Two-dimensional Hybrid Composites: Synthesis, Properties and Applications

Preface
Contents
Boron Nitride and Its Hybrids: Synthesis, Properties and Potential Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Structure and Properties Perspectives of BN and Its Hybrids
	3 BN and Its Hybrids from a Chemical Gas Sensor Perspective
	4 BN and Its Hybrids from a Photodetector Perspective
	5 Synthesis of BN and Its Hybrid Nanostructures
	6 Applications of BN Nanostructures and Their Composites/Hybrids
		6.1 BN and Its Hybrids/Nanocomposites in Gas Sensing Applications
		6.2 BN and Its Hybrids/Nanocomposites in Photodetection Applications
	7 Conclusions
	References
Two-Dimensional (2D) Materials Incorporated PMMA Polymeric Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Applications
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Clay
		1.2 Clay Minerals
		1.3 Groups of Clay Minerals
		1.4 Montmorillonite Clay (MMT)
		1.5 Uses of Clay
		1.6 Chemical Modification
		1.7 2D-Materials Nanocomposites
		1.8 Categories of Nanocomposites
		1.9 2D Polymer-Based Nanocomposites
		1.10 Synthesis Techniques
		1.11 Characterization of Polymer–Clay Nanocomposites
	2 Conclusions
	References
Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) for Solar Cell Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Techniques for Synthesis and Fabrication
		2.1 Techniques for Synthesizing and Acquiring V2O5 as a Two-Dimensional Material
		2.2 Device Fabrication Methods for V2O5-based Solar Cells
		2.3 Techniques for Characterizing V2O5 to Examine Its Structural and Optical Characteristics
	3 Structural and Electronic Characteristics of V2O5
		3.1 Crystal Structure and Morphology of V2O5
		3.2 Electronic Band Configuration and Energy Levels of V2O5
		3.3 Doping and Defect Effects on the Characteristics of V2O5
	4 Solar Cell Architectures Using V2O5
	5 Optoelectronic Properties and Performance of Devices
		5.1 Optical Characteristics of V2O5\'s and Light-Absorbing Mechanisms
		5.2 Charge Transport and Recombination Processes in Solar Cells Based on V2O5
		5.3 Efficiency-Improving Techniques and Difficulties for Solar Cells Based on V2O5
	6 Stability and Environmental Factors
	7 Future Perspectives
	8 Application of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Oxide and Chalcogenide-Based Material in Solar Cells
		8.1 Application of 2-Dimensional (2D) TiS2, TiO2, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnO in Solar Cells
		8.2 TiS2 and TiO2 2D Material
		8.3 ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnO 2D Material
	9 Conclusion
	References
MXene-Based Two-Dimensional (2D) Hybrid Materials and Their Applications Towards an Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods for Fabrication of MXene by MAX Phase
		2.1 From Etching Method
		2.2 Bottom-Up Techniques
		2.3 Top-Down Synthesis Techniques
		2.4 Problems in MXene Synthesis
	3 Characterization Methods for MXene-Based Nanomaterials
	4 Various MXene Properties
		4.1 Optical Features
		4.2 Structural Features
		4.3 Mechanical Features
		4.4 Electrical and Thermal Features
	5 Applications of MXene
		5.1 Mechanism for Removal of Pollutants
		5.2 Role of MXenes in Chemisorption of Pollutants
	6 Conclusion and Summary
	References
2D Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) in Water Treatment
	1 Introduction
	2 MAX Phases and Synthesis of MXenes
		2.1 Conventional Synthesis Procedure
		2.2 Novel Approaches for Synthesizing MXene
		2.3 Delamination
	3 Properties of MXenes
		3.1 Theoretical Capacity
		3.2 Electronic Band Structure
		3.3 Morphology and Surface Chemistry of MXenes
		3.4 Mechanical Properties
		3.5 Thermal Stability Properties
	4 Application of MXene in Water Purification
		4.1 Ti3C2Tx MXene in Removing Heavy Metal Ions
		4.2 Ti3C2Tx MXene in Removing Organic Dyes
		4.3 Ti3C2Tx MXene in Removing Radionuclides
		4.4 Ti3C2Tx MXene in Removing Bacteria
		4.5 Ti3C2Tx MXene in Oil/Water Separation
		4.6 Ti3C2Tx MXene in the Removing Pharmaceutical Compounds
	5 Regeneration and Reuse Capability of MXenes
		5.1 Important Challenges
	6 Conclusion and Future Outlooks
	References
Two-Dimensional (2D) Hybrid Nanocomposites for Environmental Sensing Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis Methods of 2D Hybrid Nanocomposites for Environmental Sensing
		2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
		2.2 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation (LPE)
		2.3 Electrochemical Deposition
		2.4 Hybridization Approaches for 2D Materials
	3 Environmental Sensing Applications of 2D Hybrid Nanocomposites
		3.1 Biosensing
		3.2 Pressure Sensing
		3.3 Humidity Sensing
		3.4 Gas Sensing
		3.5 Temperature Sensing
	4 Performance and Properties of 2D Hybrid Nanocomposites for Environmental Sensing
	5 Challenges and Future of Direction of 2D Hybrid Nanocomposites or Environmental Sensing
	6 Conclusion
	References
Graphene-Based Nanocomposites in Electrochemical Sensing
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods to Synthesize Graphene and Its Derivatives
		2.1 Micromechanical Exfoliation
		2.2 Electrochemical Exfoliation
		2.3 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation
		2.4 Chemical Synthesis
		2.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
		2.6 Arc Discharge Method
		2.7 Laser-Scribed Graphene
	3 Methods to Synthesize Graphene@nanocomposites
	4 Application in Electrochemical Sensing
		4.1 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metal Ion
		4.2 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites Electrochemical Sensors for Drug Detection
		4.3 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites Electrochemical Sensors for Pesticides
		4.4 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites Electrochemical Sensors for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
	5 Conclusion
	References
Two-Dimensional (2D) Materials for Bio-sensing Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Types of 2D Materials and Their Properties
		2.1 Graphene Family
		2.2 Metal Oxides (MOXs)
		2.3 Chalcogenides
		2.4 MXenes
		2.5 Black Phosphorus (BP)
	3 Synthesis of 2D Material
		3.1 Top-Down Approaches
		3.2 Bottom-Up Approaches
	4 Characterization of 2D Materials
	5 Applications of 2D Materials for Biosensing
		5.1 Detection of Metabolites, Proteins, ROS, Small Molecules
		5.2 Detection of Diseases
		5.3 Detection of Bacteria and Viruses
		5.4 Disease Control
		5.5 Wearable Sensors
	6 Toxicological Effects
	7 Challenges
	8 Conclusion
	References
Two-Dimensional Material-Based Novel Drug Delivery System
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Quantum Effect
		1.2 Mechanical Strength
		1.3 Optical Property
		1.4 Electrical Property
		1.5 Thermal Conductivity
		1.6 Chemical Reactivity
	2 Types of 2D Materials
		2.1 Graphene
		2.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs)
		2.3 MXenes
		2.4 Black Phosphorus (BP)
		2.5 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN)
		2.6 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (gC3N4)
	3 Application of 2D Material in Biomedical Field
		3.1 Bioimaging
		3.2 Biosensing
	4 2D Material-Based Drug Delivery System
		4.1 Graphene and Its Oxides
		4.2 Materials Beyond Graphene
	5 Conclusion and Future Prospect
	References
Two-Dimensional Graphene Quantum Dots in Drug Delivery Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Graphene Quantum Dots Synthesis
		2.1 Top‑Down Strategy
		2.2 Bottom‑Up Strategy
	3 Properties of GQDs
		3.1 Optical Property
		3.2 Quantum Confinement Effect
		3.3 The Edge States
		3.4 Biocompatibility
		3.5 Physical Property
	4 Applications of GQDs in Drug Delivery
	5 Conclusions
	References
Two-Dimensional (2D)-Based Hybrid Composites for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
	1 Introduction
	2 Diagnosis of Cancer Using 2D-Based Hybrid Composite
		2.1 Fluorescence Biosensors
		2.2 Field-Effect Transistor (FET) Biosensors
		2.3 Electrochemical Biosensors
	3 2D-Based Hybrid Composites for Drug Delivery
		3.1 Smart Drug Delivery
		3.2 PTT
		3.3 PDT
	4 Biocompatibility of 2D-Based Hybrid Composite
		4.1 Graphene Family
		4.2 MXenes
		4.3 Chalcogenides
		4.4 2D Oxides
	5 Conclusion
	References
Two-Dimensional (2D) Based Hybrid Polymeric Nanoparticles as Novel Potential Therapeutics in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
	1 Introduction
	2 Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
	3 Pathophysiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
	4 Potential of 2D Nanomaterials as an Anticancer Candidate for Treatment of HCC
	5 Biocompatibility of 2D Nanomaterial
	6 Molecular Operators of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
	7 Checkpoint Targets of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
		7.1 Wnt–β-Catenin Signalling
		7.2 Telomere Maintenance
		7.3 Cell Cycle Regulation
	8 Oxidative Stress
	9 Conclusion
	References
Potential of 2D Materials: Novel Insights and Applications in Colorectal Cancer Research
	1 Background on Colorectal Cancer
	2 Overview of 2D Materials
		2.1 Properties of 2D Materials:
		2.2 Prominent 2D Materials
	3 Synthesis and Characterization Techniques
	4 Biosensing Applications
		4.1 Functionalization Strategies of 2D Materials for Biosensing
		4.2 Detection of CRC Biomarkers Using 2D Materials
		4.3 Early Diagnosis and Monitoring of CRC Using 2D Materials
	5 Drug Delivery Systems
		5.1 Utilizing 2D Materials as Drug Carriers
		5.2 Targeted Delivery to CRC Cells
		5.3 Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy and Reduced Side Effects
	6 Imaging and Diagnostics
		6.1 Role of 2D Materials in Improving Imaging Techniques
		6.2 Contrast Agents and Imaging Enhancements Using 2D Materials
		6.3 Precise Tumour Localization and Characterization with 2D Materials
	7 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
		7.1 Integration of 2D Materials in Scaffolds for CRC Cell Growth
		7.2 Impact on Understanding Cancer Progression and Evaluating Therapies
	8 Challenges and Future Directions
		8.1 Toxicity and Biocompatibility Considerations
		8.2 Scalability and Clinical Translation of 2D Materials
		8.3 Emerging Trends and Potential Synergies
	9 Conclusion
	10 Contributions
	11 Acceptance of Participation and Ethical Clearance
	12 Permission to Publish
	13 Conflicts of Interest
	References
An Overview of Two-Dimensional Materials and Their Applications in Dentistry
	1 Introduction
	2 Two-Dimensional Materials, Synthesis, and Properties
		2.1 Graphene
		2.2 Silicate-Based Compounds
		2.3 Molybdenum and Tungsten Disulfide
		2.4 Boron
	3 Applications in Dentistry
		3.1 Endodontics
		3.2 Periodontics
		3.3 Implantology
		3.4 Restorative Dentistry
		3.5 Tissue Regeneration
	4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Two-Dimensional-Based Hybrid Materials for Agriculture System
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Various Two-Dimensional Materials in Agriculture
		2.1 Graphene
		2.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs)
		2.3 Boron Nitride (BN)
		2.4 Phosphorene
		2.5 Metal Oxides
		2.6 MXenes
		2.7 Silicene
		2.8 Black Phosphorus
		2.9 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN)
		2.10 Metal Dichalcogenides (MoS2, WS2 etc.)
		2.11 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
		2.12 Phosphorene Oxide
		2.13 Carbon Nitride
	3 Synthesis and Fabrication Techniques of Hybrid Materials in Agriculture
		3.1 Solution-Based Methods
		3.2 Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)
		3.3 Electrospinning
		3.4 Layer-By-Layer Assembly
		3.5 In Situ Growth and Modification
		3.6 Self-Assembly
		3.7 Physical Mixing and Blending
		3.8 Templating and Replication
		3.9 3D Printing
		3.10 Electrochemical Deposition
	4 Applications of 2D-Based Hybrid Materials in Agriculture
		4.1 Improved Nutrient Delivery Systems
		4.2 Enhanced Nutrient Retention and Controlled Release
		4.3 Improved Nutrient Uptake Efficiency
		4.4 Targeted Nutrient Delivery and Site-Specific Application
		4.5 Reduced Environmental Impact
	5 Enhanced Crop Growth and Productivity
		5.1 Improved Nutrient Availability
		5.2 Enhanced Water Management and Efficiency
		5.3 Enhanced Pest and Disease Management
		5.4 Enhanced Stress Tolerance and Resilience
	6 Soil Remediation and Pollution Control
		6.1 Contaminant Adsorption and Immobilization
		6.2 Pollutant Degradation and Transformation
		6.3 Enhanced Microbial Activity and Bioremediation
		6.4 Reduced Environmental Risk and Enhanced Soil Health
	7 Enhanced Pesticide and Fertilizer Efficiency
		7.1 Enhanced Pesticide Targeting and Delivery
		7.2 Reduced Pesticide Drift and Volatilization
		7.3 Enhanced Fertilizer Utilization and Nutrient Efficiency
	8 Smart and Controlled Release Systems
	9 Optimization in Irrigation and Water Management Techniques
		9.1 Enhanced Water Retention and Soil Moisture Control
		9.2 Smart Irrigation Systems and Water Sensors
		9.3 Water Purification and Desalination
		9.4 Reduced Water Loss and Runoff
	10 Current Challenges in the Development and Implementation of 2D-Based Hybrid Materials in Agriculture
		10.1 Scalability and Cost-Effectiveness
		10.2 Material Stability and Durability
		10.3 Compatibility with Existing Agricultural Practices
		10.4 Environmental and Health Implications
	11 Knowledge and Awareness
	12 Standardization and Quality Control
	13 Regulatory and Policy Frameworks
	14 Long-Term Efficacy and Performance Monitoring
		14.1 Adoption and Economic Viability
	15 Future Directions and Potential Breakthroughs in the Field
		15.1 Development of Novel 2D Materials
		15.2 Smart and Responsive Systems
		15.3 Nanotechnology and Nanoscale Delivery Systems
		15.4 Bioinspired and Biocompatible Approaches
		15.5 Data-Driven Agriculture and Machine Learning
		15.6 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources
		15.7 Multifunctional Materials
		15.8 Integration of Internet of Things (IoT)
		15.9 Collaboration and Interdisciplinary Research
		15.10 Policy and Regulatory Support
	16 Conclusion
	References