Understanding cyber warfare: politics, policy and strategy

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Praise......Page 3
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
 Boxes......Page 7
 Tables......Page 8
Acknowledgements......Page 9
List of abbreviations......Page 10
Chapter 1: Introduction......Page 12
 Aims of the book......Page 13
 What is cyber-security?......Page 14
 What is the scope of cyber warfare and conflict?......Page 15
 Themes of the book......Page 16
 Notes......Page 19
 Further reading......Page 20
Chapter 2: The technological foundations of insecurity in the digital age......Page 21
 The technological foundations of cyber insecurity......Page 22
 What’s vulnerable in the information age?......Page 40
 Beyond design: network externalities as an underlying source of insecurity......Page 43
 Notes......Page 44
 Further reading......Page 46
Chapter 3: Cyberspace and international relations......Page 47
 The rise of a global cyber ecosystem......Page 48
 Why cyberspace matters for IR theory......Page 53
 Realism, liberalism, constructivism: IR’s paradigms and cyber conflict......Page 57
 Notes......Page 67
 Further reading......Page 70
 The unbreakable marriage of computers and espionage......Page 72
 Enter Enigma......Page 74
 The Tunny and the Colossus......Page 79
 Cold War computing and the move from narrow to general......Page 81
 Enter the Internet......Page 82
 Stunted development, crypto protection, and delayed realization......Page 83
 Maturation and exploitation in the age of cyber conflict......Page 85
 Towards cyber warfighting......Page 87
 Notes......Page 88
 Further reading......Page 90
 OCOs and the digital domain today......Page 91
 Offensive cyber operations as a revolution in military affairs......Page 94
 The special characteristics of cyber “weapons”......Page 95
 What do offensive cyber operations actually look like?......Page 103
 Notes......Page 105
 Further reading......Page 107
Chapter 6: A brief history of major cyber conflict episodes......Page 108
 Formative episodes in the history of interstate cyber conflict......Page 109
 Next steps......Page 122
 Notes......Page 123
 Further reading......Page 125
 What is vulnerable in the age of cyber conflict?......Page 126
 Cyberwar: how likely is it to take place?......Page 132
 Does cyberspace make states more likely to attack one another?......Page 134
 Can states use cyber weapons for coercion?......Page 140
 Can states deter cyber aggression?......Page 144
 Cyber power and power in the digital age......Page 148
 Implications for policy and statecraft......Page 153
 Notes......Page 154
 Further reading......Page 159
Chapter 8: Cyber conflict as “not war”......Page 160
 Between war and peace......Page 161
 Information warfare......Page 163
 The utility of cyber conflict for “not war”......Page 165
 Making sense of cyber conflict in the “grey zone”......Page 169
 Notes......Page 177
 Further reading......Page 179
 Non-state actors and cyber security: some terminology......Page 180
 Social activism in the digital age......Page 183
 Hactivism......Page 190
 Terrorism and information technologies......Page 193
 Subversion......Page 200
 Criminal and political hacking......Page 205
 Notes......Page 211
 Further reading......Page 214
 The shape of cyber-security policymaking......Page 215
 Realization, fragmentation, and militarization......Page 219
 U.S. cyber experience......Page 220
 Europe, NATO, and cyber-security......Page 230
 Polarizing perspectives: Russia and China’s cyber experiences......Page 236
 On the periphery: the experiences of Iran and North Korea......Page 246
 Notes......Page 251
 Further reading......Page 255
Chapter 11: Norms, ethics, and international law for offensive cyber operations......Page 256
 Indicators of early norms in the age of cyber conflict......Page 257
 Organizational platforms and norm leaders’ efforts to reach consensus......Page 260
 Predicting norm evolution going forward......Page 268
 Notes......Page 278
 Further reading......Page 282
 The shape of global cyber conflict......Page 283
 More wrenches in the works: revisiting exogenous development......Page 284
 Where to from here?......Page 287
 Notes......Page 288
Glossary......Page 289
Index......Page 298