UNDERSTANDING CYANIDATION IN TANZANIA

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION i
DECLARATION ii
COPYRIGHT iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
DEDICATION v
LIST OF STATUTES vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATION viii
ABSTRACT ix

CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 2
1.3 Research Objectives 2
1.3.1 General Objective 2
1.3.2 Specific Objectives 3
1.4 Research Question 3
1.5 Scope of the Study 3
1.6 Significance or Justification of the Study 3
1.7 Research Methodology 4
1.7.1 Research Design 4
1.7.2 Sampling Design 4
1.7.3 Data Collection 4
1.7.3.1 Interview 4
1.7.3.2 Documentary Review 5
1.7.3.3 Questionnaire 5
1.7.4 Data Analysis 5
1.8 Literature Review 5

CHAPTER TWO
 CONCEPTUAL AND HISTORICAL REVIEW OF CYANIDATION
2.1 The Meaning of Cyanide? 7
2.2 The Processes Before Cyanidation 7
2.3 Cyanidation Process in Gold Mining 8
2.3 The History of Cyanidation in Tanzania 8
2.4 Authorization and Licensing of Cyanidation 9
2.5 The Environmental Impacts of Cyanidation 10
2.5.1 Water Pollution 10
2.5.2 Air pollution 11
2.5.3 Soil pollution 11
2.5.4 Flora and Fauna 12
2.6 The Laws Regulating Cyanidation 12
2.6.1 The Environmental Management Act of 2004 12
2.6.2 The Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005. 14
2.6.3 Environmental Management (Water Quality Standards) Regulations, 2007. 14
2.6.4 The Environmental Management (Hazardous Waste Control and Management) Regulations, 2009 15
2.6.5 The Environmental Management (Soil Quality Standards) Regulations, 2007. 15
2.7 The Mineral Laws on Cyanidation 16
2.7.1 The mining Act of 2010 16
2.7.2 Regulations to the mining Act of 2010 16
2.7.3 The Tanzania Mineral Policy of 2009 17
2.8 The International Environmental Laws on Cyanidation. 17
2.8.1 Polluter Pays Principle and Equitable Sharing of Cost 18
2.8.2 International Code of Cyanide 18
2.9 The Involvement of Governmental Departments on Management of Cyanide 19
2.9.1 The Local Government Authorities 19
2.9.2 The Tanzania Mineral Audit Agency (TMAA) 20
2.9.3 The National Environment Management Council (NEMC) 20
2.9.4 Ministerial Advisory Board for the Government Chemist Laboratory Agency 21

CHAPTER THREE
FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS OF THE REGULATION OF THE USE OF CYANIDATION
3.1. Introduction 22
3.2 The Involvement of the Local Authorities in Management of Cyanide. 22
3.3 Pollution 23
3.4 Environmental Protection 24
3.5 The Management of Cyanide by the Medium Scale Miners 24
3.6 The Effectiveness of the Existing Laws on Cyanidation in Nyakagwe 25

CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 General Observation 26
4.2 Conclusion 26
4.3 Recommendations 27
4.3.1 Enactment of Independent Laws Governing Cyanidation in Tanzania 27
4.3.2 The Recycling of Cyanide Wastes and Treatment of Toxic 28
4.3.3 Alternative to the Use of Cyanide in Gold Processing 28
BIBLIOGRAPHY 29
APPENDIX