Tsunamis: Causes, Characteristics, Warnings and Protection (Natural Disaster Research, Prediction and Mitigation)

Title Page......Page 7
CONTENTS......Page 9
PREFACE......Page 11
Abstract......Page 17
2. Contemporary Black Sea Conditions......Page 18
3. Recent Black Sea Tsunami Run-Up Events......Page 19
4. Asteroid Impacts on Earth......Page 20
5. Frequency of Asteroid Impacts in Black Sea......Page 21
6. Effects of an Asteroid Impacting the Black Sea......Page 22
7. Tsunami Dynamics......Page 24
7.2. General Features of Tsunamiclaw......Page 25
7.3. Results......Page 26
8.1. Information about Hydrogen Sulfide......Page 33
8.3. Model of Hydrogen Sulfide Down-Wind Dispersion......Page 34
8.4.1. Population Distribution......Page 35
8.4.3. Results and Discussions......Page 37
9. Risks for Nuclear Explosions......Page 38
10. Possible Social Impacts and Prevention......Page 39
11. Conclusion......Page 40
References......Page 41
Abstract......Page 45
Introduction: 26 December 2004 Tsunami......Page 46
Post Tsunami Research Activities in Malaysia......Page 47
Damage along Malaysian Coasts......Page 49
Shallow Water Equations......Page 51
Tuna vs. Comcot......Page 52
Simulation Results......Page 53
Beach Runup......Page 56
Manham......Page 58
Numerical Algorithm......Page 59
An Illustrative Example......Page 60
Penang Case Study......Page 62
Forest Width 1000 M......Page 63
Forest Width 500 M......Page 64
Towards Tsunami Resilient Communities......Page 65
SCSTW3......Page 66
MMD Established Mntews......Page 67
Conclusion......Page 70
References......Page 71
Abstract......Page 73
2004 – Thailand Tsunami [5,18]......Page 75
Injury and Wound Mechanics......Page 79
Treatment......Page 88
Recommendation and Conclusion......Page 91
Acknowledgments......Page 97
References......Page 98
1. Introduction......Page 103
2. Tsunami and Coastal Forest: Problems and Prospects......Page 105
3. The General Role of Coastal Forest in the Reduction ofTsunami Disaster and Important Factors in Their Interaction......Page 109
Minimum Trunk Diameter......Page 111
Wave Thrust and Tree Breaking Moment......Page 112
Forest Density for Low-Inundation......Page 116
Forest Density for High-Inundation......Page 117
The Importance of Variation in the Forest Components......Page 119
Effect of Trees Arrangement in the Forest......Page 120
6. Effect of Forest Width on the Reduction of Tsunami Flow......Page 121
8. Implementation......Page 122
References......Page 124
Introduction......Page 129
General......Page 130
Estimation of Tsunami Run-Up Height......Page 131
Coastal Protection Measures against Tsunami......Page 133
Seawalls and Groins......Page 134
Breakwaters......Page 135
Natural Barriers......Page 136
Mangrove......Page 137
Other Natural Barriers......Page 138
Effect of Coastal Forests on Tsunami Run-Up Height......Page 139
Conclusion......Page 142
References......Page 143
Abstract......Page 147
Introduction......Page 148
Vegetation along Tamil Nadu Coast......Page 149
Methods......Page 150
Response of Coastal Vegetation to the Tsunami Attack......Page 151
Role of Sheltered Coasts Compared to Built-Up Coasts......Page 154
Post Tsunami Restoration Efforts......Page 156
Need for Functional Green Belts......Page 158
References......Page 161
Abstract......Page 165
Introduction......Page 166
Methods of Study......Page 167
Identification of Recent Tsunami Sediments......Page 168
Paleo-Tsunami Sediments from Sri Lanka......Page 173
Assemblages of Microfossils in Tsunami Sediments......Page 176
a. Recent Tsunami Sediment......Page 177
b. Paleo-Tsunami Sediment – 30 cm below the Present Ground Level......Page 178
Ages of Tsunami Sediments......Page 179
Conclusions......Page 180
References......Page 181
Web References......Page 183
Abstract......Page 185
Most Recent Developments......Page 186
Legislation [3]......Page 187
Early Warning......Page 190
Maldives......Page 191
Introduction......Page 192
Comparisons to Past Disasters......Page 193
Health......Page 195
Relief Operations and Aid Delivery......Page 196
Tsunami Orphans: The Tsunami Generation......Page 197
U.S. Emergency Assistance to the Region......Page 198
The U.S. Emergency Response Mechanism......Page 199
Legislation......Page 200
International Donor Conferences......Page 201
Indonesia......Page 202
Sri Lanka......Page 203
India......Page 205
Thailand......Page 207
Burma......Page 208
The Maldives......Page 209
Somalia......Page 210
Madagascar......Page 212
Burdensharing......Page 213
Debt Relief......Page 214
Countering Negative Images of the United States......Page 215
Early Warning Systems: International Scientific, Technologicaland Other Challenges......Page 216
Aid to Indonesia and the Leahy Amendment......Page 217
Appendix 1. U.S. Assistance to Selected Countries Affectedby the Indian Ocean Tsunami......Page 218
Indonesia......Page 220
India......Page 221
Malaysia......Page 222
References......Page 223
Introduction......Page 231
Challenges......Page 232
Proposals......Page 233
U.S. Operations and Research......Page 235
Related U.S. Programs......Page 237
References......Page 238
1.Introduction......Page 241
2.Preliminary......Page 243
3.MovingBottom......Page 245
4.TsunamisfromPhysicalPointofView......Page 246
5.2.IllustrativeAnswersfortheMostFrequentlyAskedQuestions......Page 248
6.TheGreatestHistoricalCatastrophes......Page 249
8.LinearTheoryofTsunamisGeneratedbyMovingBottom......Page 251
9.Non-linearMathematicalModelingofTsunamis......Page 252
10.TsunamiandtheBoussinesqEquation......Page 254
11.1.UsingthetanhMethod......Page 255
11.2.UsingAdomianDecompositionMethod......Page 256
Conclusion......Page 257
References......Page 259
GeneralBibliography......Page 261
INDEX......Page 263