Tropical Forest Seed (Tropical Forestry)

3540490280......Page 1
Contents......Page 12
1. Introduction......Page 18
2.1 Introduction......Page 24
2.2 Biological Factors Influencing Collection......Page 25
2.2.1 Type of Fruit and Seed......Page 26
2.2.2 Maturity and Seasonality......Page 29
2.2.3 Damage to Trees and Future Seed Crop......Page 31
2.3.1 Identity of Mother Tree......Page 34
2.3.2 Shape and Height of Seed Trees......Page 35
2.3.3 Climate and Weather Conditions......Page 37
2.3.4 Accessibility and Terrain......Page 38
2.3.6 Availability and Cost of Equipment......Page 39
2.3.7 Ease of Prestorage and Processing......Page 41
2.4 Some Genetic Considerations in Connection with Seed Collection......Page 42
2.5 Collection Methods......Page 47
2.5.1 Collection from the Ground......Page 48
2.5.2 Collection from the Crown......Page 52
2.5.3 Some Special Collection Methods......Page 69
2.6 Safety and Routines......Page 73
2.7.1 Field Records and Sampling......Page 78
2.7.2 Preprocessing, Field Storage and Transport......Page 79
3.1 Introduction......Page 83
3.2 Use of Technology in Seed Processing......Page 84
3.3 Precleaning......Page 86
3.4 After-ripening......Page 87
3.5 Seed Extraction......Page 91
3.5.1 Seed Extraction from Dry Fruits......Page 94
3.5.2 Seed Extraction from Fleshy Fruits (Depulping)......Page 111
3.5.3 Biological Extraction......Page 119
3.6 Dewinging......Page 122
3.7 Seed Cleaning......Page 124
3.7.1 Cleaning According to Size......Page 128
3.7.2 Cleaning According to Form, Sieves and the Indented Cylinder......Page 131
3.7.3 Cleaning According to Gravity and Form – Winnowing and Blowing......Page 132
3.7.4 Cleaning According to Gravity – Specific-Gravity Separators......Page 134
3.7.5 Cleaning According to Form and Surface......Page 140
3.7.6 Cleaning According to Specific Gravity – Flotation......Page 142
3.8 Seed Grading and Upgrading......Page 143
3.9 Adjusting Moisture Content for Storage......Page 145
3.10 Seed Moisture and Principles of Seed Drying......Page 148
3.10.1 Temperature and Humidity......Page 149
3.10.3 Seed Moisture and Temperature......Page 150
3.11 Potential Seed Damage During Processing......Page 153
3.12 Safety Precautions During Processing......Page 155
3.13 Maintaining Identity During Processing......Page 156
4.1 Introduction......Page 159
4.2 Storability and Metabolism......Page 160
4.3 Classification of Storage Physiology......Page 161
4.4 Ecophysiological Role of Storage......Page 166
4.5 Seed Longevity......Page 167
4.6.1 Desiccation and Metabolism......Page 171
4.6.2 Physiological Changes During Ageing......Page 172
4.6.3 Longevity Models......Page 175
4.7.1 Seed Moisture and Air Humidity......Page 177
4.7.3 Storage Atmosphere......Page 179
4.8 Storage of Desiccation-Sensitive and Intermediate Seeds......Page 180
4.8.1 Moisture Content and Desiccation Rate......Page 183
4.8.2 Temperature......Page 185
4.8.5 Hydration–Dehydration......Page 186
4.9 Seed Store Units......Page 187
4.9.1 Physical Setting of Storerooms......Page 188
4.9.2 Storeroom Capacity......Page 189
4.9.3 Cold Stores......Page 192
4.10 Storage Containers......Page 195
4.11 Storage Pests and Pathogens......Page 197
4.11.1 Seed-Storage Insects......Page 199
4.11.2 Seed Fungi......Page 207
5.1 Introduction......Page 214
5.2 Dormancy in a Regenerational Context......Page 216
5.3 Physiology of Seed Dormancy......Page 218
5.4 Terminology and Classification of Dormancy......Page 221
5.5 Dormancy Types and Pretreatment Methods......Page 222
5.5.1 Mechanical Dormancy......Page 224
5.5.2 Physical Dormancy......Page 227
5.5.3 Chemical Dormancy (Inhibitors)......Page 243
5.5.4 Photodormancy......Page 245
5.5.5 Thermodormancy......Page 248
5.5.6 Underdeveloped Embryo......Page 251
5.5.7 Combined Dormancy......Page 252
5.6.1 Soaking in Water......Page 253
5.6.2 Growth Regulators......Page 254
5.6.3 Priming and Fluid Drilling......Page 256
5.7 Seed Coating and Pelleting......Page 258
6.1 Introduction......Page 261
6.2 The Physiological Events of Germination......Page 263
6.2.1 Imbibition......Page 264
6.2.2 Start of Metabolism – \'Lag Phase\'......Page 266
6.2.3 Embryo Differentiation and Growth......Page 267
6.2.4 Germination Types......Page 269
6.2.5 Seedling Establishment......Page 270
6.3.1 Sowing Time......Page 273
6.3.2 Germination and Growth Medium......Page 275
6.3.3 Temperature and Light......Page 276
6.3.5 pH......Page 277
6.3.6 Sowing Depth......Page 278
6.3.8 Fungal Problems, \'Damping-Off\' Disease......Page 279
6.4.1 Light and Shade......Page 283
6.4.2 Moisture......Page 284
6.4.3 Fertilisers......Page 285
6.4.4 Pruning......Page 286
6.5 Direct Seeding......Page 288
6.6 Microsymbiont Management......Page 292
7.1 Introduction......Page 294
7.2 Timing Seed Testing......Page 296
7.3 Standard Seed Testing......Page 298
7.4 Sampling......Page 300
7.4.1 Drawing Samples......Page 301
7.4.2 Reduction of Sample Size for Testing......Page 304
7.5 Purity......Page 305
7.6 Seed Weight......Page 309
7.7 Moisture Content......Page 310
7.8 Viability and Germination......Page 313
7.8.1 Viability Tests......Page 315
7.8.2 Germination Test......Page 321
7.9 Other Seed Testing......Page 328
7.9.1 Vigour Test......Page 329
7.9.2 Seed Health Testing......Page 334
8.1 Introduction......Page 336
8.2 Distribution Patterns for Forest Seed......Page 339
8.3.1 Market Analysis......Page 341
8.3.2 Product Development, Diversity and Species......Page 342
8.3.3 Seed Pricing......Page 343
8.3.4 Marketing......Page 345
8.3.5 Managing Seed Stock and Sale......Page 349
8.4 Dispatch and Shipment of Seed......Page 351
8.4.1 Packing Material......Page 352
8.5 Seed Documentation......Page 353
8.5.1 Documentation and Certification......Page 356
8.5.2 Accession Numbers......Page 357
8.5.3 Documentation Systems......Page 359
8.5.4 Seed Source Records......Page 360
8.6 Rules and Regulations......Page 366
8.6.1 Target Group......Page 368
8.6.2 Legislation on Seed Quality......Page 369
8.6.3 Legal Authorities and Implementation......Page 372
8.6.4 Export and Import Regulations......Page 373
Appendix 1: Seed Processing Table – Species List......Page 377
Appendix 2: Seed Testing Forms......Page 385
References......Page 389
B......Page 411
D......Page 412
E......Page 413
G......Page 414
I......Page 415
N......Page 416
P......Page 417
S......Page 418
T......Page 420
X......Page 421