Trends and Advancements of Image Processing and Its Applications

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Part I: Recent Trends and Advancements of Image Processing and its Applications
	Using Convolutional Neural Networks for Classifying COVID-19 in Computerized Tomography Scans
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Problem Definition
			1.2 Formulation of Hypotheses
			1.3 Objective
				Specific Objective
			1.4 Methodology
		2 Literature Review
			2.1 Machine Learning
				Artificial Neural Networks
				Neuroscience Inspiration
				Brief History of Neurocomputing
				Fundamentals
				Learning Paradigms
			2.2 Deep Learning
				Convolutional Neural Networks
				Architecture of Convolutional Neural Networks
			2.3 Image Classification
				Tomography Scans
				Functional Images
				PET and Dynamic PET
				fMRI
			2.4 Tools and Techniques
				TensorFlow
				Keras
				NVIDIA CuDNN
				Transfer Learning
				Callbacks
		3 Experiments
			3.1 Environment
			3.2 Dataset
			3.3 Definition of Models
			3.4 Evaluation Metrics
		4 Results
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Challenges in Processing Medical Images in Mobile Devices
		1 Introduction
		2 Background
			2.1 Healthcare and Image Processing
			2.2 Distributed Computing
		3 Related Work
		4 The Platform for Distributed Execution
			4.1 Selection
			4.2 BOINC
		5 Application Execution and Transparency for the Programmer
			5.1 The Wrapper for Android OS
			5.2 Generation of the Binary Code with the ITK Library
			5.3 Parallelization of Image Processing
			5.4 Performance Results
		6 Proper Use of Devices
			6.1 SEAS – Simple Energy-Aware Scheduler
			6.2 Integrating the Scheduling Strategy into BOINC
		7 Conclusions and Future Work
		References
	Smart Traffic Control for Emergency Vehicles Using the Internet of Things and Image Processing
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Image Processing
			1.2 Internet of Things
		2 Literature Review
		3 Proposed Work
			3.1 Traffic Analyzation at Traffic Signal
			3.2 To Update a Load of Traffic to the Main Server
			3.3 Updating the Node Weights on the Map
			3.4 Update the Path Required to Be Followed by an Emergency Vehicle in Real-Time
			3.5 Update the IoT Chip about the Emergency Vehicle
			3.6 Set the Timer Accordingly
		4 Conclusion and Future Work
		References
	Combining Image Processing and Artificial Intelligence for Dental Image Analysis: Trends, Challenges, and Applications
		1 Introduction
		2 An Overview on Digital Dental Imaging
			2.1 X-Ray Images
			2.2 Intraoral Radiographs
			2.3 Extraoral Radiographs
			2.4 Computed Tomography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
		3 Image Processing and Artificial Intelligence for Dental Image Analysis
			3.1 Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Image Processing
			3.2 Identify Periodontitis
			3.3 Detection of Dental Caries
			3.4 Image Enhancement
			3.5 Other Applications
			3.6 Conclusions and Challenge Issues
		References
	Median Filter Based on the Entropy of the Color Components of RGB Images
		1 Introduction
		2 Ordering Strategies
			2.1 Ordering Techniques
			2.2 Vector Ordering Strategies
		3 Proposed Ordering Strategy
			3.1 Entropy
			3.2 Proposed Filter
		4 Experiments and Results
			4.1 Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
			4.2 Implementation of the Proposal
			4.3 Experiments and Results
			4.4 Results
		5 Conclusions and Future Work
		References
	Deep Learning Models for Predicting COVID-19 Using Chest X-Ray Images
		1 Introduction
		2 Deep Learning
			2.1 Convolutional Neural Network
			2.2 Residual Network
			2.3 Efficient Networks
		3 Related Work
		4 Methods and Materials
			4.1 Dataset
			4.2 Data Preparation
			4.3 Data Augmentation
			4.4 Environment Setup
		5 Results and Discussion
		6 Performance Evaluation
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Deep Learning Methods for Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia Diagnosis
		1 Scope of Study
			1.1 Literature Survey
				At the National Level
				At the International Level
		2 Introduction
			2.1 Why Use Deep Learning
		3 Progressive Diagnosis of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
			3.1 Classification Algorithms Used in CML Diagnosis
				Support Vector Machines (SVMs)
				K-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN) Algorithm
					Naïve Bayes
					Deep Learning
		4 Artificial Neural Networks
		5 Convolutional Neural Networks
			5.1 Architecture of CNN
		6 Typical Application Scenario of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
		7 Conclusion
		References
	An Automatic Bean Classification System Based on Visual Features to Assist the Seed Breeding Process
		1 Introduction
		2 Related Works
		3 Proposed Approach
			3.1 Bean Image Acquisition
			3.2 Seed Segmentation
			3.3 Bean Description and Classification
		4 Experimental Setup
		5 Experimental Results and Discussion
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Supervised Machine Learning Classification of Human Sperm Head Based on Morphological Features
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
			2.1 Data Acquisition
			2.2 Data Preparation
			2.3 Sperm Segmentation
			2.4 Spermatozoa Abnormality Classification
			2.5 Segmentation and Classification Performance Analysis
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Segmentation
			3.2 Sperm Head Morphology Classification
		4 Conclusion and Future Work
		References
	Future Contribution of Artificial Vision in Methodologies for the Development of Applications That Allow for Identifying Optimal Harvest Times of Medicinal Cannabis Inflorescences in Colombia
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Inflorescence of Cannabis sp. Maturation and Optimal Harvest Time
				Generalities About the Inflorescences of Cannabis sp.
				Plant Structures of Interest
					Pistils
					Trichomes
				Harvest, Maturation, and Harvest Time for Cannabis sp. Inflorescences
					Types of Maturity
					Visual and Touch Indicators of Maturation States
			1.2 Artificial Intelligence Applied to Image Recognition
				Multilayer Perceptron Artificial Neural Network (MLP ANN)
				Convolutional Neural Networks
		2 Background on Image Recognition for Similar Applications
		3 Methodological Proposal
			3.1 Methodology for Capturing Images and Database
			3.2 Methodology for the Development of an Application to Recognize the Optimal Harvest Time of the Inflorescences of Cannabis sp.
				Definition of Requirements
				Software and System Design
		4 Exploration in Image Recognition for Inflorescences of Cannabis sp. Using Artificial Neural Networks
			4.1 Construction of the Artificial Neural Network Training Set
			4.2 Elaboration and Training of Artificial Neural Networks for Estimating the Maturity State of Cannabis sp. Inflorescences
		5 Conclusions and Future Agenda
		References
	Detection of Brain Tumor Region in MRI Image Through K-Means Clustering Algorithms
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
		3 Proposed Method
		4 K-Means Clustering Algorithm
			4.1 Mathematical Representation
			4.2 Algorithm
			4.3 Pre-processing
			4.4 Post-processing Comprises
		5 Simulation and Results
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Estimation of Human Posture Using Convolutional Neural Network Using Web Architecture
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Pose Estimation
			1.2 Pose Estimation Metrics
		2 Literature Review
			2.1 Background and Techniques
		3 Modules of the Proposed System
			3.1 Human Pose Extraction
				Convolutional Neural Network
				Monitoring of Optical Flow
				Algorithm of Time Series Data Alignment
				Description of Framework
		4 Conclusion and Future Scope
			4.1 Conclusion
			4.2 Scope of the Future
		References
	Histogram Distance Metric Learning to Diagnose Breast Cancer using Semantic Analysis and Natural Language Interpretation Methods
		1 Introduction
		2 NLP Levels
			2.1 Phonology
			2.2 Morphology
			2.3 Lexical
			2.4 Syntactic
			2.5 Semantic
		3 Natural Language Generation (NLG)
			3.1 Speaker and Generator
			3.2 Representation Elements and Rates
			3.3 Theological Organization
			3.4 Program or Speaker
		4 Medicine
		5 Breast Cancer
			5.1 Categories of Breast Cancer
			5.2 Development of Cancer
		6 Mammography Screening
			6.1 Mammography Diagnosis
			6.2 Mammography Online
			6.3 Screen Film Mammography
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Human Skin Color Detection Technique Using Different Color Models
		1 Introduction
		2 Color Models
			2.1 Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) Model
			2.2 Hue, Saturation, and Value (HSV) Model
			2.3 YCbCr Model
			2.4 CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black) Model
		3 Image Processing and Color Models
			3.1 Pseudo-color Image Processing
			3.2 Gray Level to Color Transformation Method
			3.3 Full-Color Image Processing
			3.4 Color Transformation
		4 Related Work
		5 Proposed Methodology
			5.1 Proposed Skin Detection Algorithm
			5.2 Restriction of Different Color Spaces
		6 Results and Discussion
			6.1 Comparative Analysis of Different Color Models
			6.2 ROC Analysis
			6.3 Experimental Results of Sample Image
		7 Conclusion
		References
	A Study of Improved Methods on Image Inpainting
		1 Introduction
		2 Comparative Study
			2.1 Image Inpainting
			2.2 Sparse Representation
			2.3 Markov Random Field Modeling and Multiscale Graph Cuts
			2.4 Neural Networks and GAN
			2.5 Texture Synthesis
			2.6 Feature Distribution
		3 Conclusion
		References
Index