Transportation Research in India: Practices and Future Directions

Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Reflections on 10 Years of TRG’s Journey
	1.1 Evolution
	1.2 Checking the PDF File
	1.3 Mission, Vision, and Objectives
	1.4 Creation of Standing Technical Committees of TRG (TCTs)
	1.5 Summarizing TRG’s Achievements in 10 Years
	1.6 Areas to Work On
	1.7 Vision for Future
2 Development in Aggregate Quality Characterization Approaches for Pavement Construction
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Aggregate Source and Type
	2.3 Conventional Aggregate Characterization Approaches
		2.3.1 Source Properties
		2.3.2 Consensus/Shape Properties
	2.4 Image-Based Advance Aggregate Characterization
		2.4.1 Videographer-40 (VDG-40)
		2.4.2 University of Illinois Aggregate Image Analyzer (UIAIA)
		2.4.3 Aggregate Image Measurement System (AIMS)
		2.4.4 Laser-Based Aggregate Scanning System
		2.4.5 X-Ray CT Scan
	2.5 Comparison of Conventional and Digital Image Techniques
	2.6 Futuristic Application of DIT in Pavement Construction
	2.7 Summary
	References
3 Research Trends in Materials and Design of Asphalt Pavements
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Recent Developments in Pavement Materials and Characterization, and Pavement Design
		3.2.1 Recent Developments in Pavement Materials
		3.2.2 Recent Developments in Characterization of Pavement Materials
		3.2.3 Recent Developments in Pavement Design
	3.3 Emerging Technologies
		3.3.1 Emerging Technologies in Pavement Materials
		3.3.2 Emerging Technologies in Pavement Design
	3.4 Closure
	References
4 Driving Behavior Modeling in Mixed Traffic Conditions: Developments and Future Directions
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Microscopic Modeling Approaches
		4.2.1 Incorporating Lateral Separation into Car-Following Models
		4.2.2 Handling Multiple Leaders in the Vehicle-Following Scenario
		4.2.3 Comprehensive Models
	4.3 Macroscopic Modeling Approaches
	4.4 Recommendations for Future Research
		4.4.1 Fundamental Diagram and Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram
		4.4.2 Modeling Unique Behaviors of Motorized Two-Wheelers
		4.4.3 Behavior on Two-Lane Roads
		4.4.4 Intra and Inter-Vehicular Interactions in Non-Lane-Based Conditions
		4.4.5 Calibration and Validation of Simulation Models
		4.4.6 Naturalistic Driving Studies and Models
		4.4.7 Driving Simulator
		4.4.8 Connected, Autonomous, and Emerging Vehicle Technologies
		4.4.9 Data-Driven and Integrated Models
	References
5 Pedestrian Flow Characteristics Over Different Facilities: Findings and Way Forward
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Types of Pedestrian Facilities (At-Grade and Grade-Separated)
	5.3 Parameters Related to Pedestrian Flow Characteristics and Infrastructure Geometry
		5.3.1 Parameters Related to Pedestrian Flow Characteristics
		5.3.2 Parameters Related to Infrastructure/Geometry
	5.4 Data Collection Techniques
	5.5 Level of Service (LOS)
	5.6 Modeling Approaches Related to Pedestrian Studies
		5.6.1 Dynamic Approach
		5.6.2 Discrete Approach
		5.6.3 Continuous Approach
	5.7 Application of Soft Computing Tools in Pedestrian-Related Studies
	5.8 Concluding Remarks and Way Forward
	References
6 Emerging Traffic Data Collection Practices Under Mixed Traffic Conditions: Challenges and Solutions
	6.1 Introduction and Background
		6.1.1 Characteristics of Mixed Traffic
		6.1.2 Unique Parameters of Mixed Traffic
		6.1.3 The Data Collection Efforts in Mixed Traffic Conditions
		6.1.4 Traffic Data Collection Techniques for Lane-Based Homogeneous Traffic
	6.2 Advanced Data Collection Techniques
		6.2.1 Video-Based Data Collection
		6.2.2 Instrumented Vehicles
		6.2.3 Data Collection Using Road Side Units (RSUs)
		6.2.4 Driving Simulators
	6.3 Development of Comprehensive Datasets
		6.3.1 Development of Trajectory Datasets
		6.3.2 Naturalistic Driving Behavior
		6.3.3 Interaction of a Vehicle With Its Environment
		6.3.4 Travel Time Data
		6.3.5 Traffic State Information from Application Interfaces
	6.4 Application and Future Research Directions
		6.4.1 Applications in Traffic Operations and Safety
		6.4.2 Beyond Mid-Block Data Collection
		6.4.3 Future Research Directions
	References
7 Planning for Suitable Walk-Access Infrastructure Components in Various Classes of Urban Bus Stop Catchment Area
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Description of Study Area
	7.3 Preference Study on Walk-Access Infrastructure Components
		7.3.1 Elicitation of Preference Data
		7.3.2 Valuing of Functional Attributes Using Choice-Based Model and Construction of GC Function
	7.4 Selection of Suitable Walk-Access Infrastructure Components
		7.4.1 Generation of Plausible Improvement Scenarios of Walk-Access Infrastructure
		7.4.2 A Comparison of d2d-GC Savings Among Various Improvement Scenarios of Walk-Access Infrastructure
		7.4.3 Toward Selection of Suitable Components of Walk-Infrastructure Based on Their Frequent Occurrence in Various Catchment Classes
	7.5 Closure
	References
8 Crowd Management Guidelines for Mass Religious Gatherings
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Need for Crowd Management Guidelines
	8.2 Crowd Management Guidelines
		8.2.1 Crowd Control and Safety
		8.2.2 Event Planning
		8.2.3 Facility Planning
	8.3 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
9 A New Framework for Comprehensive Mobility Plans in India
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Methodology
		9.2.1 Urban Transport Emissions
		9.2.2 Urban Transport Resilience
	9.3 Case Study of Bengaluru Metropolitan Region (BMR)
		9.3.1 Results and Discussion
	9.4 Summary
	9.5 Future Scope for Research
	References
10 Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) as a Sustainable Transport Strategy for Metropolitan Cities
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 TOD Definitions
	10.3 TOD Policy for Indian Cities
	10.4 Demarcation of TOD Influence Zone
	10.5 TOD Typologies
		10.5.1 Development of TOD Typology
		10.5.2 Recommended FARs for TOD Typology
	10.6 Measurement of TOD-Ness at Neighborhood Level
		10.6.1 Selection of Potential Neighborhoods
		10.6.2 Establishing TOD Criteria/Indicators
		10.6.3 Assigning Weights to Planning Criteria
		10.6.4 Ranking of Neighborhoods
		10.6.5 TOD-Ness in the Transit Neighborhoods of Delhi
	10.7 Density and Mix-use Bonus
		10.7.1 Taking Advantage of High-Density Urban Areas
		10.7.2 Modernize Existing Mixed Land Uses
	10.8 Conclusions
	References
11 Design and Evaluation of Public and Non-motorized Transport Systems for Sustainability in Indian Cities
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Concept of Sustainability
		11.1.2 Need of Sustainability for Urban Transport
	11.2 Objective and Scope
	11.3 Framework to Develop Sustainable Transportation
	11.4 Sustainable Public Transportation (PT) System
		11.4.1 Quality Enhancement of Public Transport System
		11.4.2 Sustainable Feeder Transport System
		11.4.3 Advanced Parking Facilities at Public Transport Terminals
		11.4.4 Advanced Public Transport Information Systems (APTIS)
		11.4.5 Restrict/Control Usage of Private Vehicles
		11.4.6 Integration of Mass Transportation System
		11.4.7 Sustainability Index
	11.5 Sustainable Non-motorized Transportation (NMT) System
		11.5.1 Footpath Score Based on Types of Obstructions (FOSTO)
		11.5.2 Pedestrian Serviceability Measurement (PSM)
		11.5.3 Bicycle Level of Service (BLOS) at Mid-Block
		11.5.4 Access to Public Transport Stop/Stations (PT Access)
	11.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
12 Speed-Based Safety Evaluation of Horizontal Curves in Rural Highways
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Safety Evaluation Studies
		12.2.1 Local Safety Evaluation
		12.2.2 Global Safety Evaluation
		12.2.3 Safety Evaluation Studies in Indian Context
	12.3 Discussion
	12.4 Conclusion and Future Research Direction
	References
13 A Global Perspective of Railway Security
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Critical Infrastructure
	13.3 Security Breaches in Railways
		13.3.1 Passenger Rails
		13.3.2 Freight Rails
		13.3.3 Characteristics of Attack
		13.3.4 Countermeasures Against Cyberattacks
		13.3.5 Countermeasures Against Terrorist Attacks
	13.4 Security in High-Speed Railway
	13.5 Indian Railway System
	13.6 Policy Frameworks
	13.7 Conclusions and Future Research Scope
	References
14 What Drives the Battery-Electric-Bus Introduction in Indian Setting: Operators Perspective and Way Forward
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Relevant Literature
	14.3 Data Collection
		14.3.1 Questionnaire Design
		14.3.2 Participating Operators and Data Collection
	14.4 Data Analysis and Results
		14.4.1 Analytical Approach
	14.5 Results and Analysis
	14.6 Conclusions and Way Forward
	References
15 Sustainable Freight Transportation Planning and Policies for a Logistics-Driven India: Current State and Future Ahead
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Freight Data in India
		15.2.1 Disaggregate Level Freight Surveys
		15.2.2 Recent Advances in Freight Surveys in India
	15.3 Freight Traffic Impacts in India
		15.3.1 Environmental Impacts
		15.3.2 Social Impact
		15.3.3 Economic Impact
	15.4 Emerging Research Themes and Planning Interventions
		15.4.1 Freight Traffic Regulations and Truck Electrification
		15.4.2 Freight Modal Shift to Bike-Based Alternatives
		15.4.3 Last-Mile Delivery Management Using Crowd-Shipping Initiatives
		15.4.4 Delivery Automation and Last-Mile Planning
		15.4.5 Integrated Land Use and Logistics Planning
	15.5 Recommendations for Freight Policies in India
	15.6 Conclusion
	References
16 Automated Sensors for Indian Traffic: Challenges and Solutions
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Inductive Loop Detectors
	16.3 Image Processing
		16.3.1 Extraction of Microscopic Variables
		16.3.2 Extraction of Macroscopic Variables
	16.4 Wi-Fi/Bluetooth Sensors and RFID Sensors
		16.4.1 Performance Characteristics of BT/Wi-Fi Sensor
		16.4.2 Application of Wi-Fi/BT and RFID Sensor Data: A Few Case Studies in India
		16.4.3 Social Media for Traffic Information
	16.5 Future Research Directions
	References
17 Planning for Traditional and Special Area Requirement Travel Modes—Existing Scenario and Way Forward
	17.1 Background
	17.2 Non-motorized Transport Facilities
		17.2.1 Introduction
		17.2.2 Characteristics of NMT Modes
		17.2.3 Review of Past Studies
		17.2.4 Current Practices and Policy Guidelines
	17.3 Pedestrian Facilities
		17.3.1 Introduction
		17.3.2 Characteristics of Pedestrians Facilities
		17.3.3 Review of Past Studies
		17.3.4 Present Practices, IRC Codes/Ministry Codes, and Policies in India
	17.4 Escalators
		17.4.1 Introduction
		17.4.2 Characteristics of Escalators
		17.4.3 Review of Past Studies
	17.5 Cable and Conveyor Systems
		17.5.1 Introduction
		17.5.2 Characteristics of the Conveyor System
		17.5.3 Review of Past Studies
	17.6 Research Gaps and Way Forward
		17.6.1 Non-motorized Transport Facilities
		17.6.2 Pedestrian Facilities
		17.6.3 Escalators
		17.6.4 Cable and Conveyor Systems
	References
18 Air and Water-Based Transportation in India—Identifying the Research Potential
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Air and Water Transport Scenario in India
		18.2.1 Air Transport Scenario
		18.2.2 Water Transport Scenario
	18.3 Future Scenario
		18.3.1 Air Travel Sector
		18.3.2 Water Transport Sector
	18.4 Policies in Aviation and Water Transport Sector
		18.4.1 Air Transport Sector
		18.4.2 Water Transport Sector
	18.5 Future Directions
		18.5.1 Air Transport Sector
		18.5.2 Water Transport Sector
	References