Two Bengals: A Comparative Development Narrative of Bangladesh and West Bengal of India

Preface and Acknowledgments
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Two Bengals Two Entities: Construction of Their Development Narratives
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 A Brief Walk Over the History of Bengal and Its Partition
	1.3 Emergence of Bangladesh
	1.4 Construction of “Development Narratives” for Bangladesh and West Bengal
		1.4.1 Bangladesh
		1.4.2 West Bengal
	1.5 Summary of the Chapters
	References
2 Macroeconomic Development of Bangladesh and West Bengal
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Literature Review
	2.3 Bangladesh and West Bengal on the Economic Development Path
		2.3.1 Bangladesh
			2.3.1.1 Growth, Saving, and Investment
			2.3.1.2 The Fiscal Sector
			2.3.1.3 Inflation
			2.3.1.4 External Sector
			2.3.1.5 Poverty and Inequality
		2.3.2 West Bengal
			2.3.2.1 GDP and Sectoral Growth
			2.3.2.2 Exports and External Sector
			2.3.2.3 Poverty and Unemployment
			2.3.2.4 The Fiscal Sector
	2.4 Bangladesh and West Bengal of India: Macroeconomics in a Comparative Setting
		2.4.1 Real GDP Growth Rate
		2.4.2 Growth Rate of Per Capita Real GDP
		2.4.3 Inflation
		2.4.4 Unemployment
		2.4.5 Poverty
		2.4.6 Inequality
		2.4.7 Comparative Analysis
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
3 Agriculture: Bangladesh and West Bengal
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Existing Agrarian Structure
	3.3 Farmers’ Access to Credit and Their Impediments
	3.4 Conclusions
4 Manufacturing Sector of Bangladesh and West Bengal
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Manufacturing Sector of Bangladesh
		4.2.1 Employment and Labour Productivity in the Manufacturing Sector
		4.2.2 Major Industries in the Manufacturing Progress
			4.2.2.1 Readymade Garments (RMG) Industry
			4.2.2.2 Pharmaceutical Industry
			4.2.2.3 Leather Industry
			4.2.2.4 Construction-Related and Other Manufacturing Areas
	4.3 Manufacturing Sector of West Bengal
		4.3.1 GSDP and Industrial Decline
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
5 Financial Sectors in Bengals: Towards Development and Inclusion
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Financial Sector in Bangladesh
		5.2.1 Banking
		5.2.2 Microfinance in Bangladesh
		5.2.3 Other Financial Institutions and Markets
	5.3 Financial Sector in West Bengal
		5.3.1 Banking Sector in West Bengal
		5.3.2 Microfinance and Financial Inclusion in the State of West Bengal
		5.3.3 Other Financial Institutions and Markets
	5.4 Analysis of Financial Inclusion
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
6 Education in Two Bengals: A Comparative Development Narrative of Bangladesh and West Bengal of India
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Historical Perspective of Education in Two Bengals
	6.3 Education in Bangladesh: A Contemporary Perspective
		6.3.1 Structure and Stream of Education
		6.3.2 Administrative Structure and Funding of Education
	6.4 Education in West Bengal: A Contemporary Perspective
		6.4.1 Structure of Education at Various Levels
		6.4.2 Enrolment
		6.4.3 School Teachers
		6.4.4 Pupil–Teacher Ratio in Schools
		6.4.5 Higher Education in West Bengal
			6.4.5.1 Historical Perspective of Higher Education in Bengal
			6.4.5.2 Recent Higher Education Profile of West Bengal
			6.4.5.3 Universities in West Bengal
			6.4.5.4 Chronological Growth of Universities in West Bengal
			6.4.5.5 College Density in West Bengal
			6.4.5.6 Profile of Student Enrolment in West Bengal
			6.4.5.7 Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in Higher Education (18–23 Years)
			6.4.5.8 Recent Development of Higher Education in West Bengal: An Overview
	6.5 Compare and Contrast Among Two Bengals: A Critical Review
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
7 Health Care and Social Development
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Bangladesh
		7.2.1 Health: Evolution and a Brief Historical Perspective
			7.2.1.1 Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
			7.2.1.2 Public, Private, and OOP Expenditure in Health
			7.2.1.3 Health Insurance Status: The Demand-Side Intervention
			7.2.1.4 Health Infrastructure: Supply-Side Scenario
			7.2.1.5 Legal and Regulatory Atmosphere, Immunization Intervention and Medical Tourism
		7.2.2 Social Development
			7.2.2.1 Poverty, Inequality, and Informalization
			7.2.2.2 Policy Intervention and Way Forward
	7.3 West Bengal
		7.3.1 Evolution and a Brief Historical Perspective
			7.3.1.1 Pub Investment, OOP
			7.3.1.2 Health Insurance Status
			7.3.1.3 Health Infrastructure
		7.3.2 Social Development
			7.3.2.1 Poverty, Inequality, and Informalization
			7.3.2.2 Policy Intervention and the Way Forward
	7.4 A Comparative Analysis of the Two Bengals
	7.5 Summary and Conclusions
	References
8 Entrepreneurship in Two Bengals: Lost in Transition
	8.1 Introduction: Some Hits but Mostly Misses
		8.1.1 Early Eighteenth Century
	8.2 The Later Part of the Eighteenth Century and Thereafter
		8.2.1 Bengal (Undivided Bengal) and Seeds of Entrepreneurship
	8.3 Bangladesh: The Story so Far…
		8.3.1 East Pakistan to Bangladesh
		8.3.2 The Rise of CMSME Sector
		8.3.3 Women Entrepreneurs
		8.3.4 Large Corporates
	8.4 West Bengal: Mixed Bag
		8.4.1 Teething Troubles
		8.4.2 The Tumultuous Years
		8.4.3 Didi O Didi
	8.5 In Summation
	8.6 Thoughts as Takeaway
	Annexure 1
	Annexure 2
	References
9 Bangladesh and West Bengal: Changing Economic and Social Issues Through Literary Perspectives
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 A Review of Popular Stream of Writers in Two Bengals
	9.3 Economic Development and Literary Narratives of Bangladesh and West Bengal
	9.4 West Bengal: Protests, Right Movements in Literature
	9.5 Independence and Post-Independence Bangladeshi Literature
	9.6 Corruption and Literature of Two Bengals
	9.7 Bengali Middle Class in Literature
	9.8 Marginalized People in Bengali Literature
	9.9 Border Literature—A Growing Area of Literary Content of Two Bengals
	9.10 Conclusion
	References
10 Two Cinemas in Two Bengals: From Indigenization to Globalization of Bengali Film Industries of Bangladesh and West Bengal
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 The Indigenization Phase: Early Period and Arrival of Film Medium in Colonial Bengal (1896–1920s)
		10.2.1 The Common Heritage: The First Bengali Filmmaker Hiralal Sen
		10.2.2 Beginning of Feature Film Production and Theatrical Exhibition in Bengal
	10.3 The Development Phase: Establishment and Expansion of Two Bengali Cinemas (1930s–1960s)
		10.3.1 Development of Industry and Genres in Kolkata and Dhaka
		10.3.2 Development of Art Film Culture in Cinemas of Two Bengals
	10.4 The Consolidation Phase: Transformation and Commercialization of Two Bengals’ Cinemas (the 1970s–2000s)
		10.4.1 Transformation of Dhaka Industry into Stronger Bengali Cinema
		10.4.2 Bengali Popular Film Industries: The Generic Transformation of Popular Films Through Bollywoodization and Beyond
		10.4.3 Commercialization of Bengali Cinema for the New Audience
		10.4.4 Inter-Bengal Film Remakes in the 1990s and 2000s
		10.4.5 Diverse Voices in Bengali Art Cinemas: Post-Ray Filmmakers in Two Bengals
	10.5 Conclusion: Internationalization of Two Bengals’ Cinemas for the Global Audience (2010s–)
	References
11 Defining Bengali Cuisine: The Culinary Difference Between West Bengal and Bangladesh
	11.1 Introduction: Food Remains the Only Point of Redemption
		11.1.1 The Origin
		11.1.2 The Vedic Era
		11.1.3 The Rise of the Mahajanpadas and Tracing the South of India
		11.1.4 Food and Beyond
		11.1.5 The Post-Vedic Period and After
		11.1.6 The Colonial Conundrum
		11.1.7 Colonial Impact on Food in Bengal
	11.2 Bangladesh: The Uprising
		11.2.1 The Colonial Era and the Impact
		11.2.2 Bangladesh Today
	11.3 West Bengal: Food Shall Remain a Redeemer
	11.4 The Dichotomy of Two Bengals
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
12 Summary and Conclusion
Index