Ubuntu 20.04 Essentials: A Guide to Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop and Server Editions

1. Introduction
	1.1 Superuser Conventions
	1.2 Opening a Terminal Window
	1.3 Editing Files
	1.4 Feedback
	1.5 Errata
2. A Brief History of Linux
	2.1 What exactly is Linux?
	2.2 UNIX Origins
	2.3 Who Created Linux?
	2.4 The History of Ubuntu
	2.5 What does the word “Ubuntu” Mean?
	2.6 Summary
3. Installing Ubuntu on a Clean Disk Drive
	3.1 Ubuntu Installation Options
	3.2 Server vs. Desktop Editions
	3.3 Obtaining the Ubuntu Installation Media
	3.4 Writing the ISO Installation Image to a USB Drive
		3.4.1 Linux
		3.4.2 macOS
		3.4.3 Windows
	3.5 Booting from the Ubuntu USB Image
	3.6 Installing Ubuntu
	3.7 Accessing the Ubuntu Desktop
	3.8 Installing Updates
	3.9 Displaying Boot Messages
	3.10 Summary
4. Installing Ubuntu with the Network Installer
	4.1 Network Installer Advantages
	4.2 Obtaining the Network Installer Image
	4.3 Booting from the Installer Image
	4.4 Performing the Installation
	4.5 Disk Partitioning
	4.6 Software Collection Selection
	4.7 Installing Software Collections After System Setup
	4.8 Summary
5. Dual Booting Ubuntu with Windows
	5.1 Beginning the Ubuntu Installation
	5.2 Booting Ubuntu for the First Time
	5.3 Changing the Default Boot Option
	5.4 Accessing the Windows Partition from the Command-line
	5.5 Accessing the Windows Partition from the Desktop
	5.6 Summary
6. Allocating Windows Disk Partitions to Ubuntu
	6.1 Unmounting the Windows Partition
	6.2 Deleting the Windows Partitions from the Disk
	6.3 Formatting the Unallocated Disk Partition
	6.4 Mounting the New Partition
	6.5 Editing the Boot Menu
	6.6 Using the GNOME Disks Utility
	6.7 Summary
7. A Guided Tour of the GNOME 3 Desktop
	7.1 Installing the GNOME Desktop
	7.2 An Overview of the GNOME 3 Desktop
	7.3 Launching Activities
	7.4 Managing Windows
	7.5 Using Workspaces
	7.6 Calendar and Notifications
	7.7 Desktop Settings
	7.8 Customizing the Dash
	7.9 Switching to Dark Mode
	7.10 Installing Ubuntu Software
	7.11 Beyond Basic Customization
	7.12 Summary
8. An Overview of the Ubuntu Cockpit Web Interface
	8.1 An Overview of Cockpit
	8.2 Installing and Enabling Cockpit
	8.3 Accessing Cockpit
	8.4 Overview
	8.5 Logs
	8.6 Storage
	8.7 Networking
	8.8 Accounts
	8.9 Services
	8.10 Applications
	8.11 Virtual Machines
	8.12 Software Updates
	8.13 Terminal
	8.14 Connecting to Multiple Servers
	8.15 Summary
9. Using the Bash Shell on Ubuntu
	9.1 What is a Shell?
	9.2 Gaining Access to the Shell
	9.3 Entering Commands at the Prompt
	9.4 Getting Information about a Command
	9.5 Bash Command-line Editing
	9.6 Working with the Shell History
	9.7 Filename Shorthand
	9.8 Filename and Path Completion
	9.9 Input and Output Redirection
	9.10 Working with Pipes in the Bash Shell
	9.11 Configuring Aliases
	9.12 Environment Variables
	9.13 Writing Shell Scripts
	9.14 Summary
10. Managing Ubuntu Users and Groups
	10.1 User Management from the Command-line
	10.2 User Management with Cockpit
	10.3 User Management using the Settings App
	10.4 Summary
11. Managing Ubuntu systemd Units
	11.1 Understanding Ubuntu systemd Targets
	11.2 Understanding Ubuntu systemd Services
	11.3 Ubuntu systemd Target Descriptions
	11.4 Identifying and Configuring the Default Target
	11.5 Understanding systemd Units and Unit Types
	11.6 Dynamically Changing the Current Target
	11.7 Enabling, Disabling and Masking systemd Units
	11.8 Working with systemd Units in Cockpit
	11.9 Summary
12. Ubuntu Software Package Management and Updates
	12.1 Repositories
	12.2 Managing Repositories with Software & Updates
	12.3 Managing Packages with APT
	12.4 Performing Updates
	12.5 Enabling Automatic Updates
	12.6 Enabling Livepatch
	12.7 Summary
13. Ubuntu Snap Package Management
	13.1 Managing Software with Snap
	13.2 Basic Snap Commands
	13.3 Working with Snap Channels
	13.4 Snap Refresh Schedule
	13.5 Snap Services
	13.6 Summary
14. Ubuntu Network Management
	14.1 An Introduction to NetworkManager
	14.2 Installing and Enabling NetworkManager
	14.3 Basic nmcli Commands
	14.4 Working with Connection Profiles
	14.5 Interactive Editing
	14.6 Configuring NetworkManager Permissions
	14.7 Summary
15. Ubuntu Firewall Basics
	15.1 Understanding Ports and Services
	15.2 Securing Ports and Services
	15.3 Ubuntu Services and iptables Rules
	15.4 Well Known Ports and Services
	15.5 Summary
16. Using gufw and ufw to Configure an Ubuntu Firewall
	16.1 An Overview of gufw and ufw
	16.2 Installing gufw on Ubuntu
	16.3 Running and Enabling gufw
	16.4 Creating a New Profile
	16.5 Adding Preconfigured Firewall Rules
	16.6 Adding Simple Firewall Rules
	16.7 Adding Advanced Rules
	16.8 Configuring the Firewall from the Command Line using ufw
	16.9 Summary
17. Basic Ubuntu Firewall Configuration with firewalld
	17.1 An Introduction to firewalld
		17.1.1 Zones
		17.1.2 Interfaces
		17.1.3 Services
		17.1.4 Ports
	17.2 Checking firewalld Status
	17.3 Configuring Firewall Rules with firewall-cmd
		17.3.1 Identifying and Changing the Default Zone
		17.3.2 Displaying Zone Information
		17.3.3 Adding and Removing Zone Services
		17.3.4 Working with Port-based Rules
		17.3.5 Creating a New Zone
		17.3.6 Changing Zone/Interface Assignments
		17.3.7 Masquerading
		17.3.8 Adding ICMP Rules
		17.3.9 Implementing Port Forwarding
	17.4 Managing firewalld using firewall-config
	17.5 Summary
18. Configuring SSH Key-based Authentication on Ubuntu
	18.1 An Overview of Secure Shell (SSH)
	18.2 SSH Key-based Authentication
	18.3 Setting Up Key-based Authentication
	18.4 Installing and Starting the SSH Service
	18.5 SSH Key-based Authentication from Linux and macOS Clients
	18.6 Managing Multiple Keys
	18.7 SSH Key-based Authentication from Windows 10 Clients
	18.8 SSH Key-based Authentication using PuTTY
	18.9 Generating a Private Key with PuTTYgen
	18.10 Installing the Public Key for a Google Cloud Instance
	18.11 Summary
19. Ubuntu Remote Desktop Access with Vino
	19.1 Remote Desktop Access Types
	19.2 Secure and Insecure Remote Desktop Access
	19.3 Enabling Remote Desktop Access on Ubuntu
	19.4 Connecting to the Shared Desktop
	19.5 Connecting from Non-Linux Clients
	19.6 Establishing a Secure Remote Desktop Session
	19.7 Establishing a Secure Tunnel on Windows using PuTTY
	19.8 Summary
20. Ubuntu Remote Desktop Access with VNC
	20.1 Installing the GNOME Desktop Environment
	20.2 Installing VNC on Ubuntu
	20.3 Configuring the VNC Server
	20.4 Starting the VNC Server
	20.5 Connecting to a VNC Server
	20.6 Summary
21. Displaying Ubuntu Applications Remotely (X11 Forwarding)
	21.1 Requirements for Remotely Displaying Ubuntu Applications
	21.2 Remotely Displaying an Ubuntu Application
	21.3 Trusted X11 Forwarding
	21.4 Compressed X11 Forwarding
	21.5 Displaying Remote Ubuntu Apps on Windows
	21.6 Summary
22. Using NFS to Share Ubuntu Files with Remote Systems
	22.1 Ensuring NFS Services are running on Ubuntu
	22.2 Configuring the Ubuntu Firewall to Allow NFS Traffic
	22.3 Specifying the Folders to be Shared
	22.4 Accessing Shared Ubuntu Folders
	22.5 Mounting an NFS Filesystem on System Startup
	22.6 Unmounting an NFS Mount Point
	22.7 Accessing NFS Filesystems in Cockpit
	22.8 Summary
23. Sharing Files between Ubuntu and Windows Systems with Samba
	23.1 Accessing Windows Resources from the GNOME Desktop
	23.2 Samba and Samba Client
	23.3 Installing Samba on an Ubuntu System
	23.4 Configuring the Ubuntu Firewall to Enable Samba
	23.5 Configuring the smb.conf File
		23.5.1 Configuring the [global] Section
		23.5.2 Configuring a Shared Resource
		23.5.3 Removing Unnecessary Shares
	23.6 Creating a Samba User
	23.7 Testing the smb.conf File
	23.8 Starting the Samba and NetBIOS Name Services
	23.9 Accessing Samba Shares
	23.10 Accessing Windows Shares from Ubuntu
	23.11 Summary
24. An Overview of Virtualization Techniques
	24.1 Guest Operating System Virtualization
	24.2 Hypervisor Virtualization
		24.2.1 Paravirtualization
		24.2.2 Full Virtualization
		24.2.3 Hardware Virtualization
	24.3 Virtual Machine Networking
	24.4 Summary
25. Installing KVM Virtualization on Ubuntu
	25.1 An Overview of KVM
	25.2 KVM Hardware Requirements
	25.3 Preparing Ubuntu for KVM Virtualization
	25.4 Verifying the KVM Installation
	25.5 Summary
26. Creating KVM Virtual Machines using Cockpit and virt-manager
	26.1 Installing the Cockpit Virtual Machines Module
	26.2 Creating a Virtual Machine in Cockpit
	26.3 Starting the Installation
	26.4 Working with Storage Volumes and Storage Pools
	26.5 Creating a Virtual Machine using virt-manager
	26.6 Starting the Virtual Machine Manager
	26.7 Configuring the KVM Virtual System
	26.8 Starting the KVM Virtual Machine
	26.9 Summary
27. Creating KVM Virtual Machines with virt-install and virsh
	27.1 Running virt-install to build a KVM Guest System
	27.2 An Example Ubuntu virt-install Command
	27.3 Starting and Stopping a Virtual Machine from the Command-Line
	27.4 Creating a Virtual Machine from a Configuration File
	27.5 Summary
28. Creating an Ubuntu KVM Networked Bridge Interface
	28.1 Identifying the Network Management System
	28.2 Getting the Netplan Network Settings
	28.3 Creating a Netplan Network Bridge
	28.4 Getting the Current Network Manager Settings
	28.5 Creating a Network Manager Bridge from the Command-Line
	28.6 Declaring the KVM Bridged Network
	28.7 Using a Bridge Network in a Virtual Machine
	28.8 Creating a Bridge Network using nm-connection-editor
	28.9 Summary
29. Managing KVM using the virsh Command-Line Tool
	29.1 The virsh Shell and Command-Line
	29.2 Listing Guest System Status
	29.3 Starting a Guest System
	29.4 Shutting Down a Guest System
	29.5 Suspending and Resuming a Guest System
	29.6 Saving and Restoring Guest Systems
	29.7 Rebooting a Guest System
	29.8 Configuring the Memory Assigned to a Guest OS
	29.9 Summary
30. An Introduction to Linux Containers
	30.1 Linux Containers and Kernel Sharing
	30.2 Container Uses and Advantages
	30.3 Ubuntu Container Tools
	30.4 The Docker Registry
	30.5 Container Networking
	30.6 Summary
31. Working with Containers on Ubuntu
	31.1 Installing the Container Tools
	31.2 Pulling a Container Image
	31.3 Running the Image in a Container
	31.4 Managing a Container
	31.5 Saving a Container to an Image
	31.6 Removing an Image from Local Storage
	31.7 Removing Containers
	31.8 Building a Container with Buildah
	31.9 Summary
32. Setting Up an Ubuntu Web Server
	32.1 Requirements for Configuring an Ubuntu Web Server
	32.2 Installing the Apache Web Server Packages
	32.3 Configuring the Firewall
	32.4 Port Forwarding
	32.5 Starting the Apache Web Server
	32.6 Testing the Web Server
	32.7 Configuring the Apache Web Server for Your Domain
	32.8 The Basics of a Secure Web Site
	32.9 Configuring Apache for HTTPS
	32.10 Obtaining an SSL Certificate
	32.11 Summary
33. Configuring an Ubuntu Postfix Email Server
	33.1 The structure of the Email System
		33.1.1 Mail User Agent
		33.1.2 Mail Transfer Agent
		33.1.3 Mail Delivery Agent
		33.1.4 SMTP
		33.1.5 SMTP Relay
	33.2 Configuring an Ubuntu Email Server
	33.3 Postfix Pre-Installation Steps
	33.4 Firewall/Router Configuration
	33.5 Installing Postfix on Ubuntu
	33.6 Configuring Postfix
	33.7 Configuring DNS MX Records
	33.8 Starting Postfix on an Ubuntu System
	33.9 Testing Postfix
	33.10 Sending Mail via an SMTP Relay Server
	33.11 Summary
34. Adding a New Disk Drive to an Ubuntu System
	34.1 Mounted File Systems or Logical Volumes
	34.2 Finding the New Hard Drive
	34.3 Creating Linux Partitions
	34.4 Creating a File System on a Disk Partition
	34.5 An Overview of Journaled File Systems
	34.6 Mounting a File System
	34.7 Configuring Ubuntu to Automatically Mount a File System
	34.8 Adding a Disk Using Cockpit
	34.9 Summary
35. Adding a New Disk to an Ubuntu Volume Group and Logical Volume
	35.1 An Overview of Logical Volume Management (LVM)
		35.1.1 Volume Group (VG)
		35.1.2 Physical Volume (PV)
		35.1.3 Logical Volume (LV)
		35.1.4 Physical Extent (PE)
		35.1.5 Logical Extent (LE)
	35.2 Getting Information about Logical Volumes
	35.3 Adding Additional Space to a Volume Group from the Command-Line
	35.4 Summary
36. Adding and Managing Ubuntu Swap Space
	36.1 What is Swap Space?
	36.2 Recommended Swap Space for Ubuntu
	36.3 Identifying Current Swap Space Usage
	36.4 Adding a Swap File to an Ubuntu System
	36.5 Adding Swap as a Partition
	36.6 Adding Space to an Ubuntu LVM Swap Volume
	36.7 Adding Swap Space to the Volume Group
	36.8 Summary
37. Ubuntu System and Process Monitoring
	37.1 Managing Processes
	37.2 Real-time System Monitoring with htop
	37.3 Command-Line Disk and Swap Space Monitoring
	37.4 Summary
Index