Trichoderma: Agricultural Applications and Beyond (Soil Biology, 61)

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Chapter 1: Advances in Systematics, Taxonomy, and Conservation of Trichoderma Species
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Biology and Species Concept
	1.3 Advances in Taxonomic History
	1.4 Significance of Morphology
	1.5 Molecular Taxonomy of Trichoderma
	1.6 DNA Markers
	1.7 DNA Sequencing
	1.8 Ex Situ Conservation
	1.9 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2: Biodiversity of Trichoderma Species in Different Agro-Ecological Habitats
	2.1 Prelude
	2.2 Study of Taxonomy: May Help to Explore Biodiversity
	2.3 Study at the Level of Species: Key to Biodiversity
	2.4 Establishing Phylogenetic Relationship Among Species
	2.5 How Species in Trichoderma genus Can Be Identified
		2.5.1 Analysis of Morphological Characters
	2.6 Molecular Analysis
	2.7 Diversity Due to Metabolic Traits
	2.8 Distribution and Biogeography of Trichoderma: Indicate the Status of Biodiversity
	2.9 Diversity of Trichoderma in Tropical Climate
	2.10 The Soil-Inhabitant Trichoderma Species Are More Common in Tropical Regions
	2.11 Diversity of Species and Secondary Metabolites
	2.12 Root Colonization
	2.13 Substrates for Mass Multiplication
	2.14 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3: Beneficial Effects of Trichoderma on Plant-Pathogen Interactions: Understanding Mechanisms Underlying Genes
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Mycoparasitism
	3.3 Chitinases
	3.4 Glucanases
	3.5 Proteases
	3.6 Mechanisms of Signal Transduction
	3.7 Competition
	3.8 Competition for Nutrients
	3.9 Competition for Root Colonization
	3.10 Production of Antibiotics and Secondary Metabolites
	3.11 Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthases (NRPSs)
	3.12 Peptaibols
	3.13 Gliotoxin and Gliovirin
	3.14 Siderophores
	3.15 6-Pentyl Pyrone (6-PP)/Pyrones
	3.16 Polyketides
	3.17 Terpenoids/Steroids
	3.18 Induced Systemic Resistance by Trichoderma
	3.19 Stress Tolerances
	3.20 Hyphal Growth
	References
Chapter 4: Trichoderma: Boon for Agriculture
	4.1 Diversity, Taxonomy, and Conservation
	4.2 Beneficial Effects of Trichoderma
	4.3 Trichoderma: As a Potential Biocontrol Agent
	4.4 Mechanisms of Biological Control
	4.5 Antagonism by Trichoderma spp.
	4.6 Application of Trichoderma as Biocontrol Agent for Disease Control
	4.7 Trichoderma: As a Biocontrol Agent and Plant Growth Promoter
	4.8 Commercial Formulations and Products of Trichoderma
	4.9 Management of Soil-Borne Diseases by Trichoderma viride
	4.10 Genetics of Trichoderma
	4.11 Trichoderma: Agriculture
	References
Chapter 5: Mass Multiplication of Trichoderma in Bioreactors
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Trichoderma spp. Commercially Important Propagules: Mycelia, Chlamydospores, and Spores
		5.2.1 Mass Production
		5.2.2 Production Area (Upstream and Downstream)
		5.2.3 Quality Assurance Unit
		5.2.4 Packing and Dispatch of the Final Product
	5.3 Product Stability Study
	5.4 Different Types of Fermentation and Bioreactor Designing
		5.4.1 Submerged Fermentation
		5.4.2 Solid-State Fermentation
	5.5 Factors Affecting the Growth of Trichoderma spp. in Bioreactors
		5.5.1 Strains
		5.5.2 Nutritional Requirements
		5.5.3 Physical Factors: Temperature, pH, Moisture, Oxygen Concentration
		5.5.4 Inoculum and Seed Culture
		5.5.5 Mechanical Factors
		5.5.6 Scale-Up of Bioprocess
	5.6 Factors Affecting Quality of Trichoderma Product
	5.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Trichoderma Species: A Blessing for Crop Production
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Application for the Management of Plant Diseases
	6.3 How Trichoderma Performs Its Action in Plant Disease Management
		6.3.1 Competition
		6.3.2 Competition for Nutrient and Space
		6.3.3 Root Colonization
	6.4 Nutrient Solubilization
	6.5 Mycoparasitism
	6.6 Antibiosis
	6.7 Induction of Disease Resistance by Trichoderma spp.
	6.8 Gene Regulatory Mechanisms Triggering the Defense by Trichoderma
	6.9 Trichoderma as a Protector of Plant Health
	6.10 Plant Disease Suppression
	6.11 Trichoderma as an endophyte for the disease suppression
	6.12 Suppression of Disease Through Siderophore Production and Other Secondary Metabolites
	6.13 Secondary Metabolites
	6.14 Use of Trichoderma spp. for Bacterial Disease Management
	6.15 Use of Trichoderma spp. for Nematode Disease Management
	6.16 Application of Trichoderma for Mitigating Abiotic Stresses
	6.17 Trichoderma harzianum Can Interfere with Drought by Increasing Relative Water Content in Plants
	6.18 Trichoderma Can Interfere in Drought by Increasing Plant´s Membrane Stability Index
	6.19 Trichoderma Can Alleviate Drought Tolerance by Interfering the Proline Content
	6.20 Trichoderma Can Alleviate Drought by Interfering with Reactive Oxygen Species
	6.21 Increased Salinity Tolerance by Trichoderma
	6.22 Altered Gene Expression Due to Trichoderma harzianum
	6.23 Application for Better Crop Productivity
	6.24 Plant Growth Promotion
	6.25 Application of Trichoderma for Bioremediation
	6.26 Application in Genetic Engineering
	6.27 Trichoderma as a Source of Transgenes
	6.28 Trichoderma spp. as Industrial Workhorses
	6.29 Cellulases and Other Plant Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes
	6.30 Application of Trichoderma in Food and Other Industries
	6.31 Potential Applications in Modern Agriculture and Sustainable Environment
	6.32 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles from Trichoderma spp.
	6.33 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Trichoderma: An Effective and Potential Biocontrol Agent for Sustainable Management of Pulses Pathogens
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Status of Biocontrol Agents (BCAs) Research and Development
	7.3 Biocontrol Mechanisms of Trichoderma Spp.
	7.4 Mechanisms of Trichoderma Spp. Against Soilborne Pathogens
		7.4.1 Antibiosis
		7.4.2 Starvation
		7.4.3 Induced Resistance
		7.4.4 Biocontrol Genes from Trichoderma
	7.5 Genes for Abiotic and Biotic Stress
	7.6 Plant-Trichoderma Interaction
	7.7 Effect on Plant Morphology
	7.8 Management of Pulse Pathogens Through Trichoderma Spp.
	7.9 Chickpea Diseases
	7.10 Pigeonpea Diseases
	7.11 Lentil Diseases
	7.12 Mungbean/Urdbean Diseases
	7.13 Pea and Bean Diseases
	7.14 Preparation of Trichoderma Formulations and Shelf Life
	7.15 Delivery System of Trichoderma Formulations in Pulses
	7.16 Seed Treatment
	7.17 Soil Application
	7.18 Foliar Spray
	7.19 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: Management of Diseases of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Using High Shelf Life Formulation of Trichoderma
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Usefulness and Cultivation
	8.3 Diseases of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
	8.4 Diverse Methods Adopted for Management of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Diseases
	8.5 Biological Control Agents (BCAs): An Eco-Friendly Approach for Disease Management in MAPs
	8.6 Case Study: High Shelf Life Trichoderma for Disease Management and Enhancement of Yield and Secondary Metabolites in MAPs
	8.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Trichoderma: A Globally Dominant Commercial Biofungicide
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Market Status of Biopesticides
	9.3 Types of Biopesticides
	9.4 Trichoderma: An Overview
	9.5 Mode of Action of Trichoderma Spp. against Wide Range of Phytopathogens
	9.6 Trichoderma: A Key Player of Biopesticide Industry
	9.7 Different Types of Formulations of Trichoderma
	9.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Modulation of Microbiome Through Seed Bio-priming
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Plant-Microbe Interactions
	10.3 Understanding the Ecological Niches and Shaping the Microbiomes
		10.3.1 The Seed Microbiome
		10.3.2 The Rhizosphere
		10.3.3 The Endosphere
		10.3.4 The Phyllosphere
	10.4 Future Perspectives
	10.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 11: Opportunistic Avirulent Plant Symbionts Trichoderma: Exploring Its Potential Against Soilborne Phytopathogens
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Mechanisms of Trichoderma in the Control of Soilborne Pathogens
		11.2.1 Mycoparasitism
		11.2.2 Competition
		11.2.3 Antibiosis
	11.3 Induction of Defense Response
	11.4 Trichoderma Genes
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Biotechnological Application of Trichoderma: A Powerful Fungal Isolate with Diverse Potentials for the Attainment ...
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Application of Trichoderma spp. as a Dependable Biotechnology Tool for the Post-harvest Prevention of Diseases and Attain...
	12.3 Application of Trichoderma spp. as a Dependable Biotechnology Tool for the Management of Pests and Diseases and Their Rol...
	12.4 Application of Trichoderma spp. as a Dependable Biotechnology Tool for Protection of Environment and Active Role They Pla...
	12.5 Modes of Actions that Empower Trichoderma spp. to Perform Their Various Biotechnological Roles
	12.6 Stimulation of Plant Resistance by Trichoderma spp.
	12.7 Future Direction and Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Trichoderma as Biostimulant: Factors Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Modification in Rhizosphere and Roots
		13.1.2 Bioaccumulation of Useful Metabolites in Rhizosphere System
		13.1.3 Siderophores
		13.1.4 Volatile Compounds
		13.1.5 Plant Growth Regulator
	13.2 Alleviation of Abiotic Stress
		13.2.1 Impact on Physiological Response of Plants
		13.2.2 Nutritional Starvation
		13.2.3 Salinity Tolerance
		13.2.4 Drought Stress
		13.2.5 Heat and Cold Tolerance
		13.2.6 Metal Tolerance
	13.3 Enhancement in Mineral Solubilization and Uptake
	13.4 Enhancement in Plant Defense and Immune Stimulation
		13.4.1 Mycoparasitism Related Metabolites
		13.4.2 Bioactive Metabolites
	13.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 14: Trichoderma Proteome: Multifunctional Role in Plant Defense
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 Mechanism of Action of Trichoderma
		14.1.2 Proteome of Trichoderma
		14.1.3 Proteins Related in Primary Metabolism
	14.2 Proteins Related in Biocontrol
	14.3 Proteins Involved in Elicitation of Plant Defense
	14.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15: Strategies of Biotechnological Innovations Using Trichoderma
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Trichoderma Genera as Improved Bioprocessing Cell Factories
	15.3 Novel Omics Approaches to Tailor Trichoderma for Biotech Potential
	15.4 Intelligent Selection of Trichoderma Strains with New and Functional Traits
	15.5 Advance Systems Biology and Bioengineering Approaches for Heterologous Protein and Bioactive Production
	15.6 Chemical Epigenetic Manipulation of Trichoderma Biomolecule Cluster
	15.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 16: Trichoderma spp.: Expanding Potential beyond Agriculture
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Application in Beverage Industry
	16.3 Applications in Food, Flavor and Aroma Industry
	16.4 Application in Pharmaceutical Industry
	16.5 Trichoderma in Bioremediation
	16.6 Trichoderma in Nanotechnology
	16.7 In Vitro Study on Nitrile Degrading Ability of Trichoderma Spp.: A Case Study
	16.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References