Trauma Computed Tomography

Contributors
Contents
1: The Evolving Role of Computed Tomography (CT) in Trauma Care
	Introduction
	History of ATLS
	The Development of Trauma Systems
	History of CT and Its Role in Trauma Systems
	Appropriateness Criteria in a Trauma Setting
	Controversies in Trauma CT
		Whole-Body CT Scan Versus Selective CT Scan
		Optimizing Imaging Protocols for Injured Patients
		System-Based Staffing Considerations
		Conclusion
	References
2: Head CT in Trauma
	Societal Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury
	Central Role of CT in Imaging Head Trauma
	Indications for CT Scanning
	Predictors of Outcome
	Primary Injuries
	Secondary Injuries
	Conclusion
	References
3: Navigating Complex Facial Trauma: A Comprehensive Guide to CT-Based Fracture Detection and Analysis
	Imaging Technique
	Facial Anatomy and Clinically Directed Report Structure
	Fracture Patterns and Expected Complications
		Upper Third Facial Fractures
			Frontal and Frontal Sinus Fractures
		Middle Third Facial Fractures
			Le Fort Fractures
	Nasal and Naso-Orbitoethmoid (NOE) Complex Fractures
	Orbital Fractures
	Isolated Zygomatic Arch and Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fracture
	Alveolar Process Fracture
	Lower Third Facial Fractures
		Mandibular Fractures
	References
4: Traumatic Injuries in the Soft Tissue Neck
	Clinical Presentation
	Mechanisms of Injury
	Laryngotracheal Injuries
	Pharyngoesophageal Injury
	Cerebrovascular Injury
	Salivary Gland Injury
	References
5: Thoracic Trauma
	CT Protocols
	Chest Wall Injuries
		Soft Tissue Injuries
	Fractures
	Diaphragmatic Injuries
	Pneumothorax and Hemothorax
	Hemothorax
	Airway and Parenchymal Injuries
		Tracheobronchial Injuries
	Pulmonary Parenchymal Injuries
	Pulmonary Vascular Injuries
	Esophageal Injuries
	Conclusion
	References
6: Heart and Great Vessels
	Introduction
	Cardiac Trauma
		Blunt Cardiac Trauma
		Penetrating Cardiac Trauma
	Great Vessels
		Vena Cava
		Pulmonary Trunk
		Pulmonary Veins
		Aorta and Proximal Arch Vessels
	CT Protocol
	References
7: Imaging of Gastrointestinal Trauma
	Gastrointestinal Trauma
		Blunt Trauma
		Penetrating Trauma
	Imaging of Gastrointestinal Trauma
	CT Protocol
	Injury Assessment and Grading
	Hepatic Trauma
		Anatomy
		Imaging and Grading
		Management and Complications
	Biliary Tract Trauma
		Anatomy
		Imaging and Grading
		Management and Complications
	Splenic Trauma
		Anatomy
		Imaging and Grading
		Management and Complications
	Pancreatic and Duodenal Trauma
		Anatomy
		Imaging and Grading
		Management and Complications
	Gastric and Intestinal Trauma
		Anatomy
		Imaging and Grading
		Management and Complications
	Mesenteric Trauma
		Imaging and Grading
		Management and Complications
	Conclusion
	References
8: Imaging of Genitourinary Trauma
	Genitourinary Trauma
	Imaging of Genitourinary Trauma
	CT Protocol
	Injury Assessment and Grading
	Adrenal Trauma
		Anatomy
		Imaging and Grading
		Management and Complications
	Renal Trauma
		Anatomy
		Imaging and Grading
		Management and Complications
	Ureteral Trauma
		Anatomy
		Imaging and Grading
		Management and Complications
	Bladder Trauma
		Anatomy
		Imaging and Grading
		Management and Complications
	Urethral Trauma
		Anatomy
		Imaging and Grading
		Management and Complications
	Female Genital Trauma
		Anatomy
		Imaging and Grading
		Management and Complications
	Male Genital Trauma
		Anatomy
		Imaging and Grading
		Management and Complications
	Conclusion
	References
9: A Practical Guide to Imaging Spinal Trauma
	Introduction
		Overview of Basic Spine Anatomy
			The Craniocervical Junction (CCJ)
			Spine Stability
		Patient Triage: Who Should Get Scanned and How?
		The ABS of Spine: A Systematic Approach to Spine CT
		Classic Mechanisms of Spine Injury
		Specific Fracture and Dislocation Patterns
		Special Considerations for Thoracic and Lumbar Trauma
		Role of Other Imaging Modalities in Management of Spine Trauma
	Conclusion
	References
10: The Bony Pelvis
	Introduction
	CT Imaging Technique
	Anatomy: Bones of the Pelvis
	Anatomy: Ligaments
	Pelvic Ring Injury
	Acetabular Fractures
	Fractures of the Sacrum
	Hip Dislocation
	Proximal Femoral Fractures
	Soft Tissues
	References
11: The Extremities
	Introduction
	Extremity Trauma: An Overview
		The Gustilo-Anderson Fracture Classification
	Imaging Extremity Injuries
		Osseous Injuries
		Vascular Injuries
		Technical Considerations
			Contrast Bolus Timing
			Intravenous Access
			Artifacts and Post-processing Techniques
		Imaging Findings: Vascular Injury
	Management
		Damage Control
	Complications
		Early Post-traumatic Period
			Compartment Syndrome
			Neurovascular Complications
		Subacute and Late-Stage Complications
			Infection
			Osseous Nonunion
			Bone Spurs and Heterotopic Ossification
			Endovascular Complications
	Conclusion
	Trauma CT Protocols
	References
12: Pediatric Trauma Computed Tomography: A Comprehensive Guide
	Introduction
	Pediatric CT Protocols
		Dual Energy CT (DECT) in Children
	Pediatric Head, Neck, and Spine Trauma
		Imaging Appropriateness Criteria for Pediatric Head Trauma
		Pitfalls in the Interpretation of Pediatric Head CT
		Birth-Related Trauma
		Traumatic Injuries of the Head, Neck, and Spine
			Cerebral Contusions
			Diffuse Axonal Injury
			Craniovertebral Junction Injuries
			Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiographic Abnormality (SCIWORA)
			C1 Synchondrosis Fracture
			C2/Odontoid Synchondrosis Fracture
			Os Odontoideum
			Ring Apophysis Fracture
			Chance Fracture
			Craniocervical Arterial Dissection
			Carotid-Cavernous Fistula
			Temporal Bone Fractures
	Pediatric Chest and Abdominal Trauma
		Spleen and Liver Injuries
		Pancreatic Injuries
		Urinary Tract Injuries
		Bowel and Mesentery Injuries
		Handlebar Injuries
	Chest Trauma
		Pleural and Rib Injuries
		Pulmonary Parenchymal Injuries
		Mediastinal and Vascular Injuries
	Musculoskeletal Trauma
		Salter Harris Fractures
		Pelvic Fractures
	Non-accidental Trauma
		Introduction
		Imaging Appropriateness Criteria
		Abusive Head Trauma
			Subdural Hemorrhage
		Parenchymal Injuries
			Ocular Hemorrhage
			Spinal Injuries
			Spinal Subdural Hemorrhage
		Mimics of Abusive Head Trauma
		Abusive Body and Musculoskeletal Injuries
	References
13: Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in Trauma
	Introduction
	CA-AKI: What Is the Risk?
	CA-AKI: Prevention and Therapeutic Options
	Conclusion
	References
14: Artificial Intelligence in Trauma Imaging
	Artificial Intelligence
		Medical Imaging
		Natural Language Processing
	Applications of AI in Trauma Imaging
		Abdominal Imaging
			Hemoperitoneum/Intra-abdominal Free Fluid
			Pneumoperitoneum
			Liver Injuries
			Splenic Injuries
		Thoracic Imaging
			Pneumothorax
			Hemothorax
			Rib Fractures
			Pulmonary Contusions
		Neuroimaging
			Intracranial Hemorrhage
			Spine Fractures and Cord Injuries
			Skeletal Fractures
	Future Directions
	References
Index