Traumatic Brain Injury_ Rehabilitation, Treatment, and Case Management, Fourth Edition-CRC Press (2018)

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
	Editors
	Contributors
	Section 1: Neuroscience
	Chapter 1: Bioscience indications for chronic disease management and neuromedical interventions following traumatic brain injury
	Introduction
	Loss of Axonal Integrity After TBI
	Blood–Brain Barrier
	Microglia
	Cerebral inflammation is mediated by microglia
	Microglial alterations following TBI
	Inflammation and axonal damage
	The dual action of microglia and cytokines
	Mitochondria
	Myelination
	Neuroendocrine function
	Somatotrophic axis
	Gonadotroph axis
	Testosterone
	Estrogen
	Progesterone
	Thyrotroph axis
	Clinical implications and potential therapeutics
	References
	Chapter 2: The neurobiology of traumatic brain injury
	Introduction
	What happens to the cells in the brain following TBI?
	Outcome measurements in experimental animal models
	Long-term issues with TBI
	Experimental animal models of CTE as defined by phosphorylated tau
	Summary and conclusions
	References
	Chapter 3: Repeat traumatic brain injury models
	Introduction
	The models
	Experimental design
	Repeat mild TBI in developing animal models
	Adolescent RTBI
	Histology and behavior
	Brain impact interval influences metabolism and amyloid deposition
	Pituitary dysfunction
	Gender
	Chronic pathology
	Prepubertal repeat TBI
	Characterization of pathology time course
	Repeat mild TBI in adult animal models
	Metabolism
	Inflammation
	Axonal injury
	Acute and chronic behavioral profiles
	Neurodegenerative diseases
	Summary
	References
	Chapter 4: Neuroplasticity and rehabilitation therapy
	Introduction
	Habituation
	Sensitization
	Types of learning
	Hierarchical learning
	Multimodal rehabilitation
	Neurogenesis in adult humans
	Constraint-induced therapy
	Summary
	References
	Chapter 5: Environmental enrichment: A preclinical model of neurorehabilitation for traumatic brain injury
	Traumatic brain injury is a significant health care issue
	EE defined
	EE as a potential therapeutic approach: early support
	EE as a potential therapeutic approach: further support
	Benefits of EE are not gender dependent
	Benefits of EE are enduring
	Therapeutic window of EE is flexible
	EE: combination therapy paradigms
	Potential mechanisms mediating EE-induced benefits
	Caveats to the EE effect
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Chapter 6: Neuroanatomy of basic cognitive function
	Introduction
	Sensory systems
	Reticular Formation
	Hypothalamus, pituitary, thalamus, and basal ganglia
	Hypothalamus and Pituitary
	Thalamus
	Basal Ganglia
	Medial Temporal Lobe and Hippocampal Complex
	Inferior Temporal Lobe
	Frontal Lobe
	Commissural and Association Tract Fibers
	Principles of Neurophysiology and Cognition
	Information Processing, Neurotransmission, and Learning
	Neuromodulatory neurotransmitters
	Networks and Cognitive Function
	Specific functions
	Working Memory
	Decision-Making
	Perceptual Decision-Making
	Prospective Memory
	Default mode network
	DMN: Hubs and subsytems
	DMN functional significance
	Frontoparietal attention networks
	Summary
	References
	Chapter 7: TBI rehabilitation: Lessons learned from animal studies about mechanisms, timing, and combinatorial approaches
	Introduction
	Rehabilitation promotes recovery of function and plasticity
	Rehabilitation and plasticity following TBI
	Rehabilitation Timing
	Combining rehabilitation with adjunctive therapies: What’s the winning combination?
	Conclusions and future directions
	References
	Chapter 8: Diet and exercise interventions to promote metabolic homeostasis in TBI pathology
	Introduction
	Lifestyle and Mental Health
	The Metabolic Pathology of TBI
	BDNF: A Link Between Metabolic and Cognitive Dysfunctions in the Pathology of TBI
	Role of Nutritional Factors in Normal Brain Health And After Tbi
	Omega-3 fatty acids
	Plasma membrane is susceptible to the effects of TBI and diet
	The Antioxidant Action of Vitamin E on TBI
	Dietary Polyphenols and Cognitive Performance: Curcuminoids
	Dietary Polyphenols and Cognitive Performance: Resveratrol
	Dietary Flavonoids and Cognitive Function
	Metabolic disturbances as a signature of TBI pathology
	Diet and Epigenetics: A Platform for Extending Action and Influencing Neurological Disorders
	Effect of Exercise on Brain Health and Repair
	Collaborative Effects of Diet and Exercise
	Conclusion
	References
	Chapter 9: Disruptions in physical substrates of vision following traumatic brain injury
	Introduction
	Vision
	General anatomy
	Core components
	Anatomic components
	Cortical organization
	Neocortical modules
	Neural networks
	Anatomical divisions of visual system
	Image system
	Optical system
	Primary visual system
	Optic radiation
	Secondary visual system
	Nonimage system
	Retinohypothalamic tract
	Principles of visual system organization
	Functional component of the visual system
	Reception
	Primary Visual System
	Oculomotor system
	Attention
	Arousal/alerting
	Orienting network
	Selective attention network
	Higher visual processing
	Ventral stream
	Dorsal stream
	Beyond the ventral/dorsal stream
	TBI
	Definition
	Primary effect
	Secondary effects
	Classifications of visual deficit
	Receptive system
	Attention system
	Higher visual processing system
	Summary
	References
	Chapter 10: Potential utility of resting state fMRI–determined functional connectivity to guide neurorehabilitation
	Introduction
	Determination of functional connectivity with rsfMRI
	Methods used to determine network FC
	Major brain networks
	Potential physiologic correlates of altered FC
	Current evidence for FC as an outcome measure for injury and rehabilitation
	Functionally guided rehabilitation—The future?
	References
	Chapter 11: TBI and sensory sensitivity: Translational opportunities
	Introduction
	Visual Sensitivity
	Auditory Sensitivity
	Experimental Approaches
	Treatments
	Conclusion
	References
	Chapter 12: The neuroimaging challenges in hemispherectomy patients
	Introduction
	History
	Associated Complications
	Neuroimaging
	Hemispherectomy Patients
	Data processing challenges
	Results
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
	Section 2: Medical
	Chapter 13: Clinical management of the minimally conscious state
	Introduction
	Disorders of Consciousness: Overview and Definitions
	Diagnosis of MCS
	Clinical expertise
	Standardized behavioral assessment
	CRS-R
	SSAM
	WHIM
	WNSSP
	SMART
	DOCS
	Individualized quantitative behavioral assessment
	Advanced neuroimaging and neurophysiology (PET, fMRI, EEG)
	Clinical interventions
	Avoiding complications
	Sensory stimulation/regulation
	Neuromodulation
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Chapter 14: Neuropharmacologic considerations in the treatment of vegetative state and minimally conscious state following brain injury
	Introduction
	Definitions of coma, vegetative state, minimally conscious state, and functional locked-in syndrome
	Neurophysiology of arousal and consciousness
	Functional neuroimaging in disorders of consciousness
	Prognosis of disorders of consciousness
	Enhancing the potential for recovery from vegetative state and MCS
	Establish a baseline of neurologic function
	Rule out treatable causes of failure to improve
	Intracranial Complications
	Endocrine Dysfunction
	Subclinical Seizure Activity
	Laboratory Testing
	Malnutrition
	Sleep Disturbance
	Eliminate or reduce sedating medications
	Pharmacologic intervention to enhance arousal and responsiveness
	Catecholaminergic neuromodulation
	Dopaminergic neuromodulation
	Noradrenergic neuromodulation
	Methylphenidate
	Amphetamines
	Atomoxetine
	Tricyclic Antidepressants
	GABA neuromodulation
	Zolpidem (Ambien)
	Benzodiazepines
	Glutamatergic neuromodulation
	Modafinil
	Cholinergic neuromodulation
	Histaminergic neuromodulation
	Conclusion
	References
	Chapter 15: Clinical management of pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury
	Pathophysiology of TBI-induced pituitary dysfunction
	Pediatric TBI
	Sports-related TBI
	Clinical symptoms of hypopituitarism
	Guidelines for screening for hypopituitarism
	Endocrine testing
	Replacement therapy rationale
	Summary
	References
	Chapter 16: Neurotransmitters and pharmacology
	Editor’s note
	Introduction
	Chemical neurotransmission
	Sites where drugs act
	Acetylcholine (ACh)
	Synthesis, storage, release, and inactivation of ACh
	Acetylcholine receptors
	Nicotinic receptors
	Muscarinic receptors
	Clinically useful drugs that alter cholinergic neurotransmission
	Facilitators of cholinergic neurotransmission
	Inhibitors of cholinergic neurotransmission
	Cholinergic drugs in the TBI patient
	Norepinephrine
	Synthesis, storage, release, and inactivation of NE
	Norepinephrine receptors
	Clinically useful drugs that alter noradrenergic neurotransmission
	Facilitators of noradrenergic neurotransmission
	Inhibitors of noradrenergic neurotransmission
	Noradrenergic drugs in the TBI patient
	Dopamine
	Synthesis, storage, release, and inactivation of dopamine
	Dopamine receptors
	Clinically useful drugs that alter dopamine neurotransmission
	Facilitators of dopaminergic neurotransmission
	Inhibitors of dopaminergic neurotransmission
	Dopaminergic drugs in the TBI patient
	5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)
	Synthesis, storage, release, and inactivation of serotonin
	Serotonin receptors
	Clinically useful drugs that alter serotonergic neurotransmission
	Facilitators of serotonergic neurotransmission
	Inhibitors of serotonergic neurotransmission
	Serotonergic drugs in the TBI patient
	Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
	Synthesis, storage, release, and inactivation of GABA
	GABA receptors
	Clinically useful drugs that alter GABAergic neurotransmission
	Facilitators of gabaergic neurotransmission
	Inhibitors of gabaergic neurotransmission
	GABAergic drugs in the TBI patient
	Glycine
	Synthesis, storage, release, and inactivation of glycine
	Glycine receptors
	Clinically useful drugs that alter glycinergic neurotransmission
	Glycinergic drugs in the TBI patient
	L-glutamic acid
	Synthesis, storage, release, and inactivation of glutamate
	Excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter receptors
	Clinically useful drugs that alter excitant amino acid neurotransmission
	Drugs that enhance the action of glutamate
	Drugs that inhibit the action of glutamate
	Glutamatergic drugs in the TBI patient
	Peptide neurotransmitters
	Opioid peptides as neurotransmitters
	Synthesis, storage, release, and inactivation of opioid peptides
	Opioid receptors
	Clinically useful drugs that alter opioid neurotransmission
	Drugs that enhance opioidergic neurotransmission
	Drugs that inhibit opioidergic neurotransmission
	Opioids in the TBI patient
	Summary
	References
	Chapter 17: Pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury
	Introduction
	Prevalance of TBI-induced hypopituitarism
	Adults
	Children
	Natural history
	Sports
	Pathophysiology of TBI-induced hypopituitarism
	Anatomy and location of the pituitary
	Inflammation and autoimmunity
	Hormones axes disrupted by TBI
	TBI-induced anterior pituitary dysfunction
	Growth hormone
	Gonadal
	Adrenal
	Thyroid
	Prolactin
	TBI-induced posterior pituitary dysfunction
	Antidiuretic hormone
	Clinical manifestation of TBI-induced hypopituitarism
	Impairments in neurocognition
	Neuropsychiatric disability and QoL
	Physical appearance and sexual health
	Adolescent development
	TBI-induced hypopituitarism: How to test?
	Patient screening for pituitary dysfunction
	Timing of testing for pituitary dysfunction
	TBI-induced hypopituitarism: When to treat?
	TBI-induced hypopituitarism: Current basic research
	Summary
	References
	Chapter 18: Increasing physiologic readiness to improve functional independence following neurotrauma
	Introduction
	Basic foundations
	Sleep
	Nutrition
	Analgesia
	Hydration
	Exercise
	Pharmacological enhancement strategies
	Cognitive stabilization
	Anergia intervention
	Caveat: Dyscompliance versus noncompliance after frontal lobe injury
	Conclusion
	References
	Chapter 19: Assessment and management of mild traumatic brain injury
	Introduction
	Definition of MTBI/concussion
	Heterogeneity of injury
	Prevalence
	Symptoms and dysfunction following MTBI/concussion
	Postconcussion syndrome
	Diagnosis and documentation
	Treatment
	History in the making
	References
	Chapter 20: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
	Introduction
	Neuropathology
	History of the neuropathological characterization
	Gross pathology of CTE
	Hyperphosphorylated tau pathology in CTE
	Staging of p-tau pathology
	Axonal pathology in CTE
	TDP-43 pathology in CTE
	Aß pathology in CTE
	CTE as a comorbidity in neurodegenerative disease brain banks
	CTE with ALS
	Pathological distinctions between CTE and AD or aging
	Clinical syndrome
	Clinical diagnosis of CTE
	Risk and protective factors
	Is CTE caused by trauma?
	Biomechanisms of CTE neurodegeneration
	Tau propagation in the CNS
	Other pathogenetic considerations
	Summary
	References
	Chapter 21: Posttraumatic epilepsy and neurorehabilitation
	Introduction
	Evaluation of episodic behavioral changes
	Clinical evaluation of seizures
	Etiologic considerations
	Diagnostic investigations of posttraumatic seizures
	Potential epileptogenesis associated with psychotropic medications
	Therapy for posttraumatic epilepsy
	Mechanisms and models of posttraumatic epilepsy
	Posttraumatic seizures, epilepsy, and anticonvulsant prophylaxis: Implications for neurobehavioral recovery
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Section 3: Therapy
	Chapter 22: Evaluation of traumatic brain injury following acute rehabilitation
	Introduction
	Preparation
	Evaluation
	Current medical status
	Audiometry
	Cognition
	Education
	Family
	Occupational/physical therapy
	Psychosocial
	Speech/language pathology
	Vision
	Productive activity/vocation
	Report preparation
	Summary
	References
	Appendix 22-A: Patient examination report Template
	Appendix 22-B: Iconic store cards
	Appendix 22-C: Oral peripheral evaluation Form
	Chapter 23: Neuropsychology following brain injury: A pragmatic approach to outcomes, treatment, and applications
	Introduction
	Neuropsychological outcomes and treatment of brain injury
	Neurocognitive sequelae and outcomes of brain injury
	Confounding factors affecting outcomes
	Psychological Factors
	Pain
	Sleep
	ALCOHOL AND Substance Abuse
	Computerized versus traditional testing
	Treatment
	Traditional Rehabilitation Training
	Computerized CR Training
	Comparison of Traditional and Computerized Rehab Training
	Neuropsychological referrals
	When to make the referral
	Deconstructing the report
	Neuropsychological recommendations
	Suggestions on providing feedback to the patient
	Information for caregivers
	Conclusion
	References
	Chapter 24: Neuropsychological interventions following traumatic brain injury
	Introduction
	Neuropsychological rehabilitation
	Principles of neuropsychological rehabilitation
	From isolation to integration: The evolution of comprehensive treatment
	Is there evidence that cognitive rehabilitation works?
	Recurrent themes in neuropsychological rehabilitation
	The apparent dichotomy between restorative and compensatory interventions
	The selection of appropriate outcome measures
	The timing of the intervention
	Neuropsychological interventions: Some highlights
	Interventions for cognition
	Attention
	Memory
	Executive Function
	Interventions for emotion
	Interventions for self-awareness
	Future directions in neuropsychological rehabilitation
	Technology and neuropsychological rehabilitation
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Chapter 25: The use of applied behavior analysis in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation
	Introduction
	The brain–behavior relationship
	Medication
	Ethics
	General management guidelines
	Basic principles
	Antecedent
	Behavior
	Consequence
	Prompting and fading
	Generalization
	Behavioral diagnostics
	Historical survey
	Current status
	Functional assessment
	Behavior plan format
	Goals
	Target behavior
	Rationale
	Materials and data collection
	Treatment procedures
	Contraindications
	Behavior plan procedures
	Accelerative programs
	Positive programming
	Shaping
	Chaining
	Decelerative programs
	Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors (dri)
	Differential reinforcement of other behaviors (dro)
	Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (drl)
	Overcorrection
	Stimulus change
	Stimulus satiation
	Time out
	Complex programs
	Contracting
	Stimulus control
	Token economies
	Other programs
	Noncontingent reinforcement (ncr)
	Summary
	Data collection and graphing
	Data collection
	Event recording
	Interval recording
	Time sample recording
	Data management
	Graphing
	Crisis prevention and intervention
	Models of assault
	Identification model
	Response models
	General techniques and methods
	Staff and family training
	Putting it all together
	Concluding remarks
	References
	Chapter 26: Rehabilitation and management of visual dysfunction following traumatic brain injury
	Introduction
	Physical substrates of vision
	Multidisciplinary approach
	Prevalence and impact of visual dysfunction in TBI patients
	Therapeutic intervention: What and why?
	Plasticity and flexibility in the adult visual system
	Remediation of ocular–motor and binocular disorders following TBI
	Management of other visual dysfunctions following TBI
	When to treat
	A useful model for organizing visual rehabilitation
	Sensory input/reception
	Perception/integration/attention
	Motor output/behavior
	Visual thinking/memory (visual cognition)
	Assessment and rehabilitation of the visual system
	Assessment and rehabilitation of sensory input/reception
	Eye movements
	Binocular dysfunction
	Decreased visual acuity
	Decreased contrast sensitivity
	Visual field loss
	Blindsight
	Photophobia
	Intolerance of busy spaces
	Assessment and rehabilitation of perception/integration/attention
	Localization and spatial vision
	Visual–spatial neglect
	Object perception
	Assessment and rehabilitation of motor output/behavior
	Eyes
	Hands
	Body
	Assessment and rehabilitation of visual thinking/memory (visual cognition)
	Summary
	Illustrative visual case studies
	Patient J. G.
	Patient J. R.
	Patient C. L.
	Patient L. R.
	Patient B. B.
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Appendix 26-A
	Chapter 27: Remediative approaches for cognitive disorders after TBI
	Introduction
	Cognition
	Attention
	Perceptual features
	Categorization
	Cognitive distance
	Assessment Tools
	Conditions for Cognitive Rehabilitation
	Therapeutic intervention
	Attention
	Memory
	Feature identification
	Categorization
	Neuroanatomy of the cognition module
	Summary
	References
	Chapter 28: Principles of cognitive rehabilitation in TBI: An integrative neuroscience approach
	Introduction
	Models of cognitive rehabilitation
	Cognitive theory and rehabilitation
	Effects of Brain Injury on Neuronal Function
	Cell function/cell death
	Diffuse axonal injury (DAI)
	Metabolic dysfunction
	Brain reorganization and sprouting following injury
	General Principles of Cognitive Systems
	Domains of cognition
	Attention
	Memory Systems and Processes
	Verbal Language
	Categorization
	Executive Functioning
	Neuroanatomical correlates of EF
	EF domains
	Directions for rehabilitation
	Efficacy Research
	Conclusions
	References
	Appendix 28-A
	Part A
	Level 1: Perceptual feature identification and application
	Level 2: Similarities and Differences
	Level 3: Functional Categorization
	Level 4: Analogies
	Level 5: Abstract Word Categorization
	Part B
	Level 1: Progressive Rule Learning 1
	Level 2: Progressive Rule Learning 2
	Level 3: Progressive Rule Learning 3
	CP-related dependent measures
	Chapter 29: Management of residual physical deficits
	Introduction
	Evaluative process
	Range of motion, flexibility, and dexterity
	Neurological examination
	Sensation and proprioception
	Deep tendon reflexes and pathological reflexes
	Cerebellar tests
	Rapid, alternating movement evaluation
	Manual muscle test
	Muscle tone
	Muscle and cardiovascular endurance
	Mobility, posture, and gait evaluations
	Vestibular evaluation
	Sensorimotor integration and dynamic balance evaluation
	Assessment of smell and taste
	Evaluation of vision
	Visual perception and perceptual motor evaluation
	Assessment of activities of daily living
	Concomitant injuries
	Orthopedic and Spinal Cord
	TMJ Dysfunction
	Pain
	Driving
	Functioning at heights
	Management of residual physical deficits
	Therapeutic measurement
	Mobility
	Abnormal tone/spasticity
	Pain
	Postural control and balance
	Cerebellar dysfunction
	Sensory function
	Hemiparetic limb and CIMT
	Smell and taste
	Visual perception and perceptual motor functions
	Driving
	Cardiovascular fitness
	Leisure
	Pool/aquatic therapy
	Summary
	References
	Chapter 30: Undertaking vocational rehabilitation in TBI rehabilitation
	Introduction
	Employment trends following TBI
	Prognosticating RTW
	Industry-related factors influencing RTW
	VR Prerequisites
	Using the ICF model to inform RTW planning and interventions
	Injury-related factors influencing RTW
	Physical deficits
	Psychological and behavioral issues
	Cognitive deficits
	Communicative deficits
	RTW models
	Formalized VR in TBI
	Prevocational counseling
	Vocational evaluation
	VR plan development
	Vocational Counseling
	Vocational testing/work evaluation/work hardening
	Follow-up
	Summary
	References
	Section 4: Case management
	Chapter 31: Contribution of the neuropsychological evaluation to traumatic brain injury rehabilitation
	Introduction
	Historical context of neuropsychology
	Origins of the term “neuropsychology”
	Neuropsychological evaluation process
	Neuropsychological testing versus neuropsychological evaluation
	Components of the neuropsychological evaluation
	Neuropsychological evaluation approaches
	Fixed-Battery Approach
	Flexible-Battery Approaches
	Content of the neuropsychological evaluation
	Cognitive screening and mental status examinations
	Ecological Implications
	Global level of performance
	Ecological Implications
	Sensory–motor integrity
	Ecological Implications
	Language functioning and pragmatics of communication
	Ecological Implications
	Working memory and complex attention processing
	Ecological Implications
	Speed of information processing
	Ecological Implications
	Recent memory functioning
	Ecological Implications
	Visuospatial analysis and visuoconstruction ability
	Ecological Implications
	Executive functioning
	Ecological Implications
	Mood and psychological functioning
	Ecological Implications
	Afterword
	Acknowledgment
	References
	Chapter 32: Neurobehavioral consequences of mild traumatic brain injury in military service members and veterans
	Introduction
	TBI in military environments
	A brief history of brain injury and co-occurring symptoms in war
	MTBI in the context of polytrauma and co-occurring disorders
	Differences between OEF/OIF/OND and other war conflicts
	Overview of the context and case definition
	Differences between military service-related and civilian MTBI
	Classification of blast-related injuries
	Clinical and diagnostic considerations in combat-related MTBI
	Assessment of service-related TBI
	Interview as the gold standard for assessment
	Blast or injury-inducing event
	Immediate symptoms after TBI in combat theater
	Postconcussion symptoms
	Assessment of current cognitive and neurobehavioral symptom complex
	Co-occurring disorders and MTBI
	PTSD and MTBI
	MTBI and other mental health concerns
	Depression
	Substance use
	Sleep problems
	Self-directed violence
	Common conditions of polytrauma
	Assessment of co-occurring disorders
	Polytrauma rehabilitation and integrated care approaches
	VHA polytrauma system of care
	Acute care of concussion
	Postacute care for MTBI
	Treatment beyond 6 months
	Treatment of cognitive sequelae in polytrauma
	Managing mood after TBI
	Family support
	Importance and potential role of peer support and visitation
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
	Chapter 33: Issues in aging following traumatic brain injury
	Introduction
	Consequences of aging with a TBI
	Occupational and social consequences
	Rehospitalization after TBI
	Mortality and life expectancy
	Impact of age-related changes on long-term neurological outcome
	Tissue loss
	Cognitive decline
	Other age-related factors
	Chronic TBI and neurological disorders
	Impact of reserve
	Alzheimer’s disease
	Epilepsy
	Other neurological diseases
	TBI at an advanced age
	Predictive value of reserve
	Successful aging
	References
	Chapter 34: Children and adolescents: Practical strategies for school participation and transition
	Introduction
	Cognitive–communicative challenges after TBI
	Effect of cognitive–communicative challenges on learning and behaving in the classroom
	Interrelationship of language, executive functioning, social pragmatics, and self-regulation for a child with cognitive–communicative problems
	Challenges to language, executive functioning, social communication, and self-regulation for a child with cognitive–communicative problems
	Challenges to learning after concussion
	Treatment of cognitive–communicative strengths and needs: An integrative approach for schools
	Identifying student needs
	Strategies for addressing underlying cognitive processes
	Attention/concentration
	Memory
	Organization
	Decreased speed of processing
	Problem solving
	Reduced stamina/fatigue
	Motor deficits
	Sensory deficits
	Addressing academic deficits
	Math
	Reading
	Writing
	Assessing teaching strategies
	Laws and regulations that affect education, provision of services, and transition for students with TBI
	IDEA
	Section 504
	Transitioning students with TBI
	Hospital-to-school transition
	In-school transitions
	Postsecondary transition
	Resources
	Strategies
	Summary
	References
	Websites for TBI information
	Websites for concussion information
	Chapter 35: Long-term discharge planning in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation
	Introduction
	Early problem identification during follow-up
	Avoiding reinjury
	Activities and activity levels
	Family systems
	Caregiver concerns
	Seizure hygiene
	Depression
	Sleep
	Long-term psychological issues
	Crisis management
	Home adaptations
	Financial planning
	Additional rehabilitation timing
	Summary
	References
	Appendix 35-A: Family manual outline form
	Appendix 35-B: Discharge planning checklist
	Chapter 36: Patients’ rights and responsibilities, health care reform, and telehealth: Ethical considerations
	Introduction
	Ethical foundations
	Patient rights and responsibilities
	Health care reform: The debate continues
	Challenges and opportunities of telehealth
	Conclusions
	References
	Index
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index