Tropical Forest Ecosystem Services in Improving Livelihoods For Local Communities

Contents
About the Editors
1: Conservation of Tropical Forest for the Well-Being of Community
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 The Importance of Tropical Forest
		1.2.1 Forests Are a Source of Food, Raw Materials and Medicine
		1.2.2 Forest as Natural Ground Cover
		1.2.3 Forests as Earth Weather Stabilisers
	1.3 Deforestation of Tropical Forest
	1.4 The Importance of Tropical Forest Conservation
	1.5 The Economic Valuation of Tropical Forest
	1.6 Conclusion
	References
2: Forest Pathology in Ecosystem Services
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Ecosystem Services in Forest Pathology
		2.2.1 Provisioning Services
		2.2.2 Supporting Services
		2.2.3 Regulating Services
		2.2.4 Cultural Services
	2.3 Impact of Forest Diseases on Ecosystem Services in Malaysia
	2.4 Impact of Agricultural Activities
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
3: Non-timber Forest Problems: NTFPs in Conservation and Development Initiatives
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 What Are NTFPs?
	3.3 Commercialisation for Conservation and Development
		3.3.1 Marginalisation
		3.3.2 Overexploitation
		3.3.3 The Bottom Line: Who Do Incentives Incentivise?
	3.4 Beyond Extraction: Other Approaches to NTFPs
		3.4.1 Local Management for Local Needs
		3.4.2 Integrated Management for Commercialisation
		3.4.3 Regulation and Rights
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
4: Characterizing and Assessing Forest Density and Productivity of Ulu Muda Forest Reserve Based on Satellite Imageries
	4.1 Net Primary Productivity
	4.2 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
	4.3 Motivation of the Study
	4.4 Methodology
		4.4.1 Study Site
		4.4.2 NPP and Social Demographic Ulu Muda FR Community
		4.4.3 Satellite Data
		4.4.4 Data Analysis
		4.4.5 Forest Density Mapping
			4.4.5.1 Forest Density Distribution by Area
			4.4.5.2 NPP Equation
	4.5 Results and Discussion
		4.5.1 Forest Density Mapping
		4.5.2 Forest Density Distribution Based on Area
		4.5.3 Forest Density Distribution More than 1ha
		4.5.4 Accuracy Assessment
		4.5.5 Producer´s and User´s Accuracy
		4.5.6 Biophysical and Vegetation Indices
		4.5.7 NPP
		4.5.8 NPP and Its Impact on the Ulu Muda FR Community
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
5: Temporal Reduction of Forest Ecosystem Services and Drivers of Deforestation
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Deforestation
		5.1.2 Determinants of Deforestation and the Impact of Deforestation in Peninsular Malaysia
		5.1.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
	5.2 Deforestation and Impact of Drivers in Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia
		5.2.1 Study Area and Conceptual Framework of Deforestation
		5.2.2 Hypothesis of the Study and Specification of the Model
	5.3 Research Findings: The Impacts of Direct and Indirect Factors on Deforestation
		5.3.1 Short- and Long-Run Relationship of Direct and Indirect Determinants of Deforestation
		5.3.2 Residual Diagnosis and Model Validation
	5.4 Discussion
		5.4.1 Government
		5.4.2 Private Sector
		5.4.3 Community
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
6: A Trade-Off Analysis of Sustainable Landscape Planning: A Case Study of Sintang Regency (Heart of Borneo), Kalimantan
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Sintang and Sustainable Regency (Sintang Lestari)
	6.2 Data and Methodology
		6.2.1 Study Area
		6.2.2 Data
	6.3 Methodology
		6.3.1 Land Projection Model
	6.4 Results and Discussion
		6.4.1 Land Use and Land Cover Changes (LULCC) in Sintang from 2006 to 2016
			6.4.1.1 Projection of Changes in Land Use and Land Cover from 2016 to 2030
				BAU Scenario
				Sintang Lestari (SL) Scenario
				BAU Scenario Vs. Sintang Lestari Scenario
			6.4.1.2 Further Analysis and Comparison with More Recent Landscape Planning and Sintang Lestari Regulations Is Needed
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
7: Land Use and Land Cover Change Prediction Using ANN-CA Model
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Materials and Methods
		7.2.1 Study Area
		7.2.2 Methodology
			7.2.2.1 Data Acquisition and Preparation
			7.2.2.2 Image Classification and Accuracy Assessment
			7.2.2.3 ANN-CA Model Analysis and Validation
	7.3 Results
		7.3.1 Land Use and Land Cover Analysis
		7.3.2 Land-Use Land-Cover Transition Analysis
	7.4 Discussion
	7.5 Conclusion
	Appendix 1: Validation Point Distribution with Global Moran´s Index
	Appendix 2: (a) Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and (b) Road Network in the Study Area
	Appendix 3: (a) Real Map, and (b) Predicted Map for 2015
	Appendix 4: Validation Graph and Kappa Statistics
	References
8: Linking Blue-Green Infrastructure to Microclimate and Human Thermal Comfort for Urban Cooling: A Review
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Materials and Method
	8.3 Results and Discussion
		8.3.1 General Patterns of Returned Articles
		8.3.2 Data Collection Process, Blue-Green Infrastructure Structure and Human Thermal Comfort Studies
	8.4 Conclusions
	References
9: Assessing the Community Participation in Ecotourism at Ulu Muda Forest Reserve, Malaysia
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Community Participation for Ecotourism Sustainable Development
		9.2.1 Motivation for Community Participation
		9.2.2 Benefits of Ecotourism on Community Participation
		9.2.3 Causes of Conflict on Community Participation
	9.3 Conceptual Framework
	9.4 Methodology
		9.4.1 Reliability Analysis
	9.5 Results and Discussion
		9.5.1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents
		9.5.2 Descriptive Analysis of Motivation, Benefits of Ecotourism and Causes of Conflict
		9.5.3 Relationship Between Motivation, Benefits and Conflicts and Community Participation
	9.6 Conclusion
	9.7 Limitations and Future Studies
	References
10: Improving Livelihood of Sugar Palm Community in Malaysia
	10.1 Background
	10.2 Products from Sugar Palm Trees
	10.3 Approaches
		10.3.1 Availability of Sugar Palm Trees
		10.3.2 Industry Visits
		10.3.3 Technology Transfer (from Waste to Wealth)
	10.4 Products
		10.4.1 Sugar Palm Starch
		10.4.2 Products from Sugar Palm Sap
		10.4.3 Sugar Palm Fruits
		10.4.4 Sugar Palm Fibres
	10.5 Equipment, Machines and Facilities Developed
	10.6 Conclusions
	References
11: Local Community Involvement in Mangrove Forest Conservation and Edutourism in Kampung Sijangkang
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Methodology
		11.2.1 Study Area
		11.2.2 Data Collection
	11.3 Results and Discussion
		11.3.1 Motivations
		11.3.2 Development Process
		11.3.3 Achievements
		11.3.4 Perceptions on Benefits of Mangrove Forests Conservation
	11.4 Conclusion
	References
12: The Resilience of the Natural Resource Dependency of Indigenous People in a Wilderness Area: The Case of Virachey National...
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Methods
		12.2.1 Site Selection
		12.2.2 Data
		12.2.3 Analysis Framework
	12.3 Forest Resource Dependency of Indigenous People in Virachey National Park
		12.3.1 Current Status of Forest Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
		12.3.2 Forest Resource Dependency
			12.3.2.1 Fishing
			12.3.2.2 NTFP Collection
			12.3.2.3 Hunting
				Box 12.1 Story of a Hunting Household
			12.3.2.4 Ecotourism
				Box 12.2 Story of the Household with the Highest Income from Ecotourism
	12.4 The Driving Forces of Change in Forest Resources
	12.5 Co-management for Resilience in Natural Resource Management
	12.6 Conclusion
	References
13: Reconciling the Values and Needs of Wildlife and Local Communities: A Way Forward to Deal with Human-Wildlife Conflicts in...
	13.1 Being Rich: A Biological and an Economic Perspective
	13.2 Economic Growth and Human-Wildlife Conflicts
	13.3 Market Failure and Wildlife Overexploitation
	13.4 Valuing Wildlife Through Various Approaches
	13.5 The Way Forward: Wildlife Value Capturing and Inclusion
	References