Turkey’s Challenges and Transformation: Politics and Society on the Centennial of the Republic

Contents
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
2 Transformation of Party and Election System in Turkey
	Party System Types
	Transformation of Turkey’s Party System
	AKP: The Hegemon of Turkey?
	References
3 Transformation and Challenges in the Governmental System in Turkey: The Turkish Type of Presidentalism
	Introduction
	Parliamentary System in Turkey in a Historical Perspective
		A New System: The Presidential Government System in Turkey
	Conclusion
	Note
	References
4 Transformation of Judiciary for a Turkey in Transition: Dynamics and Consequences
	Introduction
	The First Decade of the Twenty-First Century: Limited, yet Necessary Reforms on Judiciary
	The Second Decade of the Twenty-First Century: Transformation of the Turkish Judiciary-For Better, or Even Worse?
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
5 Turkey’s Political Economy in International Context
	Demographic and Structural Change
	Economic Policy and Growth
	The International Context and Evolving Connections
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
6 Transformation of Secularism in Turkey
	“Assertive” Secularism
	“Passive” Secularism
	Continuity and Change
	The Case for a Genuine Secular Democracy
	References
7 Gender Equality in Turkey
	Women’s Movement in Turkey: From Ottoman Sisters to Republic’s Women
	Second Wave Feminism and Women in Turkey
	1990s, Women’s Movement in the World and in Turkey
	Hopeful 2000s
	2007 to 2013: Start of the Decline
	Presidential System and Leaving the Istanbul Convention
	Conclusion
	Note
	References
8 The Changing Dynamics of Prostests Under Turkey’s Authoritarian Transformation: Actors, Repertoires, and Strategies of Oppression
	Introduction
	Protests and Their Repression in Turkey—An Historical Overview
	The AKP Period: Intensification of Repression in the Protest Arena
	Unpacking the Dynamics of the Protest Arena in Turkey (2007–2019)
		Aggregate Levels: Temporal and Spatial Distribution
	Issues of Protests
	Repertoires of Protests
	Discussion and Conclusion: Factors Affecting the Dynamics of the Protest Arena in Turkey
	Notes
	References
9 (De)Securitization of the Kurdish Issue in Turkey: The Nexus of Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics in the Twenty-First Century
	Securitization and Desecuritization
	Securitization of the Kurdish Issue in the Twentieth Century
		Kurdish Rebellions as Physical Security Threat
		Kurdish Rebellions and Kurdish Identity as Ontological Security Threat
		The Military as a Securitizing Actor in the Kurdish Issue
	Foreign Policy and (De)Securitization of the Kurdish Issue in the Twenty-First Century
		EU Reform Process and Desecuritization of the Kurdish Issue
		Relations with the KRG and the Democratic Opening
		Syrian War and Resecuritization of the Kurdish Issue
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
10 The Transformation of Migration Governance in Turkey
	Introduction
	Bureaucratization of Migration Governance
	Marketization in Migration Governance
	Conclusion
	References
11 Transformation of Turkey’s Environmental Policy: A Case of Selective Europeanization?
	Introduction
	Overview of Turkey’s Europeanization
	Overview of Turkey’s Environmental Policy
	Failure to Europeanize the Right of Participation in Environmental Policymaking and the Environmental Impact Assessment
	Selective Europeanization of Turkey’s Climate Change Policy
	Conclusion
	Note
	References
12 Transformation and Challenges in Turkey-EU Relations: A Case of Foreign Policy with Domestic Implications
	Turkey-EU Relations Between Association and Candidacy
	Progress of the Relations: Candidacy and the Accession Process
	One Step Back: Association and the Customs Union
	Challenges and Disputes in Relations
	Domestic Implications: EU Reforms, Inertia and Backsliding
	Turkey Between the West and the Rest: Identity, Geopolitics and Economics
	Notes
	References
13 An Agent-Based Rationality Analysis of Turkey’s Relations with Greece
	Introduction
	The Current Mess: How Did It Come to This, and What Is at Stake?
	The Aegean
	Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, and Airspace
	Military Status of the Greek Islands
	The Extended Economic Zone (EEZ)
	Mavi Vatan
	Sea, Black Sea, and Eastern Mediterranean, Mavi Vatan4
	Cyprus
	Senturion Simulation Analysis of the Current Bargaining Space
	Political System
	Territorial Adjustment
	Freedom of Settlement and Property Rights
	Freedom of Movement
	Overall Results
	Prospects
	Notes
	References
14 Turkish-American Relations: From the Catalyst of the Model Country Image to the Reference Point of Defensive Discourses
	2002–2007: Doubt and Trust
	2007–2013: A Positive Spiral
	2013–2017: Spiral is Reversing
	2017–2021: Period of Crises
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
15 Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy and Its Reflections on Turkey–Russia Relations
	Introduction
	Bilateral Relations After the End of the Cold War
	New Initiative: From Rivalry to Cooperation
	Syria Crisis: The End of Compartmentalization
	After the Jet Crisis: Normalization or the New Normal for Turkey and Russia?
	Changing Security Challenges and Threat Perceptions of Turkey
	Domestic Determinants of Turkey’s Relation with Russia
	Conclusion
	References
16 Turkey and the Middle East
	Introduction
	A Decade of Activism, Profound Opportunities, and Deepened Cooperation with the Middle East: 2000–2010
	Post-2010: Ideology, Isolation and Back to National Interest?
		2010–2013: Opportunities for Turkish Role in a Rapidly Changing Region
		2013–2016: Years of Regional and Domestic Challenges and Isolation
		2017–2021: Syria, Gulf Crisis, Libya, and Growing Cooperation with Russia
		Post-2021: Domestic and Regional Challenges Culminating in a U-Turn in the Middle East Policy
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
17 Cooperation Amid Transformation: Turkey and International Organizations
	Introduction
	Systemic Shift and Its Implications on Turkey’s Policies
	Regional Dynamics and Turkey’s Position
	Domestic Incidents Causing Multilateral Turmoil
	Conclusion
	Bibliography
Index