Tumor Microenvironments in Organs: From the Brain to the Skin – Part A (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1226)

Preface
Contents
Contributors
1: The Intestinal Tumour Microenvironment
	1.1	 Physiology and Function of the Intestines
	1.2	 Intestinal Cancers
		1.2.1	 Staging of Intestinal Tumours
		1.2.2	 Discrepancy Between Large and Small Intestine
		1.2.3	 Genetic Mechanisms of Tumour Development
		1.2.4	 Left- and Right-Sided Colorectal Tumours
		1.2.5	 Consensus Molecular Subtypes of CRC Defined in Part by the TME
	1.3	 Immune Contribution to TME
		1.3.1	 T Cells
		1.3.2	 Tumour-Associated Macrophages
		1.3.3	 Neutrophils
		1.3.4	 Natural Killer Cells
	1.4	 Fibroblast Contribution to TME
		1.4.1	 CAFs Promote Tumour Chemoresistance
		1.4.2	 CAF-Secreted Cytokines Create a Tumour-Permissive Environment
		1.4.3	 CAFs Promote Tumour Invasion
	1.5	 Microbial Contribution to TME
		1.5.1	 Bacterial Metabolites Promote or Protect Against CRC
		1.5.2	 Bacterial Proteins May Promote CRC Progression
		1.5.3	 Two-Way Relationship: TME Influences Microbiota
	1.6	 Conclusions
	References
2: Gastric Tumor Microenvironment
	2.1	 Gastric Cancer
	2.2	 Stromal Cells
		2.2.1	 Bone Marrow-Derived Cells (BMDCs)
		2.2.2	 Tumor-Associated Mast Cells (TAMCs)
		2.2.3	 Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs)
		2.2.4	 Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs)
		2.2.5	 Tumor-Infiltrating Neutrophils (TINs)
	2.3	 Extracellular Matrix
	2.4	 MicroRNAs
	2.5	 Exosomes
	2.6	 Dysregulated Cellular Signaling
	2.7	 Concluding Remarks
	References
3: Parathyroid Tumor Microenvironment
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Parathyroid Tumors
	3.3	 Microenvironment in Parathyroid Tumors
		3.3.1	 Parathyroid Tumor Histology
		3.3.2	 Tumor Angiogenesis
		3.3.3	 Lymphangiogenesis
		3.3.4	 Tumor Inflammatory Infiltration
		3.3.5	 Tumor-Associated Myofibroblasts
		3.3.6	 Tumor-Associated Mesenchymal Stem Cells
		3.3.7	 Potential Role of Parathyroid Tumors-Deregulated MicroRNAs in TME Modulation
	3.4	 Future Trends and Directions
	References
4: Microenvironment in Cardiac Tumor Development: What Lies Beyond the Event Horizon?
	4.1	 Cardiac Tumors: A Snapshot of What We Know About Them
	4.2	 Applying the “Black Hole” Paradigm in Exploring Cardiac Tumorigenesis
	4.3	 Materials and Methods: The “Event Horizon Telescope”
	4.4	 Tumor Microenvironment (TME): Contextualizing Benchmark Knowledge from Noncardiac Tumors
	4.5	 What Makes Cardiac TME Different? What Lies Beyond the “Event Horizon”?
	4.6	 Future Directions
	4.7	 Epilogue
	References
5: The Roles of Bone Marrow-Resident Cells as a Microenvironment for Bone Metastasis
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Bone Marrow Tumor Microenvironment
		5.2.1	 Cells of Mesenchymal Origin
			5.2.1.1	 Osteoblasts
			5.2.1.2	 Osteocytes
			5.2.1.3	 Bone Marrow Adipocytes
		5.2.2	 Cells of Hematopoietic Origin
			5.2.2.1	 Osteoclasts
			5.2.2.2	 Immune Cells
		5.2.3	 Other Components of Bone Marrow Microenvironment
			5.2.3.1	 Endothelial Cells
			5.2.3.2	 Nerves
	5.3	 Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
6: Adipose Tumor Microenvironment
	6.1	 Adipose Tissue as a Multifunctional Organ
	6.2	 A Role for Adipose Tissue in Cancer
	6.3	 IL6: The Cross Talk Mediator
		6.3.1	 Adipocytes
		6.3.2	 Preadipocytes
		6.3.3	 Macrophages
		6.3.4	 Fibroblasts
	6.4	 Extracellular Vesicles as a Possible Mediator of Cell-Cell Communication in the Adipose Tumor Microenvironment
	6.5	 The Future of Adipose Research
		6.5.1	 Realizing the Role of Adipose Tissue in Cancer Onset and Progression
		6.5.2	 Targeting the IL6:GP130 Axis
		6.5.3	 EVs: The Next-Generation Mediators of Cell-to-Cell Communication
	References
7: Appendix Tumor Microenvironment
	7.1	 Introduction
	7.2	 Appendix Tumor Microenvironment (TME)
	7.3	 TME Immune Power
	7.4	 Tumor Immunology
	7.5	 Appendix Tumor Immunology
	7.6	 TME in Appendix Lymphomas
	References
8: Spinal Cord Tumor Microenvironment
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 The Spinal Cord
	8.3	 Neoplastic Diseases of the Spinal Cord
	8.4	 Impact of the Spinal Cord Microenvironment on Tumor Biology
		8.4.1	 Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier
		8.4.2	 Vascularization
		8.4.3	 Lymphatic Vessels
		8.4.4	 Astrocytes
		8.4.5	 Neurons
		8.4.6	 Pericytes
		8.4.7	 Macrophages and Microglia
		8.4.8	 Dendritic Cells
		8.4.9	 Neutrophil Granulocytes
		8.4.10	 Lymphoid Cells
		8.4.11	 Extracellular Matrix
	8.5	 Conclusion
	References
9: Cancer Stem Cell Niche and Immune-Active Tumor Microenvironment in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
	9.1	 Introduction
	9.2	 Microenvironment of Normal Testis
	9.3	 Microenvironment of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
		9.3.1	 Pluripotent Stem Cell Niche in TGCTs
		9.3.2	 Hypoxia in the TGCT Microenvironment
	9.4	 Immunity and Testicle Tumor Microenvironment
		9.4.1	 Immune Cell Infiltration of TGCTs and Cytokines Modulating TGCT Microenvironment
		9.4.2	 Immune Function Gene Polymorphisms in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
		9.4.3	 Immune-Related Biomarkers in TGCTs
	9.5	 Conclusion
	References
10: Tumour Microenvironment in Skin Carcinogenesis
	10.1	 Introduction
	10.2	 Tumour Microenvironment: Key Player in Carcinogenesis
	10.3	 Basal Cell Carcinoma
		10.3.1	 Tumour-Associated Macrophages
		10.3.2	 Tumour-Infiltrating Lymphocytes
		10.3.3	 Confocal Assessment of BCC Inflammatory Infiltrate
		10.3.4	 Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
		10.3.5	 Cytokines
	10.4	 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		10.4.1	 Tumour-Associated Macrophages
		10.4.2	 Tumour-Infiltrating Lymphocytes
		10.4.3	 Confocal Assessment of SCC Inflammatory Infiltrate
		10.4.4	 Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
		10.4.5	 Natural Killer Cells
		10.4.6	 Extracellular Matrix
		10.4.7	 Cytokines
	10.5	 Melanoma
		10.5.1	 Tumour-Associated Macrophages
		10.5.2	 Tumour-Infiltrating Lymphocytes
		10.5.3	 Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
		10.5.4	 B Lymphocytes
		10.5.5	 Dendritic Cells
		10.5.6	 Confocal Assessment of Cutaneous Melanoma Inflammatory Infiltrate
		10.5.7	 The Acidification of the Tumour Microenvironment
		10.5.8	 Cytokines
	10.6	 Conclusion
	References
Index