Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk, Volume 2: From Mapping to Hazard and Risk Zonation

Organizational Structure of the Fifth World Landslide Forum
	Organizers
	Co-sponsors
	Supporting Organizations with Finance
	Organizing Committee
Foreword by Mami Mizutori
Foreword by the Assistant Director-General for the Natural Sciences Sector of UNESCO for the Book of the 5th World Landslide Forum
Preface I
	Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk
		Book Series: ICL Contribution to Landslide Disaster Risk
	The Letter of Intent 2005 and the First General Assembly 2005
	The 2006 Tokyo Action Plan and the First World Landslide Forum 2008
	The Second World Landslide Forum 2011 and the Third World Landslide Forum 2014
	The Sendai Landslide Partnerships 2015 and the Fourth World Landslide Forum 2017
	The Fifth World Landslide Forum 2020 and the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020
	Call for Partners of KLC2020
	Eligible Organizations to be Partners of the KLC2020
	Appendix: World Landslide Forum Books
Preface II
	Volume 2 From Mapping to Hazard and Risk Zonation
Contents
1 Introduction to the Volume ‘From Mapping to Hazard and Risk Zonation’
	Abstract
	Acknowledgements
Keynotes
2 Landslide Recognition and Mapping for Slope Disaster Risk Reduction and Management–Keynote Speech
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Landslide Recognition
		Simple Recap of Mapping
		Descriptions of Landslides, Body Material Characteristics, Movements, and Topography
		Landslide Recognition by Mapping
	Actual Mapping
		Landslide Topographic Area Mapping
		Evaluating Landslide Reactivation Potential
		Landslide Risk for Areas with Artificial Land Reclamation Areas
		Mapping Landslide Potential
		New Approach for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping
	Advanced Information Mapping for Landslide Countermeasures and Management
		Landslide Mapping Through World Digital 3D Mapping (AW3D) and Google Earth
		Landslide Topography Identification by Airborne Laser Measurement Data
	Combining Landslide Recognition and Mapping for Future Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Projects
		Repeated UAV and SfM Data Collection for Landslide Dislocation Monitoring
		Visualization and Mapping of the Massive Landslide Using 5 m DEM
	After Visualization: Time of Treating the Data of Scales Free
	Micro　feature Mapping Using Laser Data and 3D Model Validation
		Integrated Consideration by Innovation and Breakthrough to Common Recognition for Stake Holders from 3D Mapping
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
3 Landslide Susceptibility Mapping by Interpretation of Aerial Photographs, AHP and Precise DEM
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Understanding Geomorphological Processes from Landform
	Aerial Photograph Interpretation Focused on Landslide
		Example of Landslide Interpretation by Aerial Photo on Different Scale of Topographic Map
	Mapping Scale, Method and Targets of LSM Work
	Middle Scale Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Combined with Aerial Photo Interpretation and AHP
		What is Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP)?
		Topographic Features as Attributing Factors
		Sharpness and Clearness of Micro-topography Formed by Landslide
		Fragmentation of a Primary Block into Sub-blocks
		Profile of Landslide Mass and Toe Part
		Erodibility of Toe Part of Landslide Mass
		Water Collectability from Upper Slope of Landslide Crown
		Land Cover, Artificial Change and Habitation on Landslide Mass
		Weighting System for Susceptibility Assessment of Landslide
		Hierarchical Level II of Landslide Susceptibility
		Hierarchical Level III
		Weighting System
		Improved Weighting System for Hilly Area in Tegucigarpa
	Landslide Susceptibility Mapping of Large Scale Combining Ground Truth and Aerial Photo Interpretation Based on AHP
	Susceptibility Mapping Using Precise DEM
	Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
Landslide Recognition and Mapping
4 New Landslide Inventory Map of the Sudetes Mountains (South-Western Poland)
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Landslide Maps in the Polish Part of the Sudetes
	Study Area
		Geographical Settings
		Geological Settings
		Material and Methods
	Results
		Comparison with Archival Landslide Maps
		Landslides in Mining Areas
		Updated Landslide Inventory Map
		Geological Factors of Landslides Occurrence
	Discussion
	Conclusions
	References
5 Gullies as Landforms for Landslide Initiation—Examples from the Dubračina River Basin (Croatia)
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Materials and Methods
	Results
	Discussion and Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
6 Object-Oriented Automatic Landslide Detection from High Resolution Digital Elevation Model—Opportunities and Challenges Based on a Case Study in the Polish Carpathians
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Data Used
	Methodology
	Results and Discussion
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
7 Can Repeat LiDAR Surveys Locate Future Massive Landslides?
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Methods
	Results and Discussion
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
8 Semi-automatic Landslide Inventory Mapping with Multiresolution Segmentation Process: A Case Study from Ulus District (Bartin, NW Turkey)
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Methodology
		Image Segmentation Process
		ANN Analyses
	Results and Discussion
	Acknowledgements
	References
9 Landslide Mapping Based on UAV Photogrammetry Using SfM—The Prnjavor Čuntićki Landslide Case Study, Croatia
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Materials and Methods
		UAV Photogrammetric Mapping
		SfM Photogrammetry
		Field Mapping
	Results
		Point Cloud
		Landslide Models
	Discussion and Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
10 Developing Recognition and Simple Mapping by UAV/SfM for Local Resident in Mountainous Area in Vietnam—A Case Study in Po Xi Ngai Community, Laocai Province
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Research Methodology
	Characteristics of Research Area
	Research Results
	Discussions
	Conclusions
	References
11 Landslide Activity Classification Based on Sentinel-1 Satellite Radar Interferometry Data
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Methods
	Results
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
12 Updating Landslide Activity State and Intensity by Means of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area and Data Used
		Study Area
		Data Used
		Methodology
		PSI Processing
		Post-processing
		Landslide Activity State Updating
		Landslide Intensity State Updating
	Results
		Field Investigation
		Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
13 Damming Predisposition of River Networks: A Mapping Methodology
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area and Materials
	Method
	Results and Discussions
	Conclusions
	References
14 Landslides Along Halong-Vandon Expressway in Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Methods
	Regional and Geological Settings
	Results and Discussions
		Characteristics and Causes of Landslides
		Physical Mechanism of the Selected Landslide Case at Km 27 + 950 by Ring Shear Test
		Rainfall Analysis
	Conclusions
	References
Landslide Hazard Assessment and Zonation—Susceptibility Modelling
15 New Data on Geological Conditions of Landslide Activity on Vorobyovy Gory (Moscow, Russia)
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Geological Setting
		Area Characteristic
	Geology
	Characteristic of Landslide Accumulations
	Conclusions
	References
16 Impact of Agricultural Management in Vineyards to Landslides Susceptibility in Italian Apennines
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Materials and Methods
		Study Area
		Test-Sites
		Evaluation of the Soil Properties
		Evaluation of Root Density and Reinforcement
		Probabilistic Assessment of Failure Probability
	Results
		Soil Properties
		Root Density and Reinforcement
		Failure Probability
	Discussions and Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
17 Landslide Susceptibility in Two Secondary Rivers of La Ciénega Watershed, Nevado de Toluca Volcano, Mexico.
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Background
	Study Area
	Method
	Results
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
18 An Ordinal Scale Weighting Approach for Susceptibility Mapping Around Tehri Dam, Uttarakhand, India
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Geological Setting
	Data Used and Methodology
		Selection of Parameters for LSZ Map
		Slope and Relative Relief
		Structure and Lithology
		Land Use and Land Cover
		Drainage
		Landslide Distribution
	Methodology
		Weightage and Rating of the Data Layers
	Results and Discussions
		Landslide Susceptibility Zonation
	Conclusions
	References
19 Potential Analysis of Deep-Seated Landslides Caused by Typhoon Morakot Using Slope Unit
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area and Mapping of the Deep-Seated Landslides
		Study Area
		Mapping of the Deep-Seated Landslides
	Delineation of Slope Unit
	Discriminant Analysis for Potential Assessment
		Causal Factors
		Discriminant Analysis
	Results of Potential Analysis of the Deep-Seated Landslide
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
20 Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Using Binary Logistic Regression in Northern Philippines
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Data and Methods
		Generation of Landslide Inventory and Derivation of Factors
		Implementation of BLR
		Model Evaluation
	Results and Discussion
		Landslide Inventory
		Multicollinearity Test
		BLR Model
		Landslide Susceptibility
		Model Performance
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
21 Landslide Hazard Mapping of Penang Island Malaysia Based on Multilayer Perceptron Approach
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Data Set
	Methodology
	Result and Discussions
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
22 Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Based on the Deep Belief Network: A Case Study in Sichuan Province, China
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Description of Landslide Dataset
		Overview of the Study Area
		Historical Landslide Dataset
		Digital Data of Triggering Factors
	Methodology
		Deep Belief Network (DBN)
		Deep Belief Network (DBN)
	Results
		Results by DBN
		Results by LR
		Results by BPNN
	Discussions
		Results Comparison
		Accuracy Evaluation Using ROC Curves
		Sensitivity to the Triggering Factors
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
23 A Comparative Study of Deep Learning and Conventional Neural Network for Evaluating Landslide Susceptibility Using Landslide Initiation Zones
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Case Study
	Materials
		Construction of Coseismic Landslide Inventory
		Causative Factors
		Methods
			Artificial Neural Network
			Deep Learning
		Collinearity Analysis
		Performance Evaluation
	Results and Discussion
		Rank Importance of Factors
		Earthquake-triggered LSM
		Model Validation
	Discussion
	Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
24 Landslide Susceptibility Assessment by Ensemble-Based Machine Learning Models
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area
		Geological and Geomorphological Setting
	Data and Methods
		Landslide Inventory
		Predisposing Factors
		Modeling Procedures
		Ensemble Modeling
	Results and Conclusions
		Ensemble Forecasting
		Discussion and Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
25 Application of Machine Learning Algorithms and Their Ensemble for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area and Data Preparation
		Geological Characteristic of the Region
		Landslide Inventory Map
		Landslide Conditioning Factors
		Topography Factors
		Hydrological Factors
		Topographic Roughness Index (TRI)
		Lithology and Land Use/Cover (LULC)
		Distance to Fault and Distance to Road
	Methodology
	Results
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
26 Overcoming Data Scarcity Related Issues for Landslide Susceptibility Modeling with Machine Learning
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Data and Methodology
		Study Areas
		Input Data
		Modeling
	Landslide Inventories
		Improving a High Uncertainty Landslide Inventory with Slope Units
		Underrepresentation of Landslide Cases
	Input Factor Sets—Sometimes More Is More
		Maximizing Information
		The Role of Lithological Information—Can Less Be Ok?
	Conclusions
	Perspectives
	Acknowledgements
	References
27 Practical Accounting for Uncertainties in Data-Driven Landslide Susceptibility Models. Examples from the Lanzhou Case Study
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Study Area
	Bias-Related Uncertainty in Data-Driven LSA
	Uncertainty Related to Sampling Error
	Discussion and Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
28 Assessment of Shallow Landslides Susceptibility Using SHALSTAB and SINMAP at Serra Do Mar, Brazil
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Materials and Methods
		Landform and Rainfall Database
		Input Geotechnical Parameters
		Physically-Based Models
		Performance Assessment
	Results and Discussions
		Shalstab
		SINMAP
		Comparative Performance Analysis
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
29 Regional Slope Stability Analysis in Landslide Hazard Assessment Context, North Macedonia Example
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Materials and Methods
		Inputs
		Deterministic Models
	Study Area
		The Polog Region General Characteristics
		Previous Landslide Assessment of the Polog Region
	Results
		Translational Shallow Landslide Model
		Flow Landslide Model
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
30 Applying the Newmark Model in the Assessment of Earthquake Triggered Landslides During the 2017 Ms 7.0 Jiuzhaigou Earthquake, China
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Landslides Triggered by the Ms 7.0 Jiuzhaigou Earthquake
	Methods and Data
	Results
	Discussion
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
31 Evaluation of Secondary Landslide Susceptibility for the Rescue Activity Using LiDAR UAV Data
	Abstract
	Introduction
	The Topographical Data (DEMs) and Geological Units
	The Geological and Geomorphological Setting of the Yabakei Landslide
	The Results and Discussions
		The Difference of the Elevations
		Topographic Features Classification
		Evaluation of Secondary Landslide Susceptibility for Rescue Activity
		The Reasons of the Time Lag Landslide
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
32 Methodology for Landslides Assessment Causing River Channel Obstructions and the Consequent Water Shortage in Rural Communities
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Methodology
	Study Case
	Results and Discussion
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Landslide Hazard Assessment and Zonation—Temporal and Size Modelling
33 Landslide Size Distribution Characteristics of Cretaceous and Eocene Flysch Assemblages in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Characteristics of the Study Area
	Eocene Flysch
	Cretaceous Flysch
	Landslide Size Distributions
	Discussion and Conclusions
	References
34 A Statistical Exploratory Analysis of Inventoried Slide-Type Movements for South Tyrol (Italy)
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area and Data
		South Tyrol
		Landslide Data and Environmental Factors
	Methods
		Data Preparation
		Exploratory Data Analysis
	Results and Discussion
	Conclusion and Outlook
	Acknowledgements
	References
35 Assessing Landslide Volume for Landform Hazard Zoning Purposes
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Method
	Results
	Discussion and Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
36 Empirical Relationships to Estimate the Probability of Runout Exceedance for Various Landslide Types
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Methodology
		Landslide Types Considered in This Study
	Results
		Dry or Seismically-Triggered Debris Avalanche and Rock Avalanche
		Rock Avalanche Travelling on Glacier
		Wet or Rainfall-Triggered Debris Avalanches
		Wet or Rainfall-Triggered Debris Flows
	Discussion
		Limitation of Empirical-Probabilistic Approach
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
37 Rapid Sensitivity Analysis for Reducing Uncertainty in Landslide Hazard Assessments
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Materials and Methods
		Source Area Characterization
		Hydraulic and Soil Strength Parameter Compilation
		Infiltration and Slope Stability Model Initial and Boundary Conditions
		Slope-Stability Modelling
	Results
		Source-Area Characteristics
		Parameter Ranges
		Model Results
	Discussion and Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
38 Applying Debris Flow Simulation for Detailed Hazard and Risk Mapping
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Simulation Target and Methods
		Debris Flow Occurred in 2014 Hiroshima
		Debris Flow Simulation System
		Landform Data Settings
		Other Simulation Settings
	Simulation Results
	Conclusions and Future Works
	Acknowledgements
	References
39 Debris-Flow Peak Discharge Calculation Model Based on Erosion Zoning
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Debris-Flow Peak Discharge Calculation Model
	Model Application in Qipan Catchment
		Study Area
		Parameter Settings
	Result and Discussion
		Peak Discharge Calculation
		Verification
		Discussion
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
40 Assessment of Rainfall-Induced Landslides in Tomioka City, Gunma Prefecture, Japan (Oct 2019) Based on a Simple Prediction Model
	Abstract
	Introduction
	The Simple Prediction Model
	Landslides in Tomioka City, Gunma, Japan
	Numerical Simulation
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
41 Rainfall-Induced Lahar Occurrences Shortly After Eruptions and Its Initiation Processes in Japan
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Materials and Methods
		Occurrence of Frequent Rainfall-Induce Lahars in Japan
	Time-Series Relationship Among Eruptions, Rainfalls and Lahar Occurrences
		The Usu 1977 Eruption
		The Unzen 1990 Eruption
		The Miyakejima 2000 Eruption
	Initiation Processes of Rainfall-Induced Lahars
	Characteristics of Rainfall-Induced Lahars
	Conclusions
	References
42 Spatiotemporal Assessment of Geological Hazard Safety Along Railway Engineering Using a Novel Method: A Case Study of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway, China
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Methodology
	Results
		Spatial Assessment of Geological Hazard Safety
			Natural Environment
			Effect of Historical Hazard Cases on the Railway
			Construction Damage to the Original Landform
			Importance of the Railway
			Spatial Assessment Using MEEM, GCM, and SVM
		Temporal Assessment of Geological Hazard Safety
		Spatiotemporal Assessment of Geological Hazard Safety
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
43 Slope Stability and Landslide Hazard in Volubilis Archaeological Site (Morocco)
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Volubilis Archaeological Site
		Setting and Geology
		Field Survey
	Slope Instability Analysis
		Walls Inclination
		Inclination Mapping
	Soil Characteristics
		Marls Mineralogy
		Atterberg Limits
		Oedometric Tests
	Conclusion and Perspectives
	Acknowledgements
	Acknowledgements
	References
Landslide Data and Information for Disaster Mitigation
44 Slope Hazard and Risk Mapping Project (PBRC)—An Overview of Disaster Risk Reduction Initiative
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Methodology
		Advanced and Modern Geospatial Technique
		Field Data Collection
		Database Development and Preparation
		Landslide Susceptibility Assessment
		Hazard and Risk Assessment
		Geotechnical Risk Assessment
	Outputs and Applications
		Derivative Maps and Technical Reports
		National Geospatial Terrain and Slope Information System (NaTSIS)
	Discussion
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
45 Risk-Informed Land Use Planning for Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction: A Case Study of Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Methodology
		Landslide Inventory Mapping and Causal Factor Analysis
		Spatio-temporal Land Use Changes and Hazard Zonation
		Impact of Land Use Changes on Landslide
	Result and Discussion
		Landslide Inventory Map
		Land Use Changes and Hazard Zonation
		Impact of Land Use Changes on Landslide Occurrence
		Mainstreaming DRR into Development Planning
	Conclusion and Recommendation
	Acknowledgements
	References
46 Landslides in Steep-Slope Agricultural Landscapes
	Abstract
	Background
	Remote Sensing
		Techniques
		Digital Terrain Analysis
	Modelling
	Final Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
47 From Satellite Images to Field Survey: A Complete Scheme of Landslide InSAR Monitoring
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Methodology
		Satellite Data Processing and Data-Mining
		Radar-Interpretation
		Dissemination to Hydrogeological Risk Management Actors
		Field Survey and Preliminary Risk Assessment
	Practical Examples
		Bosmatto Landslide, Valle d’Aosta Region
		Zeri Landslide, Toscana Region
	Conclusion and Discussion
	Acknowledgements
	References
48 Slope Disaster Risk Reduction Map as a Communication Tool for Community Based DRR in Japan and Vietnam
	Abstract
	Background to Making Useful Maps in the Area
	From the Perspective of Local Residents
	A Paradigm Shift in Mapping Technology
	Communication Based DRR Mapping
	Summary
	Reference
Landslide Vulnerability of People, Communities and the Built Environment
49 People Vulnerability to Landslide: Risky Behaviours and Dangerous Conditions by Gender and Age
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Data on Landslide Fatalities in Italy
		Gender and Age
		Times of the Day and Places
		Circumstances
		Gender and Age Analysis
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
50 Using Mixed-Methods to Understand Community Vulnerability to Debris Flows in Montecito, CA
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Background
		Vulnerability Assessment
		The Spatial Component of Vulnerability
		The Temporal Component of Vulnerability
	Methods
		Literature Review
		Quantitative Survey Design
		Qualitative Interview Design
		Data Analysis
	Study Area: Montecito, CA
	Results and Discussion
		The Spatial Component of Vulnerability
		The Temporal Component of Vulnerability
	Conclusion
	References
51 Innovation in Analysis and Forecasting of Vulnerability to Slow-Moving Landslides
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Proposed Approach
	Results
	Discussion and Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
52 Sentinel-1 PSI Data for the Evaluation of Landslide Geohazard and Impact
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area
		Geomorphological Setting
		Input Data
	Step-by-Step Methodology
	Results
		Evaluation of Landslide Intensity
		Evaluation of Vulnerability and Exposure of the Elements at Risk
		Evaluation of Potential Worth of Loss
	Discussion and Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
53 On the Use of UAVs for Landslide Exposure of Households: La Gloria Neighbourhood, Teziutlán, Puebla
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Teziutlán, Puebla: General Context
	Landslide Exposure: Methodology
	Results
	Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
54 Ordinal Logistic Regression to Automatic Classify Shallow Landslide Risk Level in Sao Paulo City, Brazil
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Background
		Risk Areas in Brazil
		Landslide Assessment Methodologies
	Method
		Dataset
		Classifiers Selection and Model
		Comparison of Models and Cross Validation
		The Application
	Result and Discussion
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
55 Site-Specific Risk Assessment of Buildings Exposed to Rock Fall in India—a Case Study
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Methodology
	Physical Vulnerability (PV)
		Proximity of the Buildings from the Rock Fall Prone Region
	Case Study
	Discussion and Conclusions
	References
56 Cutting-Edge Technologies Aiming for Better Outcomes of Landslide Disaster Mitigation
	Marui & Co. Ltd.
	Nippon Koei Co. Ltd.
	OSASI Technos, Inc.
	Godai Corporation
	Japan Conservation Engineers & Co. Ltd.
	OYO Corporation
	Kokusai Kogyo Co. Ltd.
	Geobrugg AG
	Ellegi Srl
	Chuo Kaihatsu Corporation
	IDS GeoRadar S.R.L
	METER Group, Inc
	Asia Air Survey Co. Ltd.
	Kiso-Jiban Consultants Co. Ltd.
	Okuyama Boring Co. Ltd.
	Kawasaki Geological Engineering Co. Ltd.
	Nissaku Co. Ltd.
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