Twitter And Elections Around The World: Campaigning In 140 Characters Or Less

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Series Information......Page 3
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
List of Figures......Page 9
List of Tables......Page 10
Series Editor\'s Foreword......Page 12
About the Contributors......Page 13
Introduction......Page 18
Candidates’ Use of Twitter......Page 19
Journalists on Twitter......Page 20
Public’s Use of Twitter in Elections......Page 21
Recent Trends......Page 22
This Volume......Page 23
References......Page 24
Part I Election Journalism......Page 28
1 Did Twitter Kill the Boys on the Bus?  A Report from the Romney Campaign in 2012......Page 30
The Gathering Place......Page 31
The Golden Era?......Page 33
Flacking Twitter......Page 34
“A Link is a Link, Dude”......Page 36
Speed Freaks......Page 39
Retweet Journalism......Page 40
Death to the Filter......Page 41
“Racing Toward Nothing”......Page 42
To 2016, and Beyond......Page 43
Online Communication in Germany......Page 44
Previous Research......Page 46
Method......Page 47
Findings......Page 50
What Contributes to the Success of Tweets?......Page 53
Interaction with Media Reporting......Page 55
Conclusion......Page 56
References......Page 58
“The Twitter Election”......Page 60
Twitter and Journalism......Page 61
Research Methods......Page 62
Challenges to Objectivity......Page 63
A Tweet and a Laugh......Page 64
Keeping Twitter’s Gates......Page 66
Tweeting’s Thin Transparency......Page 67
Changes in the Platform......Page 68
Differentiating between Twitter and Facebook......Page 69
References......Page 70
Introduction......Page 74
Twitter, Political Communication, and the European Elections......Page 75
The European Elections in “Bi-national” Belgium......Page 77
Research Objectives......Page 78
Methodological Approach: Research Design......Page 79
Defining Media Sources Covering Belgian Candidates......Page 80
Comparing Media Sources Covering Dutch-Speaking and French-Speaking Candidates......Page 82
Conclusion......Page 85
Note......Page 86
References......Page 87
Part II The Audience......Page 90
5 Communication with Constituents in 140 Characters: How Members of Congress Used Twitter to Get Out the Vote in 2014......Page 92
Members of Congress and Civic Engagement......Page 93
Method......Page 95
Results for the US House......Page 96
Results for the US Senate......Page 100
Discussion and Conclusion......Page 103
Notes......Page 104
References......Page 105
6 South Korean Citizens’ Political Information-Sharing on Twitter During 2012 General Election1......Page 107
Twitter as a Social Media Tool......Page 108
Diffusion of Innovation Theory and Retweeting in Twitter......Page 109
Research Questions......Page 110
Data Capture and Storage......Page 111
Intracoder reliability......Page 112
General Sentiment Identification......Page 114
RQ1: Magnitude of Retweeted Messages and Public Opinion Polls......Page 115
RQ2: Classification of Message Types and Public Opinion Polls......Page 117
RQ3: General Sentiment Identification and Public Opinion Polls......Page 119
Conclusions......Page 123
References......Page 124
Part III Parties, Candidates, and Campaigns......Page 126
7 Message Repetition in Social Media: Presidential Candidate Twitter Feeds in the 2012 US General Election......Page 128
Message Repetition and Consistency......Page 129
The Challenges and Benefits of Social Networking Sites......Page 130
Social Media Message Repetition by Candidates......Page 132
Repetition in the Tweets of the 2012 General Election Presidential Candidates, Campaigns, and Parties......Page 134
Discussion......Page 137
References......Page 139
The Case of the 2014 European Elections in Italy......Page 143
All Aboard the Twitter Bandwagon......Page 145
Basic Patterns of Electoral Tweets......Page 148
Campaigning in 140 Characters......Page 151
Italian Candidates between Tradition and Innovation......Page 154
References......Page 156
Introduction......Page 158
Theoretical Approach and Previous Research......Page 160
Data and Methods......Page 162
H1: Gender and Tweets......Page 163
H2: Trailing Candidates and Tweets......Page 164
H4: Gender and Tweeted Images......Page 167
H5: Gender, Party, and Position......Page 169
Conclusion......Page 172
References......Page 174
10 Who Gets to Say #AreYouBetterOff?: Promoted Trends and Bashtagging in the 2012 US Presidential Election......Page 176
Promoted Trends, Bashtagging, and the Variable Role of Grassroots Intermediaries......Page 177
Political Marketing and the Agency of Audiences/Users......Page 180
Bashtagging and the Culture Jamming Tradition......Page 181
Conclusion: Electoral Participation and the “Meme Warrior” Model......Page 184
References......Page 187
11 Parties, Leaders, and Online Personalization: Twitter in Canadian Electoral Politics......Page 190
Twitter in Canadian Elections......Page 191
Elections, Parties, and Leaders in Canadian Politics......Page 192
The Personalization of Politics: Media and Digital Technology......Page 193
Methods and Data......Page 195
Follow the Leader......Page 197
Tweeting about Leaders and Parties in the 2011 Federal Election......Page 198
Conclusions......Page 202
References......Page 203
12 Social Media Coming of Age: Developing Patterns of Congressional Twitter Use, 2007–14......Page 207
Theory......Page 208
Why Twitter?......Page 209
Research Questions......Page 211
Data and Methods......Page 212
Results......Page 214
Discussion......Page 218
References......Page 220
13 From a Tweet to a Seat: Twitter, Media Visibility, and Electoral Support......Page 224
Media Visibility in Election Campaigns......Page 225
Luxembourg—A Special Place?......Page 227
Data and Research Questions......Page 229
Results......Page 230
Conclusion and Discussion......Page 234
References......Page 236
Journalists, Traditional Media, and Twitter......Page 239
Mass Participation......Page 240
Candidate and Party Use of Twitter......Page 241
Conclusions about the Role of Twitter in Elections......Page 243
References......Page 245
Index......Page 246