Tuberculous Meningitis: Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy

Tuberculous Meningitis
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 Global and regional burden of tuberculosis and tuberculous meningitis
	Key points
	Global tuberculosis epidemiology
		Prevalence and incidence
		Mortality
	Regional tuberculosis epidemiology
		High-burden tuberculosis settings
		Low-burden tuberculosis settings
		Drug-resistant tuberculosis
	Central nervous system tuberculosis
	World Health Organization management goals
		Background
		Strides toward achieving management goals
		Challenges to achieving management goals
	Conclusion
	References
2 Immunopathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
	Key points
	Biology of tuberculosis
	Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and the pathogenesis of tuberculosis
	Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and tuberculous meningitis
	Host–pathogen interactions and the pathogenesis of tuberculous meningitis
	Conclusion
	References
3 Clinical presentations and features of tuberculous meningitis
	Key points
	Symptoms of tuberculous meningitis
	Clinical signs of tuberculosis and tuberculous meningitis
	Cerebrospinal fluid of tuberculous meningitis
	Neuroimaging of tuberculous meningitis
	Conclusion
	References
4 Laboratory methods for detecting tuberculosis and tuberculous meningitis
	Key points
	Biosafety
	Cerebrospinal fluid collection
	Routine cerebrospinal fluid studies
	Direct microscopy for diagnosis of tuberculosis
	Commercial nucleic acid amplification tests for Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection
	Adenosine deaminase test and lipoarabinomannan lateral flow assay
	Next-generation sequencing
	Immunological assays
	References
5 Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance
	Key points
	Global burden of tuberculosis and drug resistance
	Mechanisms of resistance to antituberculosis drugs
	Drug resistance determination methods: strengths and limitations
	Culture-based drug-susceptibility testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
		Mycobacterial growth indicator tube drug-susceptibility testing
		Agar proportion drug-susceptibility testing methods (Löwenstein–Jensen medium and MB7H10/11)
		Sensititre Mycobacterium tuberculosis MYCOTB AST plate
		Noncommercial methods
	DNA-based tuberculosis drug-susceptibility testing methods
		Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra
		Line probe assays
		Next-generation sequencing
	References
6 Treatment guidelines for tuberculosis and tuberculous meningitis
	Key points
	Drug-susceptible tuberculosis treatment
		Why we use the current combination antituberculosis therapy
		Improving tuberculosis therapy in the future
		Treatment of tuberculous meningitis
		Tuberculous meningitis in HIV-infected patients
		Antituberculosis drugs and antiretroviral therapy
		Tuberculous meningitis in pregnancy and breastfeeding
		Tuberculous meningitis in children
	Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis
		Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
		Multidrug-resistant tuberculous meningitis
	Corticosteroids and host-directed therapies for tuberculous meningitis
	Complications of tuberculous meningitis
		Fever
		Hyponatremia
		Seizures
		Raised intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus
		Monitoring intracranial pressure
		Management of raised intracranial pressure
		Stroke
		Tuberculomas
		Paradoxical reactions
		Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
		Drug-induced liver injury
	References
	Further reading
7 Neurosurgical management of tuberculous meningitis
	Key points
	Introduction
	Hydrocephalus
	Radiology
	Medical management of hydrocephalus
	Surgical management of hydrocephalus
	Outcomes
	Tuberculomas
	References
8 Evidence gaps and future directions
	References
Index