Turkey Diseases and Disorders

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
1: General Overview on Turkey Production
	1.1	 History and Turkey Domestication and Structure of the Turkey Industry
		1.1.1	 Classification of Wild Turkeys
		1.1.2	 History of Turkey’s Domestication
		1.1.3	 Structure of the Turkey Industry
		1.1.4	 Turkey Farming Statistics
	1.2	 Public Health Issues Related to Turkey and Turkey Products: Current Challenges
		1.2.1	 Food Safety
		1.2.2	 Antibiotic Resistance and Associated Problems
		1.2.3	 Welfare of Poultry
		1.2.4	 Changes in Consumer Perceptions
	1.3	 Genetic Selection in Turkeys and Its Impact on Health Conditions
		1.3.1	 Cardiovascular System Diseases in Turkeys
			1.3.1.1	 Aortic Rupture
			1.3.1.2	 Sudden Death in Turkeys Associated with Perirenal Hemorrhage
			1.3.1.3	 Round Heart Disease (RHD)
		1.3.2	 Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System and Leg Disorders
			1.3.2.1	 Dyschondroplasia
			1.3.2.2	 Footpad Dermatitis
			1.3.2.3	 Breast Blisters
			1.3.2.4	 Crooked Toes
		1.3.3	 Deep Pectoral Myopathy
	1.4	 Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases
	1.5	 Summary and Future Expectations
	References
Part I: Bacterial Diseases
	2: Colibacillosis
		2.1	 Aetiology
			2.1.1	 Serotyping
			2.1.2	 Virulence Genes
			2.1.3	 Epidemiology
			2.1.4	 Public Health Importance
			2.1.5	 Pathogenesis and Transmission
		2.2	 Diseases Caused by E. coli in Turkeys
			2.2.1	 Omphalitis
			2.2.2	 Cellulitis
			2.2.3	 Swollen Head Syndrome
			2.2.4	 Enteric Disorders: Poult Enteritis Mortality Syndrome (PEMS)
			2.2.5	 Venereal Colibacillosis
			2.2.6	 Coliform Salpingitis, Peritonitis and Salpingoperitonitis
			2.2.7	 Colisepticaemia
			2.2.8	 Turkey Osteomyelitis Complex (TOC)
			2.2.9	 Coligranuloma (Hjarre’s Disease)
			2.2.10	 Diagnosis
			2.2.11	 Treatment
			2.2.12	 Control
		References
	3: Mycoplasmosis
		3.1	 Etiology
			3.1.1	 Pathogenesis and Transmission
		3.2	 Clinical Signs and Postmortem Lesions
			3.2.1	 Mycoplasma gallisepticum
			3.2.2	 Mycoplasma synoviae
			3.2.3	 Mycoplasma meleagridis
			3.2.4	 Mycoplasma iowae
		3.3	 Diagnosis
			3.3.1	 Isolation and Identification
			3.3.2	 Sampling
			3.3.3	 Isolation and Identification
			3.3.4	 Serology
			3.3.5	 Treatment
			3.3.6	 Control
		References
	4: Fowl Cholera
		4.1	 Aetiology
		4.2	 Epidemiology
			4.2.1	 Vectors and Source of Infection
			4.2.2	 Transmission
			4.2.3	 Clinical Signs
			4.2.4	 Postmortem Lesions
			4.2.5	 Diagnosis
			4.2.6	 Treatment
			4.2.7	 Control
			4.2.8	 Live Attenuated Vaccines
			4.2.9	 Inactivated Vaccines
		References
	5: Riemerella anatipestifer Infection
		5.1	 Aetiology
			5.1.1	 Serotypes
		5.2	 Epidemiology
			5.2.1	 Clinical Signs
			5.2.2	 Postmortem Lesions and Histopathology
			5.2.3	 Diagnosis
			5.2.4	 Treatment
			5.2.5	 Prevention and Control
		References
	6: Salmonella Infections in Turkeys
		6.1	 Aetiology
		6.2	 Pathogenesis and Transmission
			6.2.1	 Vertical Transmission
			6.2.2	 Horizontal Transmission
			6.2.3	 Reservoirs for Salmonella
			6.2.4	 Factors Affecting the Course of Infection
		6.3	 Pullorum Disease and Fowl Typhoid
			6.3.1	 Definition and Aetiology
			6.3.2	 Clinical Signs
			6.3.3	 Gross Lesions
		6.4	 Paratyphoid Infection
			6.4.1	 Definition and Aetiology
			6.4.2	 Clinical Signs
			6.4.3	 Gross Lesions
		6.5	 Arizonosis
			6.5.1	 Aetiology
			6.5.2	 Clinical Signs
			6.5.3	 Gross Lesions
		6.6	 Laboratory Diagnosis of Salmonellosis
			6.6.1	 Sampling
			6.6.2	 Isolation and Identification
			6.6.3	 Serological Examination
			6.6.4	 Differential Diagnosis
		6.7	 Treatment
		6.8	 Salmonella: Prevention and Control
			6.8.1	 Clean Production Chain from the Top
			6.8.2	 Hygienic Measures
			6.8.3	 Feed Hygiene
			6.8.4	 Feed Additives
			6.8.5	 Vaccination
			6.8.6	 Inactivated Vaccines
			6.8.7	 Public Health Aspects
			6.8.8	 Education Programmes
		References
	7: Erysipelas
		7.1	 Aetiology
			7.1.1	 Serotyping
			7.1.2	 Virulence Factors
			7.1.3	 Resistance to Environmental Conditions and Disinfection
			7.1.4	 Zoonotic Importance
			7.1.5	 Transmission and Pathogenesis
			7.1.6	 Clinical Signs
			7.1.7	 Post-Mortem Lesions
			7.1.8	 Histopathological Lesions
			7.1.9	 Diagnosis
			7.1.10	 Treatment
			7.1.11	 Control
		References
	8: Necrotic Enteritis
		8.1	 Aetiology
			8.1.1	 Pathogenesis and Transmission
			8.1.2	 Predisposing Factors
			8.1.3	 Clinical Signs and Lesions
			8.1.4	 Histopathology
			8.1.5	 Diagnosis
			8.1.6	 Treatment
			8.1.7	 Control
		References
	9: Botulism
		9.1	 Aetiology
			9.1.1	 Pathogenesis and Transmission
			9.1.2	 Clinical Signs and Post-Mortem Lesions
			9.1.3	 Diagnostic Procedures
			9.1.4	 Treatment
			9.1.5	 Control
		References
	10: Clostridial Dermatitis in Turkeys
		10.1	 Biology and Pathogenicity of Clostridium septicum
			10.1.1	 Turkey Cellulitis in Turkeys
			10.1.2	 Outside-In Theory Infection of Clostridium septicum
			10.1.3	 Inside-Out Theory Infection of Clostridium septicum
			10.1.4	 Treatment
			10.1.5	 Immunoprophylaxis
		References
	11: Bordetella avium
		11.1	 Aetiology
		11.2	 Epidemiology
			11.2.1	 Clinical Signs
			11.2.2	 Post-Mortem Lesions
			11.2.3	 Diagnosis
			11.2.4	 Treatment
			11.2.5	 Prevention and Control
			11.2.6	 Vaccination
		References
	12: Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
		12.1	 Etiology
			12.1.1	 Epidemiology
			12.1.2	 Clinical Signs
			12.1.3	 Postmortem Lesions
			12.1.4	 Diagnosis
			12.1.5	 Treatment
			12.1.6	 Control
		References
	13: Avian Chlamydiosis
		13.1	 Etiology
		13.2	 Epidemiology
		13.3	 Clinical Signs
		13.4	 Postmortem Lesions
		13.5	 Diagnosis
		13.6	 Prevention and Control
		References
	14: Campylobacter
		14.1	 Aetiology
			14.1.1	 Transmission
			14.1.2	 Clinical Signs and Gross Lesions
				14.1.2.1	 Gross and Histopathological Lesions
			14.1.3	 Diagnosis
				14.1.3.1	 Isolation of Campylobacter
			14.1.4	 Treatment
			14.1.5	 Control
		References
	15: Avian Tuberculosis
		15.1	 Aetiology
		15.2	 Susceptibility
		15.3	 Clinical Signs
		15.4	 Post-Mortem Lesions
		15.5	 Diagnosis
		15.6	 Vaccination and Treatment
		References
	16: Brachyspira
		16.1	 Aetiology
		16.2	 Susceptibility
		16.3	 Transmission
		16.4	 Incubation Period
		16.5	 Age Susceptibility
		16.6	 Predisposing Factors
		16.7	 Clinical Signs and Post-Mortem Lesions
		16.8	 Diagnosis
		16.9	 Treatment and Control
		References
	17: Staphylococcosis
		17.1	 Aetiology
			17.1.1	 Epidemiology
			17.1.2	 Transmission
			17.1.3	 Pathogenesis
			17.1.4	 Clinical Signs and Lesions
			17.1.5	 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
			17.1.6	 Treatment and Prophylaxis
		References
	18: Streptococcosis
		18.1	 Aetiology
			18.1.1	 Transmission
			18.1.2	 Incubation Period
			18.1.3	 Disease Conditions Caused by Streptococcus gallolyticus Spp.
			18.1.4	 Diagnosis
			18.1.5	 Treatment
		References
	19: Enterococcosis
		19.1	 Aetiology
			19.1.1	 Epidemiology
			19.1.2	 Transmission
			19.1.3	 Disease in Poultry
			19.1.4	 Diagnosis
			19.1.5	 Prevention and Control
		References
	20: Pseudomonas Infection in Turkeys
		20.1	 Aetiology
			20.1.1	 Pathogenic Conditions in Poultry
			20.1.2	 Control Measures
		References
	21: Other Bacterial Diseases
		21.1	 Acinetobacter
		21.2	 Aegyptianella
		21.3	 Aeromonas
		21.4	 Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces)
		21.5	 Listeria monocytogenes
		21.6	 Borrelia
			21.6.1	 Prevention and Control
		References
Part II: Fungal Disease
	22: Fungal Diseases
		22.1	 Aspergillosis (Brooder Pneumonia)
			22.1.1	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
			22.1.2	 Clinical Signs
			22.1.3	 Gross Lesions
			22.1.4	 Histopathology
			22.1.5	 Detection and Isolation
			22.1.6	 Molecular Diagnosis
			22.1.7	 Serology
			22.1.8	 Treatment
			22.1.9	 Control
		22.2	 Candidiasis
			22.2.1	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
			22.2.2	 Clinical Signs
			22.2.3	 Gross Lesions
			22.2.4	 Histopathology
			22.2.5	 Detection and Isolation
			22.2.6	 Molecular Diagnosis
			22.2.7	 Serology
			22.2.8	 Treatment
			22.2.9	 Control
		22.3	 Mycotoxicosis
			22.3.1	 Types of Mycotoxins
				22.3.1.1	 Aflatoxins
				22.3.1.2	 Trichothecenes
				22.3.1.3	 Fumonisins
				22.3.1.4	 Moniliformin
				22.3.1.5	 Ochratoxins
				22.3.1.6	 Zearalenone and Zearalenol
				22.3.1.7	 Other Mycotoxicoses
				22.3.1.8	 Diagnosis
			22.3.2	 Treatment
			22.3.3	 Prevention
		References