Understandable statistics : concepts and methods

Cover Page......Page 1
Areas of a Standard Normal Distribution......Page 3
Critical Values for Student’s t Distribution......Page 5
The x2 Distribution......Page 6
Title Page......Page 8
Copyright Page......Page 10
Critical Thinking......Page 15
Statistical Literacy......Page 16
Direction and Purpose......Page 18
Real-World Skills......Page 20
Preface......Page 23
AdditionalResources—Get More from Your Textbook......Page 29
TABLE OF PREREQUISITE MATERIAL......Page 31
Contents......Page 11
FOCUS PROBLEM: Where Have All the Fireflies Gone?......Page 33
SECTION 1.1: What Is Statistics?......Page 34
SECTION 1.2: Random Samples......Page 42
SECTION 1.3: Introduction to Experimental Design......Page 51
Using Technology......Page 65
FOCUS PROBLEM: Say It with Pictures......Page 69
SECTION 2.1: Frequency Distributions, Histograms, and Related Topics......Page 70
SECTION 2.2: Bar Graphs, Circle Graphs, and Time-Series Graphs......Page 84
SECTION 2.3: Stem-and-Leaf Displays......Page 93
Using Technology......Page 108
FOCUS PROBLEM: The Educational Advantage......Page 111
SECTION 3.1: Measures of Central Tendency: Mode, Median, and Mean......Page 112
SECTION 3.2: Measures of Variation......Page 123
SECTION 3.3: Percentiles and Box-and-Whisker Plots......Page 140
Using Technology......Page 156
Cumulative Review Problems: Chapter 1-3......Page 157
FOCUS PROBLEM: How Often Do Lie Detectors Lie?......Page 161
SECTION 4.1: What Is Probability?......Page 162
SECTION 4.2: Some Probability Rules — Compound Events......Page 172
SECTION 4.3: Trees and Counting Techniques......Page 192
Using Technology......Page 209
FOCUS PROBLEM: Personality Preference Types: Introvert or Extrovert?......Page 211
SECTION 5.1: Introduction to Random Variables and Probability Distributions......Page 212
SECTION 5.2: Binomial Probabilities......Page 225
SECTION 5.3: Additional Properties of the Binomial Distribution......Page 240
SECTION 5.4: The Geometric and Poisson Probability Distributions......Page 252
Using Technology......Page 277
FOCUS PROBLEM: Impulse Buying......Page 279
SECTION 6.1: Graphs of Normal Probability Distributions......Page 280
SECTION 6.2: Standard Units and Areas Under the Standard Normal Distribution......Page 296
SECTION 6.3: Areas Under Any Normal Curve......Page 306
SECTION 6.4: Sampling Distributions......Page 321
SECTION 6.5: The Central Limit Theorem......Page 326
SECTION 6.6: Normal Approximation to Binomial Distribution and to p Distribution......Page 338
Using Technology......Page 355
Cumulative Review Problems: Chapter 4-6......Page 359
FOCUS PROBLEM: The Trouble with Wood Ducks......Page 363
SECTION 7.1: Estimating U When O Is Known......Page 364
SECTION 7.2: Estimating U When O Is Unknown......Page 377
SECTION 7.3: Estimating p in the Binomial Distribution......Page 390
SECTION 7.4: Estimating U1 - U2 and p1 - p2......Page 402
Using Technology......Page 434
FOCUS PROBLEM: Benford’s Law: The Importance of Being Number 1......Page 439
SECTION 8.1: Introduction to Statistical Tests......Page 440
SECTION 8.2: Testing the Mean M......Page 455
SECTION 8.3: Testing a Proportion p......Page 472
SECTION 8.4: Tests Involving Paired Differences (Dependent Samples)......Page 482
SECTION 8.5: Testing U1 - U1 and p1 - p2 (Independent Samples)......Page 496
Using Technology......Page 527
FOCUS PROBLEM: Changing Populations and Crime Rate......Page 531
SECTION 9.1: Scatter Diagrams and Linear Correlation......Page 532
SECTION 9.2: Linear Regression and the Coefficient of Determination......Page 550
SECTION 9.3: Inferences for Correlation and Regression......Page 571
SECTION 9.4: Multiple Regression......Page 589
Using Technology......Page 611
Cumulative Review Problems......Page 616
FOCUS PROBLEM: Archaeology in Bandelier National Monument......Page 621
PART I: INFERENCES USING THE CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION: Overview of the Chi-Square Distribution......Page 622
SECTION 10.1: Chi-Square: Tests of Independence and of Homogeneity......Page 623
SECTION 10.2: Chi-Square: Goodness of Fit......Page 638
SECTION 10.3: Testing and Estimating a Single Variance or Standard Deviation......Page 648
PART II: INFERENCES USING THE F DISTRIBUTION......Page 660
SECTION 10.4: Testing Two Variances......Page 661
SECTION 10.5: One-Way ANOVA: Comparing Several Sample Means......Page 670
SECTION 10.6: Introduction to Two-Way ANOVA......Page 686
Using Technology......Page 704
FOCUS PROBLEM: How Cold? Compared to What?......Page 707
SECTION 11.1: The Sign Test for Matched Pairs......Page 708
SECTION 11.2: The Rank-Sum Test......Page 716
SECTION 11.3: Spearman Rank Correlation......Page 724
SECTION 11.4: Runs Test for Randomness......Page 735
Cumulative Review Problems: Chapter 10-11......Page 748
PART I: Bayes’s Theorem......Page 751
PART II: The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution......Page 755
TABLE 1: Random Numbers......Page 759
TABLE 2: Binomial Coefficients Cn,r......Page 760
TABLE 3: Binomial Probability Distribution Cn,rprqn r......Page 761
TABLE 4: Poisson Probability Distribution......Page 766
TABLE 5: Areas of a Standard Normal Distribution......Page 772
TABLE 6: Critical Values for Student’s t Distribution......Page 774
TABLE 7: The x2 Distribution......Page 775
TABLE 8: Critical Values for F Distribution......Page 776
TABLE 9: Critical Values for Spearman Rank Correlation, rs......Page 786
TABLE 10: Critical Values for Number of Runs R (Level of significance a = 0.05)......Page 787
ANSWERS AND KEY STEPS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS......Page 789
ANSWERS TO SELECTED EVEN-NUMBERED PROBLEMS......Page 824
Index......Page 835