Ground Water Table
		7.35 Forgotten Effects of Fire
		7.36 Durability of Timber Piles
		7.37 The Devil Is in the Detail
		7.38 Bad Luck with Piling Technique
		7.39 Problems with Brick Veneer
		7.40 The Anomaly of Water
		7.41 Trouble with Precast Concrete
		7.42 The Risk of Single Path Tension
		7.43 Anchorage of Large Forces
		7.44 The Art of Load Transfer
		7.45 Past Construction Methods and Their Problems
		7.46 The Importance of Wind
		7.47 Drilling Is Blind
		7.48 Inspection Impossible
		7.49 Thoughtless Modification
		7.50 Extreme Weather and Vulnerable Structures
		7.51 Theory and Performance
		7.52 Trouble with Cracking
		7.53 Thoughtless Cutting
		7.54 The Strange Story of Nocturnal Noise
		7.55 Precast Concrete Structures
		7.56 Geothermal Installations and Their Problems
		7.57 The Myth of Watertight Concrete
		7.58 Shrinkage and Its Problems
		7.59 No Checking
	8 Conclusion
	References
3 Learning from Large-Scale Accidents
	1 Introduction
	2 The Construction of a Dataset to Understand Human Errors (Moura et al. 2016)
	3 Data Analysis Methods
		3.1 SOM (Moura et al. 2017a, b)
		3.2 Bayesian Approach (Morais et al. 2018)
	4 Lessons Learned from Past Accidents (Moura et al. 2017a, b)
	5 Using Past Accident Lessons to Mitigate Future Events (Moura et al. 2017a, b)
	References
4 Insights from Psychology
	1 The Underlying Causes: Psychological Factors Behind Human Errors
	2 Internal Human Factors
	3 Compromise of Ethical and Professional Judgement
	4 Emotions Versus Cognitive Processes
	5 Neurological Origin of Emotions
	6 Past Experiences and Emotional Loads
	7 Modulation of Emotions
	8 Balance and Harmony
	9 Emotional Intelligence
	10 Emotional Competence and Professional Conscience
	11 Cognitive Bias and Human Error
	12 Human Error and the University Program
	13 Analysis of the Study Cases from a Psychologist Perspective
		13.1 Scaffolding and the Inclined Overpass
		13.2 The Crooked Mast
		13.3 A Mix-up
		13.4 The Roof of the Olympic Stadium in Montreal
		13.5 Earthquake Resistance in the Real World
		13.6 The Problem with Repetitive Work
		13.7 The Problem with Drawings
		13.8 The Perpetual Problem of Balconies
		13.9 Inspection Impossible
		13.10 Thoughtless Cutting
		13.11 The Problem with Indoor Parking Structures (Case 14)
	14 Conclusion
	References
5 Insights from Construction Management
	1 Megaprojects in Construction as Mega Challenges
	2 Multidimensional Complexity of Megaprojects
	3 Expanding Risk Management
		3.1 Project Management
		3.2 Engineering
		3.3 Communication and Collaboration
		3.4 Culture
	4 Reducing Complexity by Digitalisation
	5 Sustainable Implementation of Risk Management
	References
6 Evaluation of Case Studies/A Template Approach
	1 The Work
		1.1 Concept
		1.2 Workmanship, Quality
		1.3 Novelty
		1.4 Magnitude
		1.5 Modifications
		1.6 Temporary Work
	2 The Client
		2.1 Budget Constraints
		2.2 Time Pressure
		2.3 Selection of the Team
		2.4 Payment Morale
		2.5 Client’s Participation
	3 Organization
		3.1 Management
		3.2 Team Work
		3.3 Assignment of Tasks and Responsibility
		3.4 Methodology of Decision Making
		3.5 Communication
	4 The Human Individuals
		4.1 Competence, Knowledge
		4.2 Devotion, Care and Attention
		4.3 Continuity
		4.4 Ignorance and Learning
		4.5 Delegation to Software
	5 The Structure
		5.1 Robustness, Resilience
		5.2 Appropriateness, Suitability
		5.3 Complexity
	6 Use
		6.1 Maintenance
		6.2 Exposure
	7 Checking, Quality Control, Insurance
		7.1 Effectiveness
		7.2 Timing
		7.3 Methodology, Targeting
		7.4 Response to Circumstances, Follow-up and Trouble Shooting
		7.5 Resources
	8 Results, Conclusion
	References
Appendix Matrix of Circumstances Versus Errors