Understanding Electric Power Systems: An Overview of the Technology, the Marketplace, and Government Regulation (IEEE Press Understanding Science & Technology Series)

UNDERSTANDING ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 8
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 18
Acknowledgments......Page 22
1.1 Societal Benefits of Electricity......Page 24
1.2 Origin of the Industry......Page 25
1.3 The Development of the National Electric Power Grid......Page 28
1.4 “The Golden Age”......Page 31
Blackouts and the Reliability Crisis......Page 32
The Fuel Crisis—The Shift from Oil......Page 33
The Financial Crisis......Page 34
The Legislative and Regulatory Crisis......Page 35
1.6 Restructuring, Competition, and the Industry Ownership Structure......Page 36
CHAPTER 2 The Electric Power System......Page 38
2.1 The Customers......Page 39
2.2 Sources of the Electric Energy—Generation......Page 40
2.3 The Delivery System......Page 43
The Grid......Page 47
CHAPTER 3 Basic Electric Power Concepts......Page 50
3.1 Electric Energy......Page 51
3.2 Concepts Relating to the Flow of Electricity......Page 53
Alternating Current (AC)......Page 54
Three Phases......Page 56
Resistance......Page 57
Induction and Inductive Reactance......Page 58
Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance......Page 59
3.4 Ohm’s Law for Alternating Current......Page 61
3.5 Power in Alternating Current Circuits......Page 62
Reactive Power......Page 63
Transformers......Page 65
Division of Power Flow......Page 66
3.7 Stability......Page 67
Automatic Generation Controls (AGC)......Page 69
Results of Instability......Page 70
4.1 End Uses for Electricity......Page 72
4.2 Customer Classes......Page 73
4.4 Demand and Energy......Page 74
Energy......Page 75
Effects of Load Diversity......Page 76
4.5 System Load......Page 78
Load Management......Page 80
4.7 Losses and Unaccounted-For Energy in the Delivery System......Page 82
4.8 Forecasts......Page 84
5.1 Generation’s Role......Page 88
5.2 Types of Generation......Page 89
Steam Cycle—Steam Turbines......Page 92
Combustion (Gas) Turbines......Page 93
Combined Cycle......Page 94
Nuclear......Page 95
Reciprocating Engines......Page 96
Geothermal......Page 97
Hydroturbines and Hydropumped Storage......Page 98
Wind Turbines......Page 100
Distributed Generation and Other Sources......Page 101
Supply-Side Options to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions......Page 102
Financial Options to Reduce Carbon Emissions......Page 106
5.7 Characteristics of Generating Plants......Page 107
Size......Page 108
Efficiency......Page 110
Availability......Page 111
5.8 Capital Cost of Generation......Page 113
Synchronous Generators......Page 114
Variable Frequency and Direct Current Generation......Page 115
5.11 System Needs and Evaluation of Intermittent Resources......Page 116
6.1 Components......Page 120
Overhead Lines......Page 121
Overhead Line Capability—Ratings......Page 122
Cable Capacity......Page 124
6.3 Substations......Page 125
Substation Equipment......Page 126
6.4 HVDC......Page 131
6.5 Advantages of AC over DC Operation......Page 133
Advantages of HVDC......Page 134
Disadvantages of HVDC......Page 135
6.5 Knowledge Required of Transmission Systems......Page 136
7.1 Function of Distribution......Page 138
Radial Systems......Page 139
Secondary Systems......Page 140
7.3 Distribution Capacity......Page 141
7.5 Distribution Facility Ratings......Page 142
7.7 Control of Distribution Voltages......Page 143
Distribution Transformers......Page 144
Voltage Regulators......Page 145
7.8 Distribution System Reliability......Page 146
7.10 Quality of Service......Page 147
7.12 Distributed Generation......Page 148
7.13 Operation of Distribution Systems......Page 149
7.14 Smart Grids and Microgrids......Page 150
CHAPTER 8 Energy Storage and Other New Technologies......Page 152
Benefits of Energy Storage to Generation......Page 154
Benefits of Energy Storage to Transmission and Distribution......Page 155
Mechanical Systems......Page 156
Thermal Energy Storage......Page 159
Batteries......Page 161
Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems......Page 162
Electrical Storage......Page 163
Power Conversion Equipment......Page 164
8.3 Smart Grid......Page 165
8.4 New Nuclear Plant Designs......Page 169
8.5 Carbon Sequestration and Clean Coal Technologies......Page 173
8.6 Superconductors......Page 176
9.1 Causes of Outages......Page 178
9.2 Costs of Power Outages......Page 180
9.3 Ways to Measure Reliability......Page 181
9.4 Planning and Operating a Reliable and Adequate Power System......Page 182
Generation......Page 187
Transmission......Page 188
9.5 Summary......Page 189
CHAPTER 10 The Physical Network: The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and Its Standards......Page 190
10.1 NERC as Electric Reliability Organization......Page 192
Functional Model......Page 194
10.3 Development of Standards......Page 199
Market Interface Principles......Page 200
Other NERC Responsibilities......Page 202
The Future......Page 203
11.1 Balancing Authorities......Page 204
Area Control......Page 205
11.2 Reliability Coordinators......Page 207
Power Transfer Limits......Page 209
Determination of Total Transfer Capability......Page 210
Parallel Path Flow and Loop Flow......Page 211
Ancillary Services......Page 212
11.4 Voltage and Reactive Control......Page 214
11.5 Emergencies......Page 215
Operating Emergencies......Page 216
11.6 Information Exchange......Page 217
CHAPTER 12 The Physical Network: Planning of the Electric Bulk Power System......Page 220
12.2 Generation Planning......Page 221
12.3 Transmission Planning......Page 223
Transmission System Planning Studies......Page 226
12.5 The New Planning Environment......Page 228
Recent Transmission Projects......Page 234
13.1 Pricing and Regulation......Page 236
13.3 Federal Utility Holding Company Act (PUHCA)......Page 237
13.4 Federal Power Act......Page 239
13.6 Department of Energy Organization Act......Page 242
13.7 Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA)......Page 243
13.8 Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct02)......Page 245
13.9 The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct05)......Page 247
13.11 Environmental Laws......Page 250
13.12 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act......Page 253
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)......Page 254
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)......Page 256
Department of Energy (DOE)......Page 257
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)......Page 259
FERC Actions after EPAct92......Page 260
Electricity Reliability and Infrastructure......Page 265
Siting Major New Transmission Facilities......Page 268
Repeal of PUHCA—Mergers and Acquisitions......Page 269
Market-Based Rates......Page 270
Recent EPA Actions......Page 271
State Regulatory Authority......Page 272
State Utility Restructuring......Page 273
Overall Regulatory Problems......Page 274
15.1 Smart Grid......Page 276
15.2 Financial and Business Operations......Page 277
15.4 Distribution Operations......Page 278
15.5 Cyber Security......Page 279
15.6 Nuclear Plant Security......Page 282
CHAPTER 16 The Fuel and Energy Network......Page 284
16.1 Resource Procurement......Page 287
16.2 Fuel Transportation......Page 288
16.3 Fuel Diversity......Page 289
16.4 Fossil Fuels Used......Page 290
16.5 Renewable Energy......Page 292
16.7 Emission Rights......Page 294
17.1 Investment and Cost Recovery......Page 296
Functional Unbundling......Page 297
Holding Company Formation......Page 298
Power Plant Divestitures......Page 300
Independent Transmission Companies and Operators......Page 302
Distributors......Page 303
17.4 New Corporate Ownership......Page 304
Acquisitions by Foreign Companies......Page 305
Financial Institutions......Page 306
CHAPTER 18 The Money Network: Wholesale Markets......Page 308
18.1 The Energy Markets......Page 309
Standard Market Design (SMD)......Page 311
Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP)......Page 312
Transmission Rights......Page 314
Physical Transmission Rights (PTRs)......Page 315
Financial Transmission Rights (FTRs)......Page 316
Contracts and Agreements......Page 317
Construction Work in Progress (CWIP)......Page 318
Allocation of Costs and Economic Benefits......Page 319
Average Costs versus Incremental Costs......Page 320
18.5 Market Power Issues......Page 321
18.6 The Future......Page 322
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)......Page 324
The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)......Page 326
NEMA......Page 327
The American Public Power Association (APPA)......Page 328
The Electricity Consumer Resource Council (ELCON)......Page 329
Electric Power Supply Association (EPSA)......Page 330
Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)......Page 331
19.4 Research Organizations......Page 332
Other Research......Page 333
The Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC)......Page 334
Index......Page 336