Trends in Fabrication of Polymers and Polymer Composites

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contributors
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Fabrication of Polymers and Polymeric Composites
	1.1 INTRODUCTION
	1.2 SUMMARY OF THE BOOK
	REFERENCES
Chapter 2: Polymer Fabrication Using Photochemical Processes—A Review
	2.1 INTRODUCTION
	2.2 BASIC PHOTON INDUCED REACTIONS
	2.3 LIGHT SENSITIVE POLYMER STRUCTURING TECHNIQUES
	2.4 VISUALIZATION AND TESTING METHODS
	2.5 APPLICATION OF THE PHOTOPOLYMER TECHNOLOGY
	2.6 CONCLUSION
	REFERENCES
Chapter 3: Laser-Assisted Fabrication of Polymers by Pushing Down the Limit of Resolution
	3.1 INTRODUCTION
	3.2 POLYMERS
		3.2.1 Types of polymers
		3.2.2 Polymer additives
		3.2.3 Polymer manufacturing processes
		3.2.4 Commonly used polymers in manufacturing
	3.3 LASER
		3.3.1 Laser operations
		3.3.2 Types of laser used for manufacturing
			3.3.2.1 Gas laser
			3.3.2.2 Solid-state laser
			3.3.2.3 Semiconductor diode laser
			3.3.2.4 Dye laser
	3.4 MICROFABRICATION OF POLYMER-BASED MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES
		3.4.1 Micro/nano fabrication techniques
			3.4.1.1 Photolithography
			3.4.1.2 Film deposition
			3.4.1.3 Etching
			3.4.1.4 Rapid prototyping
			3.4.1.5 X-ray lithography
			3.4.1.6 Soft lithography
		3.4.2 Use of polymers in bonding interlayers in MEMS devices
			3.4.2.1 Adhesive bonding
			3.4.2.2 Thermal bonding
			3.4.2.3 Laser bonding
		3.4.3 Direct laser fabrication for 3D micro/nanostructures
			3.4.3.1 Stereolithography and micro-stereolithography
			3.4.3.2 Two-photon polymerization (TPP)
			3.4.3.3 Nano stereolithography (NSL) using TPP
			3.4.3.4 A functional micro-fluidic system using TPP
			3.4.3.5 Direct laser writing (DLW)
			3.4.3.6 Laser sintering (LS)
			3.4.3.7 Laser ablation
	3.5 ADVANTAGES, LIMITATIONS, AND APPLICATIONS OF LASER-ASSISTED FABRICATION OF POLYMERS
		3.5.1 Advantages
		3.5.2 Limitations
		3.5.3 Applications
			3.5.3.1 Micro/nanotechnology
			3.5.3.2 3D printing
			3.5.3.3 Replication of microstructures
			3.5.3.4 Optical fiber gratings
			3.5.3.5 Micro resonators
			3.5.3.6 Micro lenses
			3.5.3.7 Electronic circuits
			3.5.3.8 Microfluidics
			3.5.3.9 Micro-network
			3.5.3.10 Micro-needles
	3.6 CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE ASPECTS OF LASER-ASSISTED FABRICATION OF POLYMERS
	3.7 SUMMARY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 4: Advances in Polymer Materials and Composites for Additive Manufacturing
	4.1 INTRODUCTION
	4.2 ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES FOR POLYMER COMPOSITES
	4.3 POWDER BED FUSION PROCESSES FOR POLYMER AND COMPOSITES
	4.4 VAT PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION PROCESS FOR POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES
	4.5 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN MATERIAL AND PROCESS DEVELOPMENT FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
	4.6 CONCLUSION
	REFERENCES
Chapter 5: Polymer Microfabrication for Biomedical Applications
	5.1 INTRODUCTION
		5.1.1 Polymers and biomedical applications
	5.2 MICROFABRICATION OF POLYMER-BASED BIOMEDICAL DEVICES
		5.2.1 Photolithography
		5.2.2 Soft lithography
		5.2.3 Hot embossing
		5.2.4 Porous structure formulation techniques
		5.2.5 Microthermoforming
	5.3 APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERIC STRUCTURES
		5.3.1 Medical diagnostics
		5.3.2 Drug delivery and therapeutics
		5.3.3 Tissue engineering
		5.3.4 Mimicking biofunctionality with polymers
	5.4 CONCLUSIONS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 6: Extraction, Fabrication, and Mechanical Aspects in Composites of Bamboo Fiber
	6.1 INTRODUCTION
	6.2 BAMBOO FIBER EXTRACTION
		6.2.1 Mechanical extraction methods
			6.2.1.1 Retting method
			6.2.1.2 Steam explosion method
			6.2.1.3 Crushing method
			6.2.1.4 Grinding process
			6.2.1.5 Rolling mill process
		6.2.2 Chemical extraction methods
			6.2.2.1 Simultaneous extraction and degumming
			6.2.2.2 Acid/alkali retting processes
			6.2.2.3 Chemically assisted natural retting
	6.3 FABRICATION/MANUFACTURING METHODS FOR NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITES (NFCs)
		6.3.1 Hand layup technique
		6.3.2 Resin transfer molding (RTM)
		6.3.3 Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VRTM)
		6.3.4 Compression molding (CM)
		6.3.5 Vacuum bag molding
	6.4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
		6.4.1 Tensile properties
		6.4.2 Flexural properties
		6.4.3 Impact strength
		6.4.4 Hardness properties
	6.5 APPLICATION OF BAMBOO FIBER COMPOSITES
	6.6 CONCLUSION
	REFERENCES
Chapter 7: Recent Advances in Fabrication and Characterization of Nanofiller Filled Epoxy Nanocomposites
	7.1 INTRODUCTION
	7.2 EPOXY MATRIX AND NANOMATERIALS
		7.2.1 Epoxy
		7.2.2 Silica nanoparticles
		7.2.3 Nanoclays
		7.2.4 Potassium titanate whiskers
		7.2.5 Carbon nanotubes
		7.2.6 Graphene
	7.3 PROCESSING AND FABRICATION
	7.4 DISPERSION OF NANOPARTICLES IN EPOXY
		7.4.1 Dispersion of nanoparticles by mechanical mixing
		7.4.2 Dispersion of nanoparticles by sonication
		7.4.3 Dispersion of nanoparticles by the three-roll mill technique
		7.4.4 Dispersion of nanoparticles by homogenizer shear mixing
		7.4.5 Dispersion of nanoparticles by the ball milling process
		7.4.6 Dispersion of nanoparticles by the microfluidic dispersion process
		7.4.7 Dispersion of nanoparticles through spinning under vacuum
		7.4.8 Dispersion of nanoparticle by the hydro-compounding process
	7.5 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NANOCOMPOSITES
		7.5.1 Microstructure and mechanical properties of epoxy/SiO2 composites
		7.5.2 Microstructure and mechanical properties of epoxy/nanoclay composites
		7.5.3 Microstructure and mechanical properties of epoxy/PTW composites
		7.5.4 Microstructure and mechanical properties of epoxy/CNTs composites
		7.5.5 Microstructure and mechanical properties of epoxy/graphene composites
	7.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS
		7.6.1 Epoxy/SiO2 composites
		7.6.2 Epoxy/nanoclay composites
		7.6.3 Epoxy/PTW composites
		7.6.4 Epoxy/CNTs composites
		7.6.5 Epoxy/graphene composites
	REFERENCES
Chapter 8: Synthesis of Catalyst-Free Carbon Nano Onions (CNOs) for Advanced Functional Materials
	8.1 INTRODUCTION
	8.2 STRUCTURE OF A CNO
	8.3 MECHANISMS OF CNO SYNTHESIS
	8.4 SYNTHESIS OF A CNO
	8.5 DEVELOPMENT OF CNO REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES AND THEIR APPLICATION
	8.6 CONCLUSIONS
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 9: Recent Trends in the Manufacturing of Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Epoxy Nanocomposites as Advanced Functional Material
	9.1 INTRODUCTION
	9.2 SYNTHESIS OF REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE (rGO)
	9.3 DISPERSION OF rGO INTO THE EPOXY-BASED MATRIX
	9.4 DEVELOPMENT OF rGO MODIFIED POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES
		9.4.1 Hand layup method
		9.4.2 Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM)
	9.5 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE rGO MODIFIED POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITE
	9.6 DRILLING OF CFRP COMPOSITES
	9.7 DELAMINATION IN POLYMER LAMINATES
		9.7.1 Delamination assessment
		9.7.2 Mechanisms of delamination
			9.7.2.1 Push-out at exit
			9.7.2.2 Peel-up at entrance
		9.7.3 Analytical approach
			9.7.3.1 Experimental models
			9.7.3.2 Mathematical models
	9.8 DRILLING ON rGO MODIFIED POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES
	9.9 CONCLUSION
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 10: Importance of Chemically Treated Natural Fibers in the Fabrication of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
	10.1 INTRODUCTION
	10.2 ALKALINE TREATMENT
	10.3 SILANE TREATMENT
	10.4 ACETYLATION TREATMENT
	10.5 BENZOYLATION TREATMENT
	10.6 ACRYLONITRILE GRAFTING/ACRYLATION
	10.7 MALEATED COUPLING TREATMENT
	10.8 PERMANGANATE TREATMENT
	10.9 PEROXIDE TREATMENT
	10.10 ISOCYANATE TREATMENT
	10.11 OTHER CHEMICAL TREATMENTS
	10.12 CONCLUSION
	REFERENCES